Probabilistic representation and transmission of earthquake ground motion records

A relatively simple and straightforward procedure is given for representing analytically defined or data-based covariance kernels of arbitrary random processes in a compact form that allows its convenient use in later analytical random vibration response studies. The method is based on the spectral decomposition of the random process by the orthogonal Karhunen-Loeve expansion and the subsequent use of least-squares approaches to develop an approximating analytical fit for the data-based eigenvectors of the underlying random process. The resulting compact analytical representation of the random process is then used to derive a closed-form solution for the non-stationary response of a damped SDOF harmonic oscillator. The utility of the method for representing the excitation and calculating the mean-square response is illustrated by the use of an ensemble of acceleration records from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.     

乌梁素海冰封期湖泊冰盖组构特征对污染物分布的影响

为探究富营养化浅水湖泊季节性冰盖污染物分布规律,于2013-2014年冰封期,钻取乌梁素海湖泊冰盖冰芯试样,观测冰厚并对冰芯晶体结构、气泡含量、污染物浓度(总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr))进行分析.结果表明:冰盖可分为4层,中间2层冰晶体粒径较大且气泡含量较少,为冰盖热力生长区.冰盖以柱状晶体居多,粒径随深度增加而增加,气泡含量随冰盖密度增加而减少.冰盖结构特征与污染物分布具有相关关系,冰芯密度及气泡分布与总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr)相关关系分别为0.8965、0.8718、0.8184,并建立多元回归模型揭示冰封期湖泊水质特征,为季节性湖泊冰盖研究及冰封期湖泊水资源规划和管理提供理论依据.     

海底强震观测记录与地震动特性研究进展

随着海洋结构物的建设快速发展,为了解海底地震动相关特性,目前在建与已建成的海底强震台网逐年增加,得到的强震数据为海底地震动特性研究提供了重要资料。本文首先,统计了世界范围内现有海底强震台网的分布,并对强震台站信息及记录特点简要总结;其次,综述了基于海底强震记录以及数值计算等方法分析海底地震动特性的研究成果;并且,阐述了海底地震动在海洋工程中应用的研究现状;最后,基于现有研究成果,对海底地震动特性研究的前景进行讨论和展望。     

鲁甸地震强震动记录与地震动衰减模型的对比研究

利用2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震断层距小于300 km的32个自由场地观测台站的地震动加速度记录,分析了地震动峰值加速度(PGA)和峰值速度(PGV)的空间分布特征,并对已有地震动衰减模型中的NGA-West2四个模型和1个中国川藏区模型进行了比较分析.研究表明,地震动PGA和PGV衰减最快的方向与断层主破裂方向一致.在整个断层距(R_rup)范围内大多数台站的地震动PGA、PGV和加速度反应谱值(Sa(T=0.1、5.0 s))均位于NGA-West2四个模型预测曲线的±1倍标准差之外.PGA、PGV和Sa(T=5.0 s)的事件内残差均值在-1.43~-0.74之间.Sa(T=0.01~5.0 s)事件内残差均值在整个距离范围内均表现出系统性偏负.NGA-West2四个模型的PGA事件内残差的空间分布特征相似,其最大正值和最大负值分布区域的震源-场地方位角约为-90°和90°,与主破裂断层方向垂直,所处地势较为平坦且台站场地V_S30相对较大.NGA-West2四个模型总体上会较大地高估鲁甸地震整个断层距范围内各个周期尤其是短周期(T < 1.0 s)的地震动加速度反应谱值.考虑本地区实际地震资料的中国川藏区地震动衰减模型也会在一定程度上高估鲁甸地震大多数台站的地震动加速度反应谱值,但是相对于NGA-West2四个模型,其预测值更接近鲁甸地震的实际观测值.

     

Neural network estimation of duration of strong ground motion using Japanese earthquake records

The duration of strong motion has a significant influence on the severity of ground shaking. In this work, a combination of average values of four geophysical properties of site (Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blow count, primary wave velocity, shear wave velocity, and density of soil) including hypocentral distance of less than 50 km and magnitudes more than 5.0 from Japanese ground motion records were used for development of neural network model, to estimate duration of strong ground motion. Since majority of strong motion databases provide only average shear wave velocity for site characterization, an attempt has also been made to train the neural network with magnitude, hypocentral distance and average shear wave velocity as three input variables. Results obtained from this study show that the duration of strong motion is mostly dependent on average shear wave velocity rather than other geophysical properties of site.     

汶川地震强震动地面倾斜研究

根据三分量强震动传感器水平摆和竖向摆对倾斜的动力响应差异,利用谱比法计算出汶川MS8.0地震中近断层强震动的断层法线方向和平行方向的同震地面倾斜. 结果表明, 本次地震中强震动观测台处地面倾斜一般小于1deg;,影响频段主要在0.1 Hz以下,发生较大倾斜的台站主要在距地表破裂迹线30 km以内,在100 km之外或水平向加速度幅值均方根在200 cm/s2以下时很少发生0.01deg;以上的同震地面倾斜．总体上看,上盘区域的倾斜值普遍小于下盘区域,法线方向倾斜值一般大于平行线方向倾斜值．位于前山断裂与中央断裂之间区域的绵竹清平台谱比较低但平缓且频带较宽,可能反应了该区域的运动特殊性,而汶川卧龙台则显示了上盘边缘区域地面倾斜较大．逆冲段与走滑段台站倾斜对比显示,地面倾斜可能受局部场地条件影响较大．      

硬场地实测记录下几种土层地震反应分析程序可靠性对比

以日本KiK-net强震观测台网中硬场地井下记录为样本,对传统等效线性化方法LSSRLI-1（频域）、SHAKE2000,时域非线性方法DEEPSOIL和频域一致等效线性化方法SOILQUAKE等几种计算程序在硬土场地地震反应分析中的可靠性进行对比检验。检验工况包括KiK-net井下台网中地表峰值加速度不小于0.05g的水平硬场地的总计344台次的加速度记录,涉及5个台站,土层厚度6~50m,地表峰值加速度范围0.050~0.805g。结果表明:认为硬土场地以往计算方法能够体现土层放大的认识是片面的,在中强地震动情况下,现有流行方法计算出的地表响应会偏小,强地震动下会严重偏小,会给工程抗震设计提供偏于危险的输入;硬场地中烈度8度以下（地表PGA在0.19g以下）,SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL、LSSRLI-1（频域）计算结果与实际记录差距可以接受,但烈度8度以上,计算出地表响应均较实际记录明显偏小,且随地震动强度增加差距急剧增大;硬场地中,无论何种烈度,SOILQUAKE16计算的地表加速度响应与实测相当,可体现出土层放大作用。     

Factors and Processes of Salt Lake Formation on Baikal Shore

Water Resources - The article considers the conditions under which the water resources and chemistry are forming in the mineral Bormashovoe Lake, which lies on the Svyatoi Nos Peninsula on the...     

Selection of earthquake ground motion records: A state-of-the-art review from a structural engineering perspective

This paper reviews alternative selection procedures based on established methods for incorporating strong ground motion records within the framework of seismic design of structures. Given the fact that time history signals recorded at a given site constitute a random process which is practically impossible to reproduce, considerable effort has been expended in recent years on processing actual records so as to become ‘representative’ of future input histories to existing as well as planned construction in earthquake-prone regions. Moreover, considerable effort has been expended to ensure that dispersion in the structural response due to usage of different earthquake records is minimized. Along these lines, the aim of this paper is to present the most recent methods developed for selecting an ‘appropriate’ set of records that can be used for dynamic analysis of structural systems in the context of performance-based design. A comparative evaluation of the various alternatives available indicates that the current seismic code framework is rather simplified compared to what has actually been observed, thus highlighting both the uncertainties and challenges related to the selection of earthquake records.     

Anomalies of the natural electric field on Lake Baikal

The paper presents results of observations of the electromagnetic field conducted on the ice and coast of Lake Baikal. The horizontal and vertical components of the electric field contain anomalous disturbances coinciding in time with earthquakes and with the origination of a crevice in the ice cover of the lake. A possible origin of the anomalous disturbances is considered.     

地震动强度对场地地震反应的影响

通过对场地地震反应的研究发现,地震动强度不同,同样的场地对地震动的影响也不同,得到的反应谱形状也不同。目前我国抗震设计规范中不同烈度下的设计反应谱形状完全一致,没有考虑地震动强弱对相同场地反应谱形状的影响。     

Comparison of amplitude decay rates in reflection,refraction, and local earthquake records

Three types of seismic data recorded near Coalinga, California were analyzed to study the behavior of scattered waves: 1) aftershocks of the May 2, 1983 earthquake, recorded on verticalcomponent seismometers deployed by the USGS; 2) regional refraction profiles using large explosive sources recorded on essentially the same arrays above; 3) three common-midpoint (CMP) reflection surveys recorded with vibrator sources over the same area. Records from each data set were bandpassed filtered into 5 Hz wide passbands (over the range of 1–25 Hz), corrected for geometric spreading, and fit with an exponential model of amplitude decay. Decay rates were expressed in terms of inverse codaQ (Q _c ^–1 ).Q _c ^–1 values for earthquake and refraction data are generally comparable and show a slight decrease with increasing frequency. Decay rates for different source types recorded on proximate receivers show similar results, with one notable exception. One set of aftershocks shows an increase ofQ _c ^–1 with frequency.Where the amplitude decay rates of surface and buried sources are similar, the coda decay results are consistent with other studies suggesting the importance of upper crustal scattering in the formation of coda. Differences in the variation ofQ _c ^–1 with frequency can be correlated with differences in geologic structure near the source region, as revealed by CMP-stacked reflection data. A more detailed assessment of effects such as the depth dependence of scattered contributions to the coda and the role of intrinsic attenuation requires precise control of source-receiver field geometry and the study of synthetic seismic data calculated for velocity models developed from CMP reflection data.     

Coherence between lake ice cover, local climate and teleconnections (Lake Mendota, Wisconsin)

Ice duration has shortened and the ice-off date has become earlier for Lake Mendota from 1905 to 2000 as air temperatures have warmed and snowfall has increased. In addition, the ice record has cyclic components at inter-annual and inter-decadal scales. We examined the frequency domain relations between ice, local climate and the teleconnections, Southern Ocean Oscillation (SOI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Northern Pacific Index (NP), through a three-tiered analysis of coherence. The coherence results provide evidence of linear relations between the three levels at inter-annual and inter-decadal frequencies. Of the three local climate variables analyzed, namely temperature, snowfall and snow depth, temperature is the variable that most significantly affects ice duration and ice-off date, at both inter-annual and inter-decadal frequencies. The most significant effect of teleconnections on local climate are the effects of PDO on snowfall and snow depth, and SOI on temperature, at inter-annual frequencies, and the effect of NAO on snowfall at inter-decadal frequencies. The teleconnections that most significantly affect ice-cover duration and ice-off date, particularly at inter-decadal frequencies, are the PDO and the NAO. The influence of PDO on ice-cover appears to be transmitted through temperature, while the influence of the NAO appears to be transmitted through temperature and snowfall. A cascading set of links between teleconnections, local climate, and lake ice explain some, but not all, of the dynamics in these time series.     

Comparison of strong-motion records and damage implications between the 2014 Yunnan M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake and M_S6.6 Jinggu earthquake

Serial destructive earthquakes have caused heavy casualties and economic losses to the city in southwestern of China. The Ludian M_s 6.5 earthquake and the Jinggu M_s6.6 earthquake occurred in Yunnan province in 2014. There is a question of why the two events with almost the same level of magnitude caused differences in earthquake damage. To understand the uniqueness of the phenomenon,this paper focuses on the characteristics of the ground motions and post-earthquake field investigation for the two events.Firstly, we present an overview of the residuals between the Ludian earthquake and the Jinggu earthquake based on the YW06 Ground Motion Prediction Equation(GMPE), and explain the unusual destructiveness of the strong ground motion. Then we analyze the ground motion recordings at selected typical station, based on the strong motion parameters: equivalent predominant frequency and Arias intensity. The result exhibits a good agreement with the Chinese seismic intensity scale. This study would be helpful to gain a better knowledge of the characteristics and variability of ground motions for M_S6 class earthquakes in China and to understand the implications to future earthquakes with similar focal mechanism and local condition.     

Classification and rating of strong-motion earthquake records

Ninety-two strong-motion earthquake records from the California region, U.S.A., have been statistically studied using principal component analysis in terms of twelve important standardized strong-motion characteristics. The first two principal components account for about 57 per cent of the total variance. Based on these two components the earthquake records are classified into nine groups in a two-dimensional principal component plane. Also a unidimensional engineering rating scale is proposed. The procedure can be used as an objective approach for classifying and rating future earthquakes.     

Typification and the Current State of Baikal Lake Shore

Water Resources - The major shore-forming factors typical of Lake Baikal, the main types and subtypes of lake shore, and their current state are considered. The complex geological structure has...     

Methane in Water and Bottom Sediments of Lake Baikal

Water Resources - The distribution of methane concentration measured in 2014 and 2015 in different parts of Lake Baikal has been analyzed. In the period of expedition studies, methane concentration...     

2016年3月21日金塔县M_S 4.7地震强震动记录分析

2016年3月21日11时29分甘肃省酒泉市金塔县发生M_S 4.7地震,甘肃省强震动台网中心收集到5组三分向加速度记录,常规处理后得到15条零基线校正后的三分向峰值加速度(PGA),选取土层台基类型的62XID台站加速度记录(PGA数值最大)进行分析,绘制校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线及加速度反应谱,为中国西部工程震害调查提供参考资料。     

2015年11月22日广东徐闻ML4.2地震强震动记录分析

2015年11月22日07时43分广东省徐闻县发生M_L4.2地震,海南省强震动台网中心记录到3组三分向加速度记录,这是海南强震动台网建成后首次记录到强震动地震波形,常规处理后得到9条零基线校正后的三分向峰值加速度（PGA）。对3个台站的加速度记录进行分析,绘制校正后的加速度、速度、位移时程曲线及加速度反应谱,为中国南部工程震害调查提供参考资料。结果表明,此次地震记录到的强震记录PGA介于0.8—10.2 cm/s2之间,距离震中位置最近的火山口台（HSK）记录到最大PGA值。      

天津及邻区1999～2000年地震震源机制研究

文中使用的是天津市、河北省地震台的 P,Pn波初动方向资料 ,研究了 1 999～ 2 0 0 0年发生在天津及邻区的 4个地震的震源机制。其中 1 999年 8月 1 1日河北省大城县 ML 3.1地震发生在大城断裂上 ,震源机制解的节面 (走向 2 0 8°,倾角 54°,滑动角 1 2°)与大城断裂的走向一致。2 0 0 0年 1月 2 6日蓟县 ML 3.3地震发生在蓟县 -邦均断裂上 ,震源机制解的节面 (走向 2 85°,倾角 77°,滑动角 1 38°)与蓟县 -邦均断裂的走向一致。表明这两个断层在活动 ,这两个地震发生在多年来 (有感 )地震不多的地区 ,并且是发生在首都圈中部 ,应该引起注意