Trace element distributions in surficial sediments of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea: Contribution to heavy-metal pollution assessment

The trace element distributions in surficial sediment of Tyrrhenian Sea have been investigated as a part of a series of studies on the environmental quality of the area off the Tuscany coast (west-central Italy). This research has focused on the presence of possible contaminated zones; it also provides data for the identification and future monitoring and control of pollution sources. The study of numerous surface sediments and core samples has made it possible to distinguish between heavy-metal enrichments related to natural sources and other anomalies caused by anthropogenic contamination. Over much of the basin, the surface Pb, Cu, Zn, and As contents appear considerably enriched relative to those below 15 cm; among these metals, Pb shows the highest and most widespread enrichment. Only in the case of some coarse-grained sediments close to the mouth of Cecina River it is possible to relate anomalously high Zn contents to natural sources. In all other sampling stations, the enrichments of Pb, Cu, Zn, and As are ascribed to man's influence. The sediment distributions of Co, Cr, and Ni do not seem to be related to anthropogenic activities; rather they mirror influx of materials derived from sources of ophiolitic rock. The distribution of barium shows only two significant positive anomalies, and both are related to natural causes. Concentrations of vanadium are high in a zone close to an important smelting plant; these are thought to be of anthropogenic origin.     

冀东平原土壤中重金属元素的地球化学特征

通过分析冀东平原土壤中有害重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的含量变化特征,显示有害重金属元素Hg、Cd、Pb在冀东平原表层土壤的富集已较为明显,Cr、As也形成局部的异常,原有的地球化学特征发生较大变化。初步认为表层土壤中重金属元素的高含量与当地地质背景和人为活动有关,局部异常成因需要进一步研究。研究区地积累指数污染评价结果表明:以全国土壤背景值计算,重金属未造成污染;以研究区背景值计算,Hg表现为轻度—中度污染状况,As、Cd、Cr、Pb未造成污染。     

内蒙古双尖子山银多金属矿床区域地球化学特征

内蒙古双尖子山银多金属矿床是中国乃至亚洲规模最大的银多金属矿床,本研究在回顾矿床发现史的基础上对双尖子山矿床区域地球化学数据进行再分析。采用19级累积频率法制作研究区39种元素或氧化物的地球化学图,结果发现在双尖子山矿区范围内出现明显高值的有MgO、CaO、Fe₂O₃、Pb、Zn、Ag、V、Cr、Ni等多达22种氧化物或元素,其中主量成分的明显富集特征应受控于研究区的岩性分布情况。采用变值七级异常法制作研究区29种微量元素的地球化学异常图,结果发现在双尖子山矿区及其附近存在W、Sn、Mo、Bi、Pb、Zn、Ag、As、Sb计9种热液成矿元素的异常区,而其他微量元素在双尖子山矿区的明显富集情况可能是由双尖子山矿区及其附近母岩岩性及其风化作用所致。基于地球化学基因技术制作了研究区金矿化基因和钨矿化基因的矿化相似度地球化学图,结果发现在双尖子山矿区及其附近存在金矿化相似度和钨矿化相似度的异常区,表明矿化相似度可以作为该区金属矿产勘查的一种有效指标,认为区域化探工作在该区金属矿产勘查中具有很好的参考价值。     

Heavy metal pollution of coastal river sediments, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia: lead isotope and chemical evidence

 Heavy metal and metalloid concentrations within stream-estuary sediments (<180-μm size fraction) in north-eastern New South Wales largely represent natural background values. However, element concentrations (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) of Hunter River sediments within the heavily industrialized and urbanized Newcastle region exceed upstream background values by up to one order of magnitude. High element concentrations have been found within sediments of the Newcastle Harbour and Throsby Creek which drains into urbanized and light industry areas. Observed Pb enrichments and low ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are likely caused by atmospheric deposition of Pb additives from petrol and subsequent Pb transport by road run-off waters into the local drainage system. Sediments of the Richmond River and lower Manning, Macleay, Clarence, Brunswick and Tweed River generally display no evidence for anthropogenic heavy metal and metalloid contamination (Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn). However, the rivers and their tributaries possess localized sedimentary traps with elevated heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn). Lead isotope data indicate that anthropogenic Pb provides a detectable contribution to investigated sediments. Such contributions are evident at sample sites close to sewage outlets and in the vicinity of the Pacific Highway. In addition, As concentrations of Richmond River sediments gradually increase downstream. This geochemical trend may be the result of As mobilization from numerous cattle-dip sites within the region into the drainage system and subsequent accumulation of As in downstream river and estuary sediments. Received: 5 September 1997 · Accepted: 4 November 1997     

西藏谢通门县斯弄多铅锌矿区构造地球化学找矿研究

文章通过对西藏谢通门县斯弄多铅锌矿区1：10000地质填图和1：10000构造地球化学测量,系统总结了矿区构造地球化学特征,并得出以下几点认识：矿区不同岩性中Ag、Pb、As、Sb、Bi浓度克拉克值和变异系数均较大,元素分布型式具对数双峰分布,表明这些元素卷入了成矿作用;因子分析显示成矿具多阶段性,矿区主成矿元素组合为Pb、Zn、Mn,可作为找矿的指示元素;综合分析地质和地球化学资料,在矿区圈定4个构造地球化学异常区,其中Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号异常具较好的找矿前景。     

Heavy metal history from cores in Wellington Harbour,New Zealand

Analysis of ten heavy metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) in six sediment cores from Wellington Harbour show both anthropogenic enrichments and diagenetic modifications. Absolute concentrations determined by two methods, x-ray fluorescence and acid leaching for bioavailability, are not comparable. However, vertical trends in concentrations of the cored sediment are comparable. To assess levels of anthropogenic pollution, enrichment factors (enriched concentrations in upper core divided by background levels in lower core) are preferred over index of accumulation (I _geo) values because preindustrial or background levels of heavy metals are well constrained. The ten metals are placed into three groups: (1) Cu, Pb, and Zn, which show the most anthropogenic enrichment; (2) As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sb, which are often associated with anthropogenic pollution but show only minor enrichment; and (3) Fe and Mn, which are diagenetically enriched. Assuming harbor waters are well mixed, anthropogenic enrichments of Cu, Pb, and Zn, are time correlative, but the degree of enrichment depends on the method of analysis and core location. Levels of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn show small variations in preindustrial sediments that are not related to changes in grain size and probably result from changes in the oxidation-reduction potential of the sediments and salinity of the pore waters.     

滇西银厂坪花岗斑岩岩体的地球化学及年代学特征

银厂坪花岗斑岩岩体位于扬子陆块的西南缘,处于鲜水河-小江碱性岩带和金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩带之间。其主量元素具有高碱,高Na₂O/K₂O值,低TiO₂特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石。微量元素富集LILE,LREE和过渡金属元素(Cu、Ni、Co),具有明显的“Ta-Nb-Ti"负异常,Eu负异常不明显。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄表明该区岩石的结晶年龄为(37.39±0.33) Ma。εHf(t)值为-1.8~+1.8,两阶段模式年龄为996~1 226 Ma。该区岩石具有较低的εNd(t)值（-7.4~-3.6）,较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i比值（0.706 077~0.706 231）,以及具有造山带铅特征的207Pb/204Pb值（15.567~15.574）和208Pb/204Pb值（38.321~38.335）。对银厂坪岩体的元素地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素组成特征分析研究认为,研究区的花岗斑岩形成于近似大陆弧环境,同位素地球化学属于EMI-EMII过渡型源区,岩体形成于壳幔混合层。银厂坪岩体的地球化学属性更靠近安宁河碱性岩带,是该带分异末端的酸性端员组分。     

灵北断裂带黄埠岭-七里山段构造地球化学找矿预测

采用构造地球化学方法,在黄埠岭-七厘山测区约13.8km2范围,共采集865个样品,测试了Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Ni、Co、Mo、Sn、As、Sb、Hg、Ba、B、Mn、V、Ti、Cr等19种元素.Au异常的分布与测区已知矿体分布范围相吻合,其中黄埠岭测区Au异常范围最大、强度最高,七厘山测区及凤凰庄-选...     

多拉纳萨依金矿次生异常模式及找矿意义

多拉纳萨依金矿位于哈巴河—克兰华力西弧后盆地,是芮行健等以地质与化探综合方法找到的赋存于中泥盆统不纯灰岩与碎屑岩之间的层间断裂内,并与沿这些断裂侵入的斜长花岗岩脉密切相关的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床.地球化学指示元素次生分散数学模型为;线形Au异常规模大、延伸达10多公里,并与反S形构造相吻合,其浓集中心清楚,峰值大于3g/t,明显反映金矿体的存在;Zn、Pb、As和Bi等异常规模大,而且也呈线形分布,并与Au异常相对应;相关分析表明,Pb、Zn、Bi和As分别与Au相关;因子分析结果,Au呈独立因子,而Pb、Zn和Tl构成一个因子。     

新疆东天山沙泉子地区地球化学特征及找矿预测

新疆东天山沙泉子地区位于雅满苏—沙泉子成矿区的东段 ,地层简单 ,但岩性复杂。受沙泉子深大断裂及沙泉子火山机构共同作用 ,地球化学异常表现为以 Cu- Zn- Ag- Mo为主的内环、以 Pb- Zn(Cu- As- Sb)为主的中环和以 Au或 Au- Ag- As- Sb异常区为主的外环 ,从中心至外围 Cu、Zn等异常强度、规模逐渐减弱 ,Au、As、Sb异常逐渐增强 ,在元素的空间分布上表现出Cu、Zn、Pb、Ag— Pb、Zn、As、Sb(Ag)— Au、As、Sb的元素分带现象。提出沙泉子北、苦水北二处找矿预测远景区 ,有较好的找矿前景     

钦-杭结合带南段庞西垌地区Ag-Au致矿地球化学异常信息识别与提取

基于分形与多重分形理论的非线性化探数据处理方法及以空间加权主成分分析模型为代表的地学多源信息融合技术,为致矿地球化学异常信息的识别和提取提供了有力的工具。本文以钦-杭结合带南段庞西垌地区1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学数据为例,研究如何综合运用多重分形局部奇异性与空间加权主成分分析这两种地学信息处理方法来识别和提取致矿地球化学异常信息。首先,采用滑动窗口的方法绘制了研究区与银金矿化关系密切的五种地球化学元素Au、Ag、Cu、Pb和Zn的局部奇异性指数图以增强局部弱缓异常信息。然后,在控矿条件分析的基础上,运用北东向断裂构造这一重要控矿要素对Ag-Au成矿作用的影响范围,即距离北东向断裂的距离,作为应变量来构建用于空间加权主成分分析的空间权重系数的计算模型,以此来突显化探样品在控矿地质条件约束下的空间相关性。进而,采用空间加权主成分分析方法来得到Au、Ag、Cu、Pb和Zn多元素奇异性指数值的组合异常(第一主成分因子得分)。结果表明:综合运用多重分形局部奇异性与空间加权主成分分析方法可以有效的识别和提取Ag-Au致矿地球化学异常信息,圈定具有示矿意义的多元素组合异常区。     

土壤地球化学测量在广东英德东山楼金银矿中的应用

广东英德东山楼金银矿区处于东西向佛冈构造岩浆岩带和北北东向吴川-四会深大断裂带交汇部位旁侧、大镇铜多金属矿田北部,成矿条件十分有利。1∶5万水系沉积物测量显示了较好Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、As等异常。对1∶5万异常进一步解析,在异常浓集中心开展1∶1万土壤测量,共圈定两个综合异常,主要异常元素为Au、Ag、As、Pb,其次为Zn、Sb。通过对1∶1万土壤测量资料进行剖析,结合矿区地质特征,初步认为该区土壤综合异常AP1、AP2具有较大的金银矿找矿潜力。     

Multipurpose geochemical maps produced by integration of geochemical exploration data sets in The Paraná Shield, Brazil

Old geochemical datasets from the Paraná Shield of southern Brazil have been integrated into a new geochemical database and the results are presented as a series of multipurpose geochemical maps. Although the 24 datasets retrieved were analysed by three different laboratories, the maps produced correlate surprisingly well with bedrock geological features.The retrieval of old geochemical exploration data sets for the purpose of generating maps showing element depletions and enrichments is a powerful tool with a wide range of applications: trace elements such as Zn, Cu and Mo can significantly affect crop productivity; areas with high abundances of harmful elements such as As and F can be delineated in order to identify public health hazards; heavy metals such as Cd, Pb and Hg can be measured in order to better constrain knowledge of chemical background levels for environmental monitoring. The integration and manipulation of different data sets can however be complicated by the heterogeneity in sampling and analytical procedures.     

Arsenic contamination at the Mole River mine,northern New South Wales

Mining and processing of arsenopyrite ore at the Mole River mine in the 1920–1930s resulted in abandoned mine workings, waste dumps and an arsenic oxide treatment plant. Weathering of waste material (2.6–26.6 wt% As) leads to the formation of water soluble, As‐bearing mineral salts (pharmacolite, arsenolite, krautite) and sulfates which affect surface waters after rainfall events. Highly contaminated soils, covering about 12 ha at the mine, have extreme As (mean 0.93 wt%) and elevated Fe, Ag, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn values compared with background soils (mean 8 ppm As). Regionally contaminated soils have a mean As content of 55 ppm and the contaminated area is estimated to be 60 km². The soils have acquired their metal enrichments by hydromorphic dispersion from the dissolution of As‐rich particulates, erosion of As‐rich particulates from the dumps, and atmospheric fall‐out from processing plant emissions. Stream sediments within a radius of 2 km of the mine display metal enrichments (62 ppm to 27.5 wt% As) compared with the mean background of 23 ppm As. This enrichment has been caused by erosion and collapse of waste‐dump material into local creeks, seepages and ephemeral surface runoff, and erosion and transportation of contaminated soil into the local drainage system. Water samples from a mine shaft and waste‐dump seepages have the lowest pH (4.1) and highest As values (up to 13.9 mg/L), and contain algal blooms of Klebsormidium sp. The variable flow regime of the Mole River causes dilution of As‐rich drainage waters to background values (mean 0.0086 mg/L As) within 2.5 km downstream. Bioaccumulation of As and phytotoxicity to lower plants has been observed in the mine area, but several metal‐tolerant plant species (Angophora floribunda, Cassinia laevis, Chrysocephalum apiculatum, Cymbopogon refractus, Cynodon dactylon, Juncus subsecundus and Poa sieberiana) colonise the periphery of the contaminated site.     

粤北始兴鱼岔坑锡矿地球化学特征与找矿标志

刘家山地区是以寒武-奥陶系为赋矿层位的有色金属矿集区。通过1：20万水系沉积物测量，发现该区W，Sn，Pb，Zn等元素在粤北属低背景区。1：5万化探圈定的沟子坑异常属低背景高富集异常，为W，Sn，Bi，Cu，Pb，Zn，Ag，As异常组合；经化探详查和相关的地质工作发现了鱼岔坑锡（多金属）矿，矿化受层间破碎带控制，赋矿层位为奥陶系。该锡矿的化探找矿标志是低背景高富集异常，其组份复杂，浓集中心明显，且具分带性。     

Hydrological and geochemical controls governing the distribution of trace metals in a mine-impacted lake

Factors controlling the distribution of mining-derived Cu, Pb and Zn in the waters and bottom sediments of a large Andean lake (Lago Junin, Peru) have been assessed based on sample collections in May/June 1997 (dry season) and February/March 1998 (wet season). Relatively low levels of trace metals detected in surface waters of the lake during the dry season contrasted greatly with the high values observed during the wet period. Dry season concentrations of total Zn, Cu and Pb in the central lake basin averaged 41, 4.4 and 0.24 µg/L, respectively. In contrast, the respective wet season concentrations of total Zn, Cu and Pb in areas of the main basin ranged up to 387, 52 and 40 µg/L. The seasonal variability in metal concentrations largely reflects an increase in the concentration of particulate metal phases during the wet season. Such observations can be attributed to changes in sediment loadings associated with mining-derived river inputs and changes in lake circulation resulting from hydroelectric dam operations. Surface sediments are characterized by lake-wide enrichments of Zn, Cu and Pb, with maximum concentrations reaching as high as 5, 0.25 and 0.7 wt%, respectively. Estimated rates of authigenic metal accumulation are not sufficient to account for the elevated metal concentrations in the main basin of the lake, indicating that metal distributions are governed by the accumulation of metal-rich particulates. Variations in the spatial distributions of Zn, Cu and Pb are suggested to be a function of varying host phases and textural sorting.     

内蒙古沙锡拉特地区土壤地球化学特征及找矿方向

内蒙古沙锡拉特地区位于大兴安岭多金属成矿带中段,为明确找矿方向,对研究区进行1∶1万土壤地球化学测量。采用单元素异常、组合异常与因子分析对研究区土壤地球化学数据进行评价。单元素异常显示,Ag、Pb、Zn与Sn元素的异常规模大、强度高。组合异常圈定4个异常,分为Ag—Au—As—Sb与Bi—W—Pb—Zn—Sn两类。因子分析将所分析元素分为五组,其中F1因子由Ag—Au—As—Sb元素组成,F2因子由Pb—Zn—Sn元素组成。根据土壤地球化学异常特征与区域成矿地质条件,在本区圈定2个找矿靶区,BQ—1为Pb—Zn—Sn找矿靶区,BQ—2为Ag找矿靶区。     

Iron-rich veins related to structural lineaments,and the search for base metals in Israel

Iron-rich veins are associated with tectonic features in Israel and adjacent lands. These iron-bearing veins within otherwise metal-poor sedimentary rocks are commonly accompanied by significant enrichments of other metals such as Mo, Zn, As, V, Ni, Mn, Pb and U. Restriction of these mineralized veins to well delineated tectonic zones suggests the need for re-evaluation of the mineral resource potential of the area. A conceptual geochemical model to guide exploration is provided.     

Influences on the extent and record of heavy metal pollution in sediment cores from Loch Tay in a mineralised area of Scotland

The distribution and Inventories of Pb in the sediments of Loch Tay have been strongly influenced by inputs from past Pb mining activity, as demonstrated by correlation with the characteristic ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Ph signature of the Tyndrum ore deposit. A major depositional event, perhaps associated with the cessation of Pb mining in the area, has been dated at 1906–1928 by the ²¹⁰Pb method. Zinc and Cu have been influenced to a lesser extent by mining, as shown by comparison with inventories in Loch Lomond. Profiles of As, Mn and Fe have been affected by post-depositional diagenetic remobilisation processes. The results serve as a benchmark, with Au mining set to commence at Cononish, near Tyndrum, in 1996.     

Heavy-metal loadings related to urban contamination in the Kooloonbung Creek catchment,Port Macquarie,New South Wales

Urbanisation and industrial development lead to contamination of estuaries and streams with dispersed loadings of heavy metals and metalloids. Contributions of these elements also occur from natural sources. This study provides baseline geochemical data on the respective natural and anthropogenic inputs of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, Cr, Ni, Mn and S to estuarine, fluvial and wetland sediments, and adjacent soils, in the Kooloonbung Creek catchment that drains the Port Macquarie urban area in north coastal New South Wales. There have been anthropogenic additions of Cu, Pb, Zn and As from dispersed urban sources at Port Macquarie, but they are restricted to the local catchment and do not impact on the adjacent Hastings River estuary. The most contaminated sediments display enrichment factors up to 20 × for Cu and Pb, 9 × for Zn and 5 × for As relative to local background values. However, only one value (for Pb) exceeds National Water Quality Management Strategy interim sediment quality guideline (high) values. On the other hand, sediments and local soils are commonly strongly enriched in Cr, Ni and Mn, reflecting adjacent ultramafic and mafic rock substrate and lateritic regolith. Concentrations of Cr and Ni are commonly well above interim sediment quality guideline (high) values for sediments, but are in mineralogical forms that are not readily bioavailable. Sediment and soil quality guideline values consequently need to recognise natural enrichments and the mineralogical siting of heavy metals. Although dissolved concentrations of heavy metals in stream waters are commonly low, there is evidence for mobility of Cu, Zn, Fe and Al. Parts of the Kooloonbung Creek wetland area lie on sulfidic estuarine sediments (potential acid sulfate soils). Experimental oxidation of uncontaminated and contaminated sulfidic sediments leads to substantial dissolution of heavy metals under acid conditions, with subsequent aquatic mobility. The results warn about disturbance and oxidation of potential acid sulfate soils that have been contaminated by urban and natural heavy-metal sources.