Debris flow erosion and deposition in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan, China

The erosion and deposition of debris flows at Jiangjia Gully in Dongchuan section of Yunnan province, southwestern China, was surveyed at 12 cross sections from 1999 to 2003. Deposition occurred in most sections because of the low debris-flow magnitude. The result was an increase in their elevations except for two sections at D17 and D19, where the channel was diverted in September 1999. As the annual sediment discharge of debris flow increased, the deposited volume decreased in the upper channel and increased in the lower channel. In each debris flow event, the erosion or deposition at the upper and the lower channel were different, but the eroded/deposited volume and the trend of erosion or deposition were similar between the neighboring sections. The average elevation change of all cross sections between consecutive surveys can reasonably represent the debris flow influence on the channel. Its relationship with the total sediment discharge between two surveys follows a three-stage pattern: when debris flow magnitude is small, deposition in the channel increases with the magnitude. When the magnitude reaches a certain level, the deposition begins to decrease and eventually erosion takes place. In three typical cross sections which had similar channel width, the debris flow showed a clear trend that the deposited volume decreased, while the eroded volume increased as the discharge of debris flow sediments increased.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Assessment of soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS: a case study of the Maotiao River watershed,Guizhou Province,China

Due to the existence of fragile karst geo-ecological environments, such as environments with extremely poor soil cover, low soil-forming velocity, and fragmentized terrain and physiognomy, as well as inappropriate and intensive land use, soil erosion is a serious problem in Guizhou Province, which is located in the centre of the karst areas of southwestern China; evaluation of soil loss and spatial distribution for conservation planning is urgently needed. This study integrated the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a GIS to assess soil loss and identify risk erosion areas in the Maotiao River watershed of Guizhou. Current land use/cover and management practices were evaluated to determine their effects on average annual soil loss and future soil conservation practices were discussed. Data used to generate the RUSLE factors included a Landsat Thematic Mapper image (land cover), digitized topographic and soil maps, and precipitation data. The results of the study compare well with the other studies and local data, and provide useful information for decision makers and planners to take appropriate land management measures in the area. It thus indicates the RUSLE–GIS model is a useful tool for evaluating and mapping soil erosion quantitatively and spatially at a larger watershed scale in Guizhou.     

Soil and stream sediment based geochemical mapping: A case study in Goa

Geochemical mapping has been carried out in Goa using soil/laterite and stream sediment as media. The geochemical maps for U, Th, Nb and Ta show a conspicuous pattern in the NW part of Goa. The anomaly axis shows a NE-SW trend which is across the formational trend. The nickel and copper distribution around Usgaon area, east of Ponda, have indicated anomalous signature in the northern continuation of the Usgaon ultramafic complex.     

大方县九洞天伏流大厅起源初探——兼谈地转偏向力在伏流大厅形成中的作用

用洞穴双旋回演化理论和系统科学思想指导,定性和半定量地讨论了贵州省大方县九洞天伏流大厅的起源。分析研究认为：（1）洪水拥有超过平水期水流几个数量级的动能和溶蚀能力,使季节变化带成为垂直剖面中岩溶发育最为强烈的部位。（2）伏流大厅的形成过程至少是3个子过程耦合作用的结果,即①水流的剥蚀;②崩塌;③化学沉积生长。（3）水流运动的驱动力由重力和地转偏向力耦合而成。在重力驱动下水流对大厅左右壁的剥蚀强度相等,但由于地转偏向力的参与,在北半球驱使剥蚀向右偏蚀。（4）九洞天伏流有明显的右偏蚀形态证据：①左壁化学沉积发育,右壁基岩裸露;②右壁岩块脱落多于左壁;③靠近左壁有一条高角度裂缝状的充水溶洞。（5）地转偏向力在九洞天伏流大厅的形成中扮演着重要角色。伏流的巨大流量能够产生比中小地下河大１０至１００倍的地转偏向力,使九洞天伏流右偏蚀特别强烈。在洪峰水流的溶蚀和侵蚀下,优先在右壁产生边槽,致使卸荷过程和岩块脱落由左向右不断横向发展,导致大跨度的地下河大厅以及伴生的地表地貌形态生成。（6）对于高角度裂缝状洞穴和缓倾角层面洞穴两种情况,伏流右偏蚀过程有一些差别。对于缓倾斜层面洞穴,当基准面缓慢下降时,形成沿层面倾斜的底板。丰鱼岩就是一个很好的实例。     

Risk assessment of water soil erosion in upper basin of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing, China

This research selected water soil erosion indicators (land cover, vegetation cover, slope) to assess the risk of soil erosion, ARCMAP GIS ver.9.0 environments and ERDAS ver.9.0 were used to manage and process satellite images and thematic tabular data. Landsat TM images in 2003 were used to produce land/cover maps of the study area based on visual interpreting method and derived vegetation cover maps, and the relief map at the scale of 1:50,000 to calculate the slope gradient maps. The area of water soil erosion was classified into six grades by an integration of slope gradients, land cover types, and vegetation cover fraction. All the data were integrated into a cross-tabular format to carry out the grid-based analysis of soil erosion risk. Results showed that the upper basin of Miyun Reservoir, in general, is exposed to a moderate risk of soil erosion, there is 715,848 ha of land suffered from water soil erosion in 2003, occupied 46.62% of total area, and most of the soil erosion area is on the slight and moderate risk, occupied 45.60 and 47.58% of soil erosion area, respectively.     

The features of soil erosion and soil leakage in karst peak-cluster areas of Southwest China

Through utilizing water flow monitoring, rock scratching, soil wood piles and radionuclide 137Cs tracing in the Longhe karst ecological experimental site (hereinafter referred to“Longhe site”), Pingguo County, Guangxi Province, the features and values of soil erosion and soil leakage in different geomorphologic locations and land uses in the karst peak-cluster depressions are showed clearly. There are four kinds of geomorphologic locations in the karst peak-cluster depression, namely peaks, strip, slopes and depression. The soil leakage modulus in the peaks and strips respectively occupy 92.43% and 96.24% of the total mean soil erosion modulus at experimental sites. On the slope, soil leakage accounted for about 75%. At the bottom of depression, surface water was the main factor of soil erosion, and at last most soil leaked into underground rivers from sinkholes. The total soil erosion modulus and the contribution rates of relative surface soil erosion in regard of peaks, slopes and depressions gradually increased. There are also five major types of land use in the karst peak-cluster depressions, farmland, Kudingcha tea plantations, young Lignum Sappan fields, shrub-grassland and pastures. The soil erosion modulus of slope farmland has the highest value with an increasing trend year by year. But soil erosion modulus of other four land use types decreased by year, which shows the “grain for green” will result in better soil protection. By handling with rocky desertification and ecological rehabilitation in Longhe site, the mean soil erosion modulus of the karst peak-cluster depression has decreased about 80% from 2003 to 2015.     

水土流失地质灾害危险性评估探讨——以广东省德庆县为例

文章以广东省德庆县水土流失为例,结合多年来在该地区进行水土方面的研究成果,对地质灾害危险性评估工作中出现的水土流失现状作了论述、预测评估进行探讨,并提出防治措施。水土流失产生的主导因素是燕山期花岗岩分布的丘陵区岩体结构遭到破坏;从属因素是持续强烈的降雨,从而加剧了水土流失;激发因素是人类工程活动对地质环境的破坏。经评估,该区水土流失正处于青年期,潜在不稳定性。     

Investigation of soil and groundwater environment in urban area during post-industrial era: A case study of brownfield in Zhenjiang,Jiangsu Province,China

With the adjustment of industrial structure, many high pollution enterprises will gradually shut down. This process will produce a large number of high-risk pollution plots and cause a series of environmental problems. In this study, geophysical detection and direct push technology were applied to investigate soil and groundwater pollution in a typical brownfield in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, China. The results showed that Chlorotoluene and its ramification were the main pollutants for the brownfield. Pollution decreased with depth and was quite uneven in the brownfield. Production and wastewater treatment areas were heavily polluted, where volatile organic compounds contaminated and semi-volatile organic compounds were found 12 m and 15 m below the land surface, respectively. About 18880 m³ groundwater was contaminated. This study is significant to develop a geological survey work mode for the postindustrial era.     

Sedimentary signatures of cyclic growth and destruction of stratovolcanoes: A case study from Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand

The long-term behaviour of andesite stratovolcanoes is characterised by a repetition of edifice growth phases followed by collapse. This cyclic pattern represents a natural frequency at varying timescales in the growth dynamics of stratovolcanoes worldwide. Around the > 130 ka Mt. Taranaki (Egmont volcano), New Zealand, coastal–cliff successions at 20–40 km distance comprise repeating packages of lithologically and sedimentologically distinctive mass-flow deposits. Varying depositional mechanisms and source properties of these units record growth and collapse cycles of the central edifice. These are used to construct a model for cyclic volcaniclastic sedimentation in the surrounds of stratovolcanoes. During edifice-construction phases, thick packages of tabular, predominantly monolithologic, hyperconcentrated-flow and debris-flow deposits accumulate with intercalated tephra beds. The mass-flow units commonly contain large proportions of fresh pumice or juvenile-lithic andesite. Intervals of quiescence separating eruptive periods are characterised by landscape re-adjustment, accompanied by deposition of fluvial and aeolian sediments, along with steady accretion of medial ash. In contrast, brief episodes of destruction are marked by wide-spread, distinctively clay-rich, polylithologic debris-avalanche deposits and related marginal debris flow units. The growth stages can be terminated by an eruption-triggered sector collapse, or by external forces once the edifice exceeds a critical stable height or profile (dependent on eruptive style and local geo-tectonic conditions). Once the edifice becomes metastable, regional tectonic earthquakes or shallow-level intrusion events are likely triggers for collapse. Although the resulting debris avalanches represent the greatest individual hazard from such andesite stratovolcanoes, their frequency is relatively low compared with other types of mass-flows generated during edifice-growth phases. Accurate forecasts of future hazard from mass-flow events are therefore dependent on recognition of both the frequency of a stratovolcano's growth cycle and its current position in that cycle.     

An assessment of human versus climatic impacts on Holocene soil erosion in NE Peloponnese, Greece

Soil erosion is a natural geomorphological process, which can be triggered by both natural (climate, tectonics, or both) and anthropogenic (e.g., agriculture) perturbation of the ecosystem. Evidence has accrued that the Holocene climate experienced large fluctuations in amplitude and suggestions of human impact on the ecosystem provided by the Neolithic revolution dating back to the early Holocene have been made. The question of whether man or climate was the dominant factor responsible for Holocene soil erosion remains unresolved. To resolve the reasons for Holocene sediment redistribution, high-resolution chronometric data on sediments derived from colluvial and alluvial archives from southern Greece were obtained and combined with available archaeological and paleoclimatic data from the eastern Mediterranean. These data show a significant correlation between sedimentation rates and settlement history. Climatic fluctuations are only weakly correlated with sedimentation history. The results show high sedimentation rates during the Early Neolithic (7th millennium BC) in southern Greece, suggesting that Holocene soil erosion was triggered by human activity and then amplified by enhanced precipitation. This would explain the high sedimentation rates during the Early Neolithic in connection with enhanced precipitation in the eastern Mediterranean, which continued until the mid-Holocene.     

Modeling runoff and soil erosion in a catchment area, using the GIS, in the Himalayan region, India

Remote sensing data and GIS techniques have been used to compute runoff and soil erosion in the catchment area along the NH-1A between Udhampur and Kud covering an area of approximately 181 km². Different thematic layers, for example lithology, a landuse and landcover map, geomorphology, a slope map, and a soil-texture map, were generated from these input data. By use of the US Soil Conservation Service curve number method, estimated runoff potential was classified into five levels—very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Data integration was performed by use of the weighting rating technique, a conventional qualitative method, to give a runoff potential index value. The runoff potential index values were used to delineate the runoff potential zones, namely low, moderate, high, and very high. Annual spatial soil loss estimation was computed using the Morgan–Morgan–Finney mathematical model in conjunction with remote sensing data and GIS techniques. Greater soil erosion was found to occur in the northwestern part of the catchment area. When average soil loss from the catchment area was calculated it was found that a maximum average soil loss of more than 20 t ha⁻¹ occurred in 31 km² of the catchment area.     

Post-disaster assessment of hazard mitigation for small and medium-magnitude debris flow disasters in Bali,Indonesia and Jimani,Dominican Republic

This article explores whether past exposure to debris flow disasters with a human dimension (e.g. caused in part by deforestation) results in adaptive hazard mitigation and improved environmental and resource management practices in affected areas. When guiding hazard mitigation practice, the ‘adaptive hazard mitigation’ approach views mitigation as a multi-dimensional experiment, with the associated need for post-experiment monitoring, evaluation, learning and adjustment, and attention paid to multiple scales (Bogardi 2004). This article explores how the concept of ‘adaptive hazard mitigation’ has emerged, linking this ‘adaptive management’ used increasingly in resource and environmental management. Two case studies of disasters linked to human-induced environmental change are examined, and the mitigation responses of local communities, NGOs and Government agencies are documented. Data sources include secondary data (journal articles, web-based disaster reports and grey literature) on each disaster, key informant interviews (n = 8) and direct observation over the 2005–2006 period of post-disaster mitigation actions implemented after each disaster. The research indicates that in both case studies, a limited range of hazard mitigation actions was employed, including both structural and non-structural approaches. However, the research also found that causal factors involving human-induced environmental change (e.g. deforestation) were not addressed, and overall, the hazard mitigation strategies adopted lacked monitoring, learning and adjustment. In both case studies, responses to disaster were judged to be examples of ‘trial and error’ adaptation, rather than either ‘passive’ or ‘active’ adaptation.

西南岩溶区水土流失与石漠化的变化关系研究——以重庆南川岩溶区为例

以重庆南川区为例,利用TM遥感影像、Arcgis和Erdas软件,运用地图代数原理,采用图像数据转移矩阵计算,结果表明从1988年到2000年水土流失增强面积为9 605.89 hm2,减弱面积为79 947.85 hm2;石漠化强度增强面积为15 078.92 hm2,减弱面积为12 492.53 hm2。石漠化是水土流失长期作用的结果,水土流失是石漠化形成过程的阶段性表现,二者在成因上存在因果关系,但在生态治理恢复的过程中,水土流失减弱面积与石漠化减弱面积的变化不同步,在时间上存在滞后关系。造成这种滞后的现象,原因是石漠化土地生态的恢复过程较水土流失土地的长。      

Comparison of soil erosion and deposition rates using radiocesium, RUSLE, and buried soils in dolines in East Tennessee

 Three dolines (sinkholes), each representing different land uses (crop, grass, and forest) in a karst area in East Tennesse, were selected to determine soil erosional and depositional rates. Three methods were used to estimate the rates: fallout radiocesium (¹³⁷Cs) redistribution, buried surface soil horizons (Ab horizon), and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). When ¹³⁷Cs redistribution was examined, the average soil erosion rates were calculated to be 27 t ha^–1 yr^–1 at the cropland, 3 t ha^–1 yr^–1 at the grassland, and 2 t ha^–1 yr^–1 at the forest. By comparison, cropland erosion rate of 2.6 t ha^–1 yr^–1, a grassland rate of 0.6 t ha^–1 yr^–1, and a forest rate of 0.2 t ha^–1 yr^–1 were estimated by RUSLE. The ¹³⁷Cs method expressed higher rates than RUSLE because RUSLE tends to overestimate low erosion rates and does not account for deposition. The buried surface horizons method resulted in deposition rates that were 8 t ha^–1 yr^–1 (during 480 yr) at the cropland, 12 t ha^–1 yr^–1 (during 980 yr) at the grassland, and 4 t ha^–1 yr^–1 (during 101 yr) at the forest site. By examining ¹³⁷Cs redistribution, soil deposition rates were found to be 23 t ha^–1 yr^–1 at the cropland, 20 t ha^–1 yr^–1 at the grassland, and 16 t ha^–1 yr^–1 at the forest site. The variability in deposition rates was accounted for by temporal differences;¹³⁷Cs expressed deposition during the last 38 yr, whereas Ab horizons represented deposition during hundreds of years. In most cases, land use affected both erosion and deposition rates – the highest rates of soil redistribution usually representing the cropland and the lowest, the forest. When this was not true, differences in the rates were attributed to differences in the size, shape, and closure of the dolines. Received: 10 October 1995 · Accepted: 13 October 1995     

Modelling of internal erosion based on mixture theory: General framework and a case study of soil suffusion

A general thermo-hydro-mechanical framework for the modelling of internal erosion is proposed based on the theory of mixtures applied to two-phase porous media. The erodible soil is partitioned in two phases: one solid phase and one fluid phase. The solid phase is composed of nonerodible grains and erodible particles. The fluid phase is composed of water and fluidized particles. Within the fluid phase, species diffuse. Across phases, species transfer. The modelling of internal erosion is contributed directly by mass transfer from the solid phase towards the fluid phase. The constitutive relations governing the thermomechanical behaviour, generalised diffusion, and transfer are structured by the dissipation inequality. The particular case of soil suffusion is investigated with a focus on constitutive laws. A new constitutive law for suffusion is constructed based on thermodynamic conditions and experimental investigations. This erosion law is linearly related to the power of seepage flow and to the erosion resistance index. Owing to its simplicity, this law tackles the overall trend of the suffusion process and permits the formulation of an analytical solution. This new model is then applied to simulate laboratory experiments, by both analytical and numerical methods. The comparison shows that the newly developed model, which is theoretically consistent, can reproduce correctly the overall trend of the cumulated eroded mass when the permeability evolution is small. In addition, the results are provided for four different materials, two different specimen sizes, and various hydraulic loading paths to demonstrate the applicability of the new proposed law.     

水系沉积物和典型土壤剖面地球化学试验——以江西九岭钨铜多金属矿集区为例

为了在成矿区带和矿集区找矿工作中有所突破,开展工作区内水系沉积物和土壤剖面地球化学的试验是一项不容忽视的工作。江西九岭钨铜多金属矿集区水系沉积物、典型土壤剖面地球化学试验表明:①在赣北九岭地区寻找岩浆热液型钨、铜多金属矿床的最佳指示元素是W、Sn、Cu、Mo、Bi、Ag、Cd、F;②地球化学普查(1∶25万—1∶5万)水系沉积物的采样位置应以一级水系的采样为主,辅以少量二级水系,采样粒度以10~60目的水系沉积物为宜;③地球化学详查(1∶5000—1∶10000)土壤地球化学测量采样层位为残积土壤B层,采样深度为20~40cm,采样粒度20~40目,或小于40目均可显示出较好的异常。     

水系沉积物和典型土壤剖面地球化学试验——以江西九岭钨铜多金属矿集区为例

为了在成矿区带和矿集区找矿工作中有所突破,开展工作区内水系沉积物和土壤剖面地球化学的试验是一项不容忽视的工作。江西九岭钨铜多金属矿集区水系沉积物、典型土壤剖面地球化学试验表明：①在赣北九岭地区寻找岩浆热液型钨、铜多金属矿床的最佳指示元素是W、Sn、Cu、Mo、Bi、Ag、Cd、F;②地球化学普查（1∶25万—1∶5万）水系沉积物的采样位置应以一级水系的采样为主,辅以少量二级水系,采样粒度以10~60目的水系沉积物为宜;③地球化学详查（1∶5000—1∶10000）土壤地球化学测量采样层位为残积土壤B层,采样深度为20~40cm,采样粒度20~40目,或小于40目均可显示出较好的异常。     

The knowledge rules of debris flow event: A case study for investigation Chen Yu Lan River, Taiwan

Debris flow, one of the most active hydrological processes, brings about a great loss of life and properties in the Chen Yu Lan River area, Nan-Tou County, Taiwan. The goal of this study is to manage and monitor the debris flows in a vast area. Thus, the strategy is to collect hydraulical and in-situ data easily and quickly through our spatial information system. Then, a novel Data Mining technique will be developed to find a rule-based knowledge system of debris flow. The entire study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, using spatial information the debris flow image is extracted from the outbreak area. The system provides precise positional information pertaining to the debris flow events. Attributes such as effective watershed area, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and slope are automatically obtained from the system. In the second part of this study, K-mean theory is used to classify the observed hydraulical and in-situ data into different categories. Then, the ‘Effective Rough Set’ method is successfully used to analyze the factors influencing the debris flow phenomenon and delivers rational knowledge rules. The contribution of this study is presented that NDVI, slope and effective watershed area are the major factors influencing debris flow in the study area. The knowledge rules can provide better understanding on the elevation of high potential debris catchments.     

Regulation of vegetation pattern on the hydrodynamic processes of erosion on hillslope in Loess Plateau,China

As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion, hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism. Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope, how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed. The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69...     

Assessment of soil erosion in a tropical mountain river basin of the southern Western Ghats,India using RUSLE and GIS

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model coupled with transport limited sediment delivery(TLSD) function was used to predict the longtime average annual soil loss, and to identify the critical erosion-/deposition-prone areas in a tropical mountain river basin, viz., Muthirapuzha River Basin(MRB; area=271.75 km~2), in the southern Western Ghats, India. Mean gross soil erosion in MRB is 14.36 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1), whereas mean net soil erosion(i.e., gross erosion-deposition) is only 3.60 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1)(i.e., roughly 25% of the gross erosion). Majority of the basin area(~86%) experiences only slight erosion(5 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1)), and nearly 3% of the area functions as depositional environment for the eroded sediments(e.g., the terraces of stream reaches, the gentle plains as well as the foot slopes of the plateau scarps and the terrain with concordant summits). Although mean gross soil erosion rates in the natural vegetation belts are relatively higher, compared to agriculture, settlement/built-up areas and tea plantation, the sediment transport efficiency in agricultural areas and tea plantation is significantly high,reflecting the role of human activities on accelerated soil erosion. In MRB, on a mean basis, 0.42 t of soil organic carbon(SOC) content is being eroded per hectare annually, and SOC loss from the 4th order subbasins shows considerable differences, mainly due to the spatial variability in the gross soil erosion rates among the sub-basins. The quantitative results, on soil erosion and deposition, modelled using RUSLE and TLSD, are expected to be beneficial while formulating comprehensive land management strategies for reducing the extent of soil degradation in tropical mountain river basins.