ATTRACTION OF THE “COMPENSATION”: A NOTE

Abstract

The proof of the attraction of a uniformly thin vertical block in the last issue (No. 24, p. 87) does not appear as satisfactory as the textbook would suggest. It is proposed to attempt here a more direct explanation, independent of substitutional expedients.     

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES OF THE WORLD—A NEW SOVIET ATLAS

The authors employ remote sensing imagery and existing landscape maps to gain greater insight into how pre-glacial tectonic activity contributes to landscape development in old glaciated regions by affecting the form and movements of lobes of past continental ice sheets. Using the Belorussian SSR as a study area, the authors identify several features of current landscape structure which can serve as indicators of past tectonic activity, the most reliable being various characteristics of the landscape family—defined as a combination of natural territorial complexes of similar origin and age. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1990, No. 6, pp. 560–565.     

A GIS-BASED GLACIER INVENTORY FOR THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA AND THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS——A FIRST CASE STUDY ON KING GEORGE ISLAND

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＷｏｒｋｉｎｇＧｒｏｕｐｏｎＧｅｏｄｅｓｙａｎｄＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ (ＷＧ＿ＧＧＩ)ｏｆｔｈｅＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃＣｏｍｍｉｔ ｔｅｅｏｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ (ＳＣＡＲ )ｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｊｅｃｔＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄＧＩＳ (ＫＧＩＳ) .Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ａｄａｔａｍｏｄｅｌ,ｄａｔａａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｓａｎｄａｄａｔａｉｎｖｅｎｔｏｒｙｈａｖ…     

THE COMPILATION OF A DTM AND A NEW SATELLITE IMAGE MAP FOR KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ,ＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ (ＫＧＩ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｅｄｓｉｔｅｓｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ .Ｉｎｔｏｔａｌ,9ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｉｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｃａｂｉｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ .ＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｅａｓｙａｃｃｅｓｓｖｉａｔｈｅＣｈｉｌｅａｎａｉｒｓｔｒｉｐｔｈｅｎｕｍ ｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｌａｎｄ’ｓｉｎｈａｂｉｔａｎｔｓｒ…     

ON THE “INDEFINITE” SOLUTION OF A LINEAR SYSTEM BY THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST SQUARES

Abstract

The components of the solution of a linear system, calculated by the principle of least squares, are linear homogeneous functions of the absolute terms. Two different methods for the calculation of the coefficients of these funetionsare described.     

THE ATTRACTION OF THE “COMPENSATION” ON THE PRATT HYPOTHESIS

Abstract

In the last issue there was given an outline of modern theories on crustal equilibrium. The assumption as to uniform attenuation of matter beneath an elevated station suggests that an explanation of a means for calculating this “compensation” would be desirable; the complete technical procedure used by those actually engaged on work of this nature could be described by themselves alone.     

THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF THE STRUCTURE LIGHT ENGINEERING SURVEYING BASED ON A LASER THEODOLITE WITH THREE FREEDOMS OF ROTATION

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｏｕｒｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ ,ｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｅｙｉｎｇｗｏｒｋｏｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｏｂｊｅｃｔｓｈａｖｅ ｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ .Ｔｈｏｓｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｏｂｊｅｃｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｒａｉｌｗａｙａｎｄｈｉｇｈｗａｙｔｕｎｎｅｌｓ,ｖａｒｉ ｏｕｓｏｉｌａｎｄｇａｓｃａｎｓ ,ｖａｒｉｏｕｓａｉｒｃｒａｆｔ,ｓｈｅｌｌｏｆｃａｒｓ,ｌａｒｇｅｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙａｎｔｅｎｎａｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｓｃｏｕｔｉｎｇｓｔｅａｌｔｈｐｌａｎｅ ,ｓｈｉｐ ,ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｓｔ…     

CORRECTED AZIMUTH AND TIME: TWO STARS IN THE SAME “VERTICAL,” PLANE

Abstract

The ends of field astronomy are not the same as those of fundamental astronomy. The object of the former is to fix positions on the earth ; of the latter to fix positions in the heavens. Hipparchus is said to have been the first to point out that the establishment of positions on the celestial sphere provided the means for discovering positions on the terrestrial sphere.     

THE YEARS 1935–6 AND 1936–7 IN THE GOLD COAST

Abstract

THE Gold Coast can now be said to have recovered from the slump which caused such disastrous consequences in 1931–2 and resulted in a heavy reduction in the establishment of the Survey Department. So far there has been no increase in staff, but more badly needed money for buying stores and increasing the labour staff has been available, and authority has now been given for an increase of 12 in the establishment of African Surveyors; this will result in the re-opening of the Survey School in 1937.     

THE COMPUTER—A COG IN THE SURVEY MACHINE

Abstract

1. Lest any reader should be put off by assuming from the title of this article that it would contain a mass of technical matter, it may be stated at the outset that no computations whatever are involved. In fact it is a collection of very ordinary observations pertaining to the efficient functioning of the computing section of a Survey Department. In the opinion of the writer nothing clarifies one's ideas more than sitting down at a table and putting them actually on paper. Things that might otherwise have been overlooked or forgotten are brought to light, and can then be given their proper place in the whole mosaic. There is probably nothing original in this article, yet it is hoped that a comprehensive survey may be of assistance to other computers, as the making of it certainly has been to the writer. It has been written from the point of vievvof a computing section, rather than that of an individual computer. Each individual computer is a cog in the computing machine, whose duties are more those of routine calculation by methods approved by his superior.     

CONGRATULATIONS ON THE JOURNAL CHANGED THE NAME OF《SURVEYING AND MAPPING》AS《ENGINEERING OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING》

The journal has been changed the name of《Surveytng And Mapping》,as《Engineering of Sur-veying And Mapping》from this issue.The jounal is a quarterly publication for surveying and map-ping science and technology sponsored by Harbin Institute of Engineering(former Harbin Instituteof Surveyting and Mapping).The purpose of the journal is to present national and international newtheoris,techniques and methods,to exchange achievements and experience about the scientific re-search,teaching,technique reform and production management,to report national and internation-al development,seminar and technique lessons,and introduce famous scholars and books in survey-ing and mapping circles.The journal has enjoyed the support and favorable comment of nationalreaders of surveying and mapping circles.     

“BUGS” THAT BITE THE SURVEYOR

Abstract

The preservation of health is of paramount importance to the surveyor, who often has to carry out his work in a tropical or subtropical climate, and soon, discovers that loss of time through sickness means uneconomical surveying. It is not realized by everyone that enormous casualties are still caused among modern armies by disease; the best way of illustrating this fact is to quote figures for the last thirty years.     

THE SCHEME FOR THE DATABASE BUILDING AND UPDATING OF 1∶10 000 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＳｕｒｖｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＭａｐｐｉｎｇｏｆＣｈｉｎａ ,ａｓｔｈｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｉｎｃｈａｒｇｅｏｆｔｈｅａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｇｅｏｄｅｔｉｃａｎｄｃａｒｔｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｄａｔａｏｎｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙ ,ａｉｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＧＩＳａｎｄｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｓｏ＿ｃａｌｌｅｄ“4Ｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ”ｂｅｙｏ…     

THE STUDY OF SOIL HUMUS CHANGES WITH THE HARRINGTON “DESIRABILITY” FUNCTION

The potential utility of the Harrington “desirability” function is examined in the assessment of changes in soil humus content using spectrophotometric data. The influence of external factors, such as sun angle, soil moisture content, and degree of soil cultivation, on spectral brightness coefficients is analyzed. The applicability of this method when there is only a small volume of experimental data is noted.     

A TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION OF THE SPHEROID ALTERNATIVE TO THE GAUSS-KRÜGER FORM

Abstract

The excuse for yet another paper on the Transverse Mercator projection, which has already received what should be more than its fair share of space in this Review, can only be that there is a fresh viewpoint to offer. It is the purpose of this paper to show that there are, in fact, two “Transverse Mercator” projections of the spheroid, of which one has hitherto almost escaped notice.     

CLAUDE REIGNIER CONDER (1848–1910) AND THE SURVEY OF PALESTINE

Abstract

Few surveyors can have been set a more interesting task than that which fell to the lot of Claude Conder, who first thoroughly explored and mapped the Holy Land some seventy years ago. His work is still of value, and must be referred to by all who are concerned with the ancient topography and archreology of that country. It may be found interesting to consider exactly what the task was, how it was accomplished, and something of the career of the young man who successfully carried it through.     

THE SEVENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF SOVIET CARTOGRAPHY—SOME ACHIEVEMENTS AND TASKS OF RESTRUCTURING

This article, based on a presentation to the All-Union Conference on Cartography in the Era of the Scientific and Technological Revolution in November 1987, contains an eminent Soviet cartographer's evaluation of the state and development of Soviet cartography and his impressions concerning the tasks which lie ahead over the era of economic restructuring and social change. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademli Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1988, No. 3, pp. 17-21 by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005.     

WORK OF THE CADASTRAL SURVEY AND LAND RECORDS OFFICE, 1932–45

Abstract

On the occasion of the Empire Survey Conference in 1931 we had the privilege of arranging at the Science Museum an Exhibition of Cadastral Maps and Land Records which had been somewhat hurriedly collected from the United Kingdom, the Dominions, India, eleven Colonies and Protectorates, three Mandated Territories and six foreign countries. As there is some vagueness in the application in English of the French word cadastre, it may be advisable before proceeding to say that while in Europe this word, with its German and Italian equivalents, originally applied to a record of landed property (biens fonds) compiled for fiscal purposes and is commonly still so defined in standard dictionaries, we have throughout used it in the wider sense it has gradually been assuming generally of any analogous record concerned with subdivisions of land occasioned by human use, whether the purpose to be primarily served is fiscal, juridical, economic or otherwise. Cadastral survey is the process by which the parcels of land dealt with are defined, and can be located again at need. The noun, which is rarely mentioned in English, was from the earliest days applied to the whole conspectus of the record: registers, maps, supporting documents, etc. We use the term land record loosely, and somewhat unsatisfactorily, in this comprehensive sense because the more convenient and exact one-cadastral record-has not so far found a place in British practice with its associates: cadastral maps and cadastral survey.