瓜伊马斯深海热液口古菌分布及多样性研究

深海热液口由于剧烈的温度(可达到400℃以上)、pH和化学梯度,成为地球生命起源和演化研究的焦点,海底热液口生命系统为人类提供了一个探索深部生命及生命起源和进化的窗口.本文主要开展了瓜伊马斯深海热液口高温环境下沉积物和烟囱样品中古菌多样性的研究.采用实时荧光定量PCR首先对样品中古菌进行了定量,发现沉积物和烟囱两个样品都含有高丰度的古菌,沉积物和烟囱中古菌分别达到1.47×109拷贝数/g和5.29× 108拷贝数/g(湿重).通过核糖体小亚基16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增,文库构建和系统发育分析,发现沉积物和烟囱样品中的古菌类群多数是嗜热和超嗜热微生物,但两个样品中的古菌群落组成差异很大:沉积物以泉古菌门为主,优势菌群为Miscellaneous Crenarchaeota Group (MCG)和Hot Water Crenarchaeota Group Ⅰ(HWCG Ⅰ);烟囱样品则主要是广古菌门类群,其中以Thermococcales,Marine Benthic Group D (MBGD)/Deep Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 1(DHVE 1)为主.在沉积物样品中发现了一个新的MCG类群,命名为MCG-H,可能是MCG的高温独特类群.研究揭示,在瓜伊马斯深海热液口烟囱和沉积物中都包含有丰富的古菌类群包括未被发现的新类群,对瓜伊马斯深海热液口古菌分布和多样性的研究将为进一步深入的古菌生理功能和演化的研究提供基础.     

极端环境下的微生物及其生物地球化学作用

极端微生物是地球生物圈的重要组成部分。极端微生物的地球化学定位在微生物学与地球化学以及一些相关学科的交叉点上,最近10年已经发展成为地质生物学研究的热门领域。对极端微生物的研究不仅有助于回答生命起源、生命极限、生命本质甚至其他生命形式等生命科学问题,而且其生物地球化学作用在地球系统科学研究中具有重大科学研究价值,对揭示生物圈与地圈协同演化的奥秘、认识生命与环境相互作用规律及地球的化学演化提供重要证据。总结了嗜热菌、嗜冷菌、嗜酸菌、嗜碱菌、嗜压菌、嗜盐菌以及抗辐射菌的主要类群,论述了极端微生物适应环境的机制,探讨了极端微生物的生物地球化学意义。作者预测未来将会在生物标志化合物研究、同位素地球化学分析和分子生物学综合研究的基础上协同推进极端微生物地球化学学科的发展。     

嗜酸微生物与生物冶金技术

生物圈中广泛分布着自然酸性环境和人造酸性环境,为嗜酸微生物(最适生长p H3)提供了生存场所。嗜酸微生物在铁和硫等重要元素的地球化学循环等方面起着重要作用,可应用于冶金领域,具有流程短、成本低、环境友好等优势,目前已经成功地应用于铜、金、铀等金属的提取,成为世界矿物加工的前沿技术。该技术在国外已经实现工业化生产,中国也在逐步推广应用,但仍然存在浸出率和浸出效率低等问题。本文主要介绍嗜酸微生物和生物冶金技术的研究进展,为加强基础理论和应用技术研究提供启示。     

矿物组成和环境因素对铀矿山嗜酸性微生物分布的影响

<正>0引言嗜酸性微生物主要指最适生长p H小于3的一类原核微生物,是酸性矿水(acid mine drainage,AMD)或酸性岩水(acid rock drainage,ARD)形成的主要微生物类群,也是低品位金属矿物中金属资源回收的生物冶金技术中涉及的重要微生物类群。大多嗜酸菌为化能自养型细菌,以含硫矿物中的硫和铁为能源、同化大气中的CO2行自营养生活,主要分布于火山喷发口、含硫酸性冷或热泉、含硫矿物矿山的自然环境     

盐湖生物学研究进展——第二届"盐湖生物学及嗜盐生物与油气生成学术研讨会"综述

盐湖生物学是研究盐湖水体及其沿岸环境中生命现象和生命过程规律的科学.为进一步促进我国盐湖生物学研究,第二届"盐湖生物学及嗜盐生物与油气生成学术研讨会"于2007年9月在京召开.会议主要取得如下成果:(1)在"大盐湖产业"体系基础上,提出了"盐体系"研究模式,初步归纳了盐体系研究与生物学交叉的几个主题,为开展盐湖生物学研究提供了理论指导.(2)盐湖生物提供基因资源和新生物技术:极端嗜盐古菌蕴藏着丰富的可开发资源,是真核生物遗传过程研究得天独厚的原核模型.(3)对盐湖生物在油气生成中的作用有了新的认识,89%的已探明的原油和80%的天然气产出于含盐盆地;盐湖相可以发育为优质烃源岩,已发现盐湖相烃源岩形成的大规模油气资源.     

热泉热液金矿化中嗜热微生物——有机质的地球化学作用

本文主要通过对热泉热液金成矿过程中的热泉水化学成分和组分的分析,得出泉水中金与氮磷硫、氟硅碳两组组分有很好的相关性。嗜热硫酸盐还原菌能使［Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２］－和［Ａｕ（Ｓ２Ｏ３）２］３－都氧化还原成硫化物,从而使金由热水溶液中沉淀。热泉沉积软泥的有机质中的含硫氨基酸、含硫芳烃也起到了一定的聚金作用。     

等温微量热法在土壤微生物研究方面的进展

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中分解者亚系统的主要组成部分, 参与了包括有机质降解、营养转化、 植物生长的促进或抑制以及各种土壤物理过程在内的一系列反应活动. 土壤微生物则是土壤质量重要的生物指标, 可以用来监控土壤质量的变化. 等温微量热法是一种简便、快速地测量微生物活性的方法, 在土壤微生物代谢热效应的研究领域中广泛应用. 就等温微量热法在土壤微生物活性中的研究进展进行综述: 等温微量热法的简介, 微量热方法与传统方法的比较, 等温微量热法在各种外界环境和土壤条件影响下的土壤微生物活性研究中的应用, 并对等温微量热法在土壤微生物和其它方面的研究进行了展望.     

现代海底热液微生物群落及其地质意义

现代海底黑烟囱周围生活着密集的生物群落,它们一般以黑烟囱喷口为中心向四周呈带状分布。热液生态系统的初级生产者嗜热细菌和古细菌,其初级能量来源于地球深部上升喷出流体提供的化学能,它们氧化热液中硫化物（如H2S、FeS）和甲烷获得能量,还原CO2制造有机物,而不依赖光合作用。作为食物链源头的细菌类和古细菌类与其他动物有2种生存关系:①直接作为其他动物的食物;②与其他动物之间的共生关系。这些嗜热微生物不仅依存于海底热液活动,同时在热液成矿作用中起着重要的作用。它们可能来源于地下深部生物圈,海底黑烟囱是研究深部生物圈的窗口,对其周围嗜热微生物的研究,对于理解生命起源和生物成矿都有重要的理论意义。     

721铀矿可培养嗜酸性微生物多样性分布

嗜酸性微生物是一类生活在极端酸性环境下的微生物,已被广泛用于生物冶金。对721铀矿嗜酸性微生物的群落分布规律进行了初步的研究与探讨。运用双层固体平板培养技术,以琼脂糖为凝固剂,以SJH为底层添加菌,分离样品中的微生物．得到8种嗜酸性微生物,根据不同菌在不同双层固体平板表面的菌落形态特征,并结合16SrRNA基因扩增技术鉴定菌种。占优势的嗜酸性微生物为氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A．f）.     

三株嗜盐古菌诱导形成白云石

白云石成因问题是地质学上长期悬而未决的难题之一.近年来,微生物诱导白云石沉淀逐渐成为白云石成因的重要理论之一,但其中微生物的作用机理远未探明.现生白云石主要分布于高盐环境,该环境中的优势菌群为嗜盐菌,包括嗜盐细菌和嗜盐古菌.因而此次选取三株嗜盐古菌Natrinema sp.J7-1、Natrinema sp.J7-3和Natrinema sp.LJ7,研究其诱导白云石沉淀的能力,并对比不同细胞浓度对白云石沉淀的影响,以期更深入地了解微生物在白云石形成中的作用.通过X射线衍射 (XRD) 检测沉淀物的物相,利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 观察所得矿物形态,同时辅以能量色散谱分析 (EDS) 分析矿物的元素组成.实验结果表明三株嗜盐古菌皆可诱导球型、哑铃型、花椰菜型以及球形聚集体等白云石的形成,且在较高细胞浓度下诱导形成的矿物中白云石含量增多.分析表明细胞浓度的增加会导致细胞表面羧基含量的增加,从而为白云石的沉淀提供更多的成核位点,有利于Mg进入矿物晶格,从而诱导白云石沉淀,本结果进一步提高了对微生物白云石成因机理的认识.      

Occurrence and distribution of tetraether membrane lipids in soils: Implications for the use of the TEX86 proxy and the BIT index

A diverse collection of globally distributed soil samples was analyzed for its glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) membrane lipid content. Branched GDGTs, derived from anaerobic soil bacteria, were the most dominant and were found in all soils. Isoprenoid GDGTs, membrane lipids of Archaea, were also present, although in considerably lower concentration. Crenarchaeol, a specific isoprenoid membrane lipid of the non-thermophilic Crenarchaeota, was also regularly detected and its abundance might be related to soil pH. The detection of crenarchaeol in nearly all of the samples is the first report of this type of GDGT membrane lipid in soils and is in agreement with molecular ecological studies, confirming the widespread occurrence of non-thermophilic Crenarchaeota in the terrestrial realm. The fluvial transport of crenarchaeol and other isoprenoid GDGTs to marine and lacustrine environments could possibly bias the BIT index, a ratio between branched GDGTs and crenarchaeol used to determine relative terrestrial organic matter (TOM) input. However, as crenarchaeol in soils is only present in low concentration compared to branched GDGTs, no large effect is expected for the BIT index. The fluvial input of terrestrially derived isoprenoid GDGTs could also bias the TEX₈₆, a proxy used to determine palaeo surface temperatures in marine and lacustrine settings and based on the ratio of cyclopentane-containing isoprenoid GDGTs in marine and lacustrine Crenarchaeota. Indeed, it is shown that a substantial bias in TEX₈₆-reconstructed sea and lake surface temperatures can occur if TOM input is high, e.g. near large river outflows.     

Lipids of marine Archaea: Patterns and provenance in the water-column and sediments

We measured archaeal lipid distributions from globally distributed samples of freshwater, marine, and hypersaline suspended particulate matter. Cluster analysis of relative lipid distributions identified four distinct groups, including: (1) marine epipelagic (<100 m) waters, (2) marine mesopelagic (200-1500 m) and upwelling waters, (3) freshwater/estuarine waters, and (4) hypersaline waters. A pronounced difference in lipid composition patterns is the near absence of ring-containing glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) at high salinity. Different archaeal communities populate marine (mesophilic Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota), and hypersaline environments (halophilic Euryarchaeota) and community shifts can regulate differences in lipid patterns between marine and hypersaline waters. We propose that community changes within meosphilic marine Archaea also regulate the lipid patterns distinguishing epipelagic and mesopelagic/upwelling zones. Changes in the relative amounts of crenarchaeol and caldarchaeol and low relative abundances of ringed structures in surface waters differentiate lipids from the epipelagic and mesopelagic/upwelling waters. Patterns of lipids in mesopelagic (and upwelling) waters are similar to those expected of the ammonia-oxidizing Group I Crenarchaeota, with predominance of crenarchaeol and abundant cyclic GDGTs; non-metric multidimensional analysis (NMDS) shows this pattern is associated with high nitrate concentrations. In contrast, limited culture evidence indicates marine Group II Euryarchaeota may be capable of producing mainly caldarchaeol and some, but not all, of the ringed GDGTs and we suggest that these organisms, along with the Crenarchaeota, contribute to lipids in epipelagic marine waters. Calculated TEX₈₆ temperatures in mesopelagic samples (reported here and in published data sets) are always much warmer than measured in situ temperatures. We propose lipids used in the temperature proxy derive from both Euryarchaeaota and Crenarchaeota, and observed values of TEX₈₆ are subject to changes in their ecology as influenced by nutrient fluctuations or other perturbations. Applications of published core-top TEX₈₆-SST correlations require that (1) the surface waters are always composed of similar communities with the same temperature response and (2) that deeper water GDGT production is not transported to the sediments. Our lipid distribution patterns demonstrate both surface-water archaeal community differences (which accompany greater nutrient influxes, shoaling of mesopelagic Crenarchaeota during upwelling periods, and possibly due to an influx of terrestrial Archaea), and changes in organic matter transport through the water column can affect the distribution of lipids recorded in sediments. We therefore suggest that reported temperature shifts in ancient applications indicate TEX₈₆ lipids recorded not only temperature changes, but also changes in archaeal ecology, nutrient concentrations, and possibly oceanographic conditions.     

Microbiological and chemical characterization of hydrothermal fluids at Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area, southern New Mexico, USA

The Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area is part of the larger hydrothermal system of the Rio Grande Rift, southern New Mexico, USA. Chemical and microbial parameters indicate that the sampled hydrothermal water derives from a mixture zone of deep, anaerobic water with meteoric water from an adjacent alluvial, non-thermal groundwater flow system. A microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis indicates that biomass and diversity of hydrothermal groundwater are very low, whereas hydrothermal surface water is diverse and bacteria are in a rapid growth phase. A nucleic acid (DNA) analysis of the hydrothermal groundwater resulted in the identification of one eubacterium and two Archaea (archaebacteria); the eubacterium and one Archaea were previously unknown. The one Archaea that could be related to a known species is an extreme halophilic methanomicrobacterium. The presence of the halophilic Archaea and the other Archaea species supports the hypothesis of the Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area being the discharge area of deep circulating groundwater within a bedrock-hosted regional groundwater flow system. Received, April 1999/Revised, January 2000/Accepted, February 2000     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分布格局

采用免培养的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)指纹、 克隆测序、 系统发育分析对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分格局进行了研究.结果表明: 1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层存在一些优势种群, 在所有6个取样深度的土层中均有分布.但不同深度土层古菌群落结构存在明显的差异, 在浅表层检测到一些特异的序列, 系统发育分析表明: 它们分别隶属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria)和热原体纲(Thermoplasmata), 而在深层土样没有检测到. 1号冰川前沿高山草甸带冻土活动层古菌群落以奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)类群占据绝对优势, 全部隶属于被称为group1.1b的谱系.其中, 一些序列与不可培养的Nitrososophaera氨氧化古菌序列亲缘关系较近, 可能预示着这些中温泉古菌在氨氧化过程中发挥着重要作用, 对其群落结构及生态学贡献还有待更深入研究.     

Intracellular and extracellular mineralization of a microbial community in the Edmond deep-sea vent field environment

Microbial biomineralization in submarine hydrothermal environments provides an insight into the formation of vent microfossils and the interactions between microbes, elements and minerals throughout the geological record. Here, we investigate microbial biomineralization of a deep-sea vent community in the Edmond vent field and provide ultrastructural evidence for the formation of microfossils and biogenic iron-rich minerals related to Archaea and Bacteria. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis shows that filamentous and spiral microbes are encrusted by a non-crystalline silica matrix and minor amounts of iron oxides. Examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals acicular iron-rich particles and aggregates that occur either intracellularly or extracellularly. A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrates a diverse range of Bacteria and Archaea, the majority of which are related to sulfur metabolism in the microbial mats. Both Archaea and Bacteria have undergone silicification, in a similar manner to microorganisms in some terrestrial hot springs and indicating that silicification may be driven by silica supersaturation and polymerization. Formation mechanisms of intracellular and extracellular iron oxides associated with microbes are discussed. These results enhance our understanding of microbial mineralization in extreme environments, which may be widespread in the Earth's modern and ancient hydrothermal vent fields.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001344

The Rehai Geothermal Field,located in Tengcbong County,in central-western Yunnan Province, is the largest and most intensively studied geothermal held in China.A wide physicochemical diversity of springs(ambient to ~97℃;pH from≤.8 to≥9.3) provides a multitude of niches for extremophilic microorganisms.A variety of studies have focused on the cultivation,identification,basic physiology,taxonomy,and biotechnological potential of thermophilic microorganisms from Rehai.Thermophilic bacteria isolated from Rehai belong to the phyla Firmicutes and Deinococcus-Thenmts. Firmicutes include neutrophilic or alkaliphilic Anoxybacillus,Bacillus,Caldalkalibacillus.Caldanaerobacier, Laceyella,and Geobacillus,as well as thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus and Sulfobacillus. Isolates from the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum include several Meiothermus and Thennus species.Many of these bacteria synthesize thermostable polymer-degrading enzymes that may be useful for biotechnology. The thermoacidophilic archaea Acidianus.Melal/osp/utera.and Suljolobus have also been isolated and studied.A few studies have reported the isolation of thermophilic viruses belonging to Siphoviridae(TTSP4 and TTSPIO) and Fuselloviridae(STSVl) infecting Thennus spp.and Suljolobus spp..respectively.More recently,cultivation-independent studies using 16S rRNA gene sequences, shotgun metagenomics,or "functional gene" sequences have revealed a much broader diversity of microorganisms than represented in culture.Studies of the gene and mRNA encoding the large subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase(imioA) of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea(AOA) and the tetraether lipid erenarchaeol. a potential biomarker for AOA.suggest a wide diversity,but possibly low abundance,of thermophilic AOA in Rehai.Finally,we introduce the Tengchong Partnerships in International Research and Education(PIRE) project,an international collaboration between Chinese and U.S.scientists with the goal of promoting international and interdisciplinary cooperation to gain a more holistic and global view of life in terrestrial geothermal springs.     

承德地区两温泉中古细菌基因型多样性分析

通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库,对承德地区两个不同温度的温泉中古细菌的基因型多样性进行了分子生态学研究。结果表明:山湾子温泉(A12)74.5℃热水中的古细菌主要分属泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)两个门;七家温泉(A14)61.4℃热水中的古细菌则只属于泉古菌门,没有广古菌门微生物的分布。样品A12中的古细菌序列只可分为3种基因型,而A14中的古细菌序列可分为10种基因型。古细菌多样性的差异表明,温度是影响温泉中古细菌多样性水平的重要因素。样品A12中古细菌群落具有厌氧发酵乙酸产甲烷的生理功能,而A14中大多数古细菌均与氨氧化古菌有密切的亲缘关系,其主要生理功能为好氧氨氧化。     

东海内陆架泥质区沉积物古菌群落垂向分布特征

为研究东海内陆架闽浙沿岸泥质区不同深度沉积物中古菌群落垂向分布特征, 利用古菌16S rDNA基因文库得到473个有效克隆、50个OTUs(Operational Taxonomic Units).16S rDNA序列系统进化和统计分析发现古菌分别归属于泉古生菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古生菌(Euryarchaeota), 其中以Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group(MCG)为主, 仅含少量的Marine Benthic Group B(MBG-B)、South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group(SAGMEG)、Anaerobic Methanotrophs 3(ANME-3)、Marine Crenarchaeotic Group I(MG-I)和Marine Benthic Group D(MBG-D).该泥质区沉积物可能存在由ANME-3催化的甲烷厌氧氧化作用, 同源序列分析表明其古菌群落分布与周边环境有较大联系.UniFrac与沉积物环境因子分析表明该泥质区古菌群落垂向分布与沉积物有机质含量和粒度变化密切相关.      

浅海热液活动的地球化学示踪研究进展及展望

海底热液活动是海洋地质的前沿和热点研究领域之一,相比于深海热液活动较高的关注度和取得的较多的研究成 果,浅海热液活动研究一直处于“不温不火”的状态。但浅海热液系统一般靠近人类活动的区域,对人类生活具有一定的 影响,深入开展浅海热液活动的研究有助于深刻理解热液流体循环过程、热液成因机制及相关动力学过程。文章在简要介 绍国内外浅海热液活动地球化学研究的主要成果和最新进展的基础上,提出了今后对浅海热液活动的研究应主要集中于以 下几个方面：浅海热液流体及气体的来源;浅海热液系统模式及与构造环境的关系;浅海热液活动对人类的影响。     

浅海热液活动的地球化学示踪研究进展及展望

海底热液活动是海洋地质的前沿和热点研究领域之一，相比于深海热液活动较高的关注度和取得的较多的研究成 果，浅海热液活动研究一直处于“不温不火”的状态。但浅海热液系统一般靠近人类活动的区域，对人类生活具有一定的 影响，深入开展浅海热液活动的研究有助于深刻理解热液流体循环过程、热液成因机制及相关动力学过程。文章在简要介 绍国内外浅海热液活动地球化学研究的主要成果和最新进展的基础上，提出了今后对浅海热液活动的研究应主要集中于以 下几个方面：浅海热液流体及气体的来源；浅海热液系统模式及与构造环境的关系；浅海热液活动对人类的影响。