Effects of surface forces and film elasticity on foam stability

The thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique was used to determine the surface forces in foam films stabilized with flotation frothers such as n-pentanol, n-octanol, methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), and polypropylene glycol (PPG). The results were compared with the foam stabilities measured experimentally and the film elasticities calculated using a model developed by Wang and Yoon [Wang, L., Yoon, R.-H., 2006a. Role of hydrophobic force in the thinning of foam films containing a nonionic surfactant. Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 282–283, 84–91.]. It was found that foam stabilities are controlled by both film elasticity and disjoining pressure, the relative contributions from each changing with frother type and concentration. At relatively low concentrations, frother dampens the hydrophobic force, an attractive component of the disjoining pressure, that destabilizes foams. At higher concentrations, elasticity plays a more important role in stabilizing foams.     

基于黏度时变性的桩端压力浆液上返高度模型及工程应用

桩端后压浆浆液上返高度对后压浆桩承载力的计算影响较大。基于幂律型流体的黏度时变性特征,推导了考虑黏度时变性的桩端压力浆液上返的理论计算公式,并给出了参数的确定方法及成层土中浆液上返高度的迭代算法;结合台州湾大桥的接线工程,利用电磁波CT对桩基后压浆的加固效果进行了探测分析。结果表明,采用浆液沿压浆管道阻力损失的拟合值并考虑黏度时变性得到的浆液上返高度的计算结果与实测结果基本吻合且偏于安全,而忽略黏度时变性得到的计算结果偏大,会对后压浆桩的承载力设计造成不利影响。此外,电磁波CT能观测到桩体、水泥浆加固体及土体的分布情况,且能推测出水泥浆液在桩端的扩散范围和沿桩身的上返高度,可用于评价后压浆桩的压浆效果。研究成果可为后压浆桩的设计和效果检测提供参考和指导。     

宁夏中部干旱带露水形成机制及其对表层土壤水分的影响

露水的形成及其对土壤水分的影响是进一步量化水循环和生态水文过程的重要依据。为探明露水发生规律,在宁夏中部干旱带连续3 a观测了每30 min气象资料和表层土壤水分,用叶片湿度传感器测算了露水量。结果表明：该区年露水量可达56.41 mm, 75%发生在6—10月,最大月露水量和日露水量分别为13.40 mm和0.80 mm,主要发生在03:00—08:00;露水发生的气温、相对湿度和风速范围分别为0～24.4℃、50%～100%和0.16～1.74 m/s,风向为30°～60°(东北风)和270°～330°(西南偏西风);气温和露点差与相对湿度之间呈极显著线性逆相关,气温和露点差小于3℃且相对湿度大于80%时极易产生露水;日露水量为0.6 mm、0.7 mm和0.8 mm时表层5 cm土壤贮水量可分别提高0.10 mm、0.20 mm和0.25 mm。该地区年均降露量是降雨量的13.5%,露水年均发生频率为126 d(35%),是当地水循环和生态系统不可忽略的水源。     

The influence of different rheological parameters on the surface deformation and stress field of the Aegean–Anatolian region

The Aegean–Anatolian region is characterised by an inhomogeneous deformation pattern with high strain rates and a high seismicity both at the boundaries and in the plate interior. This pattern is controlled by the geometry and rheology of the structural units involved and their tectonic setting. A numerical analysis with a finite-element model of the region is used to quantify the influence of different rheological parameters. Viscoelastic material behaviour is implemented for the mantle lithosphere, whereas the crust is modelled with an elastic–plastic rheology. The variation of the inelastic material properties (viscosity and plastic strength) quantifies the influence of these material parameters on the deformation, stress, and strain patterns. Comparison of the modelled results with geodetic and geophysical observations reveals that the viscosity of the mantle lithosphere is the key to explaining the inhomogeneous deformation pattern. The best-fit model yields a viscosity of 10²⁰ Pa s beneath Anatolia, whereas adjacent regions have viscosities between 10²¹ and 10²³ Pa s. The model also explains the intra-plate seismicity and the stress field as well as its partitioning into regions with strike-slip and normal faulting. The final model is in good agreement with seismological, geodetic, and geological observations. Local deviations can be tracked down to small-scale structures, which are not included in the model.     

The relationship between the water table and the surface flow of a losing stream, lower Medano Creek, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado

 Proposed groundwater withdrawals in the San Luis Valley of Colorado may lower the water table in Great Sand Dunes National Monument. In response, the National Park Service initiated a study that has produced a generalized conceptual model of the hydrologic system in order to assess whether a lowering of the water table might decrease the surface flow of lower Medano Creek. Based upon information obtained during the drilling of several boreholes, there appear to be five important hydrostratigraphic units underlying lower Medano Creek within the upper 30 m of the ground surface: 1. a perched aquifer overlying an aquitard located between about 5 and 6 m below the ground surface; 2. the aquitard itself; 3. an unconfined aquifer located between the upper and lower aquitards; 4. an aquitard located between about 27 and 29 m below the ground surface; and 5. a confined underlying the lower aquitard. Because the areal extent of the aquitards cannot be determined from the borehole data, a detailed conceptual model of the hydrogeologic system underlying lower Medano Creek cannot be developed. However, a generalized conceptual model can be envisioned that consists of a complex system of interlayered aquifers and leaky aquitards, with each aquifer having a unique hydraulic head. Water levels in the perched aquifer rise rapidly to their annual maximum levels in response to the arrival of the flow terminus of Medano Creek during the spring runoff event, and the location of the flow terminus is directly dependent upon the discharge of the creek. Water levels in the deeper, non-perched aquifers do not appear to fluctuate significantly in response to the arrival of the flow terminus, demonstrating that it is unlikely that the proposed groundwater withdrawals will decrease the surface flow of lower Medano Creek. Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 20 February 1996     

The influence of topography and land use on water quality of Xiangxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir region

A self-organizing map (SOM) was used to cluster the water quality data of Xiangxi River in the Three Gorges Reservoir region. The results showed that 81 sampling sites could be divided into several groups representing different land use types. The forest dominated region had low concentrations of most nutrient variables except COD, whereas the agricultural region had high concentrations of NO₃N, TN, Alkalinity, and Hardness. The sites downstream of an urban area were high in NH₃N, NO₂N, PO₄P and TP. Redundancy analysis was used to identify the individual effects of topography and land use on river water quality. The results revealed that the watershed factors accounted for 61.7% variations of water quality in the Xiangxi River. Specifically, topographical characteristics explained 26.0% variations of water quality, land use explained 10.2%, and topography and land use together explained 25.5%. More than 50% of the variation in most water quality variables was explained by watershed characteristics. However, water quality variables which are strongly influenced by urban and industrial point source pollution (NH₃N, NO₂N, PO₄P and TP) were not as well correlated with watershed characteristics.     

黑河中游农村居民节水意识对节水行为的影响路径——基于结构方程模型与计划行为理论的研究

提高居民节水意识有助于推动居民节水行为,但由于意识难以客观测量,意识对行为的影响机理难以刻画,定量评估其影响路径的研究仍有待加强。基于计划行为理论,构建节水意识对节水行为的影响机制并设定相应的观测指标,设计问卷调查了黑河流域中游地区张掖市526户农村居民家庭,运用结构方程模型定量分析其影响路径。结果显示,节水态度、节水预期、行为控制、主观规范对节水行为的标准化路径系数分别为0.003、0.122、0.140、0.161,其中属于行为控制的自身经验与节水障碍预期、属于主观规范的管理部门信任度与邻里感知均对节水行为有显著的正向影响。虽然节水态度维度中,对水资源价值、保护环境和节约用水的因子载荷分别达到0.74、0.67、0.70,表明农村居民对水资源的生态、社会价值认同度很高,但向节水行为的转化过程中仍受经济效益预期的支配。提出了通过奖惩正式制度与邻里乡约非正式制度结合,以及高效节水产业政策引导,促进居民节水意识向节水行为的高效转化。     

深层地热能开发及其对地热水流场的影响

为了研究深层地热能开发对热储层流场造成的影响,选取兰考县深层地热能开发为研究对象,分析研究区新生代以来的地质结构和区域构造特征,调查地区地热开采情况及存在的问题。根据地热能类型分析了第四系Q、新近系明化镇组N₂、新近系馆陶组N₁等3个热储层特征,利用可控源音频大地电磁测深查明区内的断裂分布、热储层发育、隔水边界等条件,通过现场试验与测试手段查明不同部位热储层的参数指标,分区计算各层的地热资源量。根据开采方式、边界条件、水文地质参数建立数学模型,通过数值模拟预测出2023年Q热储层流场将恢复到原始流场模式,N₂热储层流场漏斗效应持续减弱,N₁热储层流场漏斗效应明显且分布不规则,为控制地热资源开发对环境造成的影响,提出封闭循环利用地热、同层加压回灌的开采方式及合理布局开采井、综合利用多层地热等措施,为本地及周边地区地热资源开发及环境保护提供参考。