新疆地矿局"九五"找矿成果及重大突破

九五计划以来，新疆地质矿产勘查开发局在基础地质、矿产勘查、找水等方面取得了多项目找矿成果和重大突破。 (1)在基础地质方面，已全面完成了调查任务。圈定各类化探异常171处。特别是西昆仑尼雅河中上游地区1：20万区域化探项目，工作区面积42 000 km2，平均海拔高度5 000 m，气候环境恶劣，地形条件复杂，生活条件艰苦，在全国野外地质工作史上都是极为少见的。经过地质队员205天卓越的野外工作，该项目已超额完成了各项任务。经中国地质调查局验收，该项目已获得优秀级评价。(2)在矿产勘查方面，实现了找铜和找钾盐的重大突破。特别是…     

新疆天池"96·7"暴雨洪水分析

1996年7月16～20日,新疆天山中、东部地区大范围连降暴雨,天山两侧几十条河流及山沟发生了较大洪水.分析了天池"96·7"暴雨洪水的成因、洪水特性,并根据进出天池的水量以及本地区的洪水参数,对本次洪水进行了合理分析.     

全国"九五"地质科技重要成果学术交流会简述

地质学是一门与资源开发和环境保护密切相关的基础性和综合性科学。半个多世纪以来 ,世界经济和人类社会发生了翻天覆地的变化 ,地质学为人类物质、资料生产和社会发展起到了不可低估的作用。历史证明 ,世界的经济发展很大程度上依赖于矿物原材料的的利用 ,需要地质科学发挥重要作用。在关系国计民生的战略资源的探寻、环境与灾害问题的研究与对策方面做好战略性、基础性、前瞻性的工作是我们地质界责无旁贷的使命。中国的地球科学研究要适应世界科学技术的发展 ,把一个崭新的中国地球科学事业带入2 1世纪。在世纪交替前夕的 12月 2 0日 ,由…     

"第四届全国青年地质大会论文"专栏前言

2019年4月为贯彻国家对地质工作的新要求，以科技创新引领地质工作，在安徽合肥召开了“第四届全国青年地质大会”。来自全国各地的600多位青年地质工作者围绕“青年地质工作者--勇当金山银山的发现者，绿水青山的守护者”主题，集中研讨了有关地质的科学问题。本次大会由中国地质学会青年工作委员会承办，推动了系列科技成果的产出，更是为年轻人搭建相互学习、共同进步的平台。因此在《地学前缘》编辑部的支持下，征集组织了“第四届全国青年地质大会论文”专栏。稿件经过初审、外审、终审等环节，在古生物、岩石学、矿床学及环境学方面收录8篇文章：肖良等讨论了“浙东中新世菱属果实化石的数量分类”；陈珊等探讨了 “薄互层干涉对叠前AVO属性的影响分析”；张嘉玮等研究了 “湘黔桂新元古宙拉伸纪晚期地层年代格架对比及关键地质事件初探” ；朱强等展示了“扬子板块新元古代中期的持续俯冲作用：来自南华纪岛弧火山岩年代学和岩石地球化学新证据”；郭飞等讨论了“湖南栗山铅锌铜多金属矿床闪锌矿微量元素富集特征及成矿指示意义”；刘洪等探讨了“冈底斯西段罗布真浅成低温热液型银金矿的成矿流体演化：来自流体包裹体、H-O同位素的证据”；陈政宇等探讨了“柴达木旺尕秀煤矿东南晚侏罗世-早白垩世风成砂古风向及古地理意义”；陈国超等研究了“东昆仑造山带东段晚古生代-早中生代构造岩浆演化与成矿作用”。 本次由青年学者撰写的新发现、新进展和新成果论文，可以为广大地学工作者提供重要的地质科技参考资料。 在出版本栏目之际，我们不能不提到一个真实的小故事。 张嘉玮等的文章在经过二次评审通过后，最终被《地学前缘》编委会终审退稿，理由是能佐证论据的样品数太少(前面审稿专家也指出了此问题)。这是科研浮躁和急功近利之风盛行之下的普遍问题。当编辑部告知张嘉玮“退稿”或“补充样品分析数据重写再审”时，张嘉玮坚定地表示要重写。2020年三四月的日子是祖国大地新冠疫情肆虐之时，许多出行活动业已停止。但张嘉玮与科研团队逆行而上，他们爬大山，跨壕沟，走上了重新补采样品之路；他们打磨样品，详测数据，深入分析探讨，补充佐证数据。经过一系列艰苦工作，论文终被审稿通过并录用。 这个故事不仅告诉我们期刊的文风导向和审稿把关有多么重要，更彰显了年轻一代地学工作者勇于担当、坚韧不拔、不懈努力的进取精神，年轻的心灵终会因磨难的洗礼而变得更加博大。 感谢审稿专家对青年地质工作者的学术指导，感谢作者、编辑们为出版此栏目付出的辛勤劳动。     

石油：不要喊"狼来了"——-石油时代远未过去

第一次世界大战后，国内石油枯竭的预测震动了美国。1919年，包括美国地质调查局(USGS)局长在内的许多人发表了充满忧虑的预测：美国的石油将在9年内耗尽。面对这种甚嚣尘上的歇斯底里般的叫嚣，1924年美国总统古利格(Coolidge)设立了“联邦石油保护委员会”(Federal Oil Consedation Board)，起草相关法规来保护国家的自然资源。     

本刊加入"万方数据-数字化期刊群”的声明

为了实现科技期刊编辑、出版、发行工作的电子化,推进科技信息交流的网络化进程,我刊现已入网"万方数据-数字化期刊群”.凡向本刊投稿并录用的稿件文章,将一律由编辑部统一纳入"万方数据-数字化期刊群”,进入因特网提供信息服务.如有不同意者,请另投它刊.本刊所付稿酬亦包含刊物内容上网服务报酬,不再另付. "万方数据-数字化期刊群”是国家"九五”重点科技攻关项目.本刊全文内容均按照其统一格式制作.读者可上网查询、浏览本刊内容,并可征订本刊. <中国地质灾害与防治学报>编辑部 2001年6月     

国际地磁参考场1991修订案——国际地磁和高空物理协会(IAGA)第五委员会第八工作组"关于主地磁场及其长期变化的分析"

国际地磁参考场(IGRF)是地球主磁场及其长期变化的一系列数学模型。每个模型包括一组地磁位函数级数展开中的hnm和gnm球谐系数(或高斯系数),如下式:     

Elastic and thermoelastic properties of synthetic Ca<Subscript>2</Subscript>MgSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> (åkermanite) and Ca<Subscript>2</Subscript>ZnSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> (hardystonite)

Elastic and thermoelastic constants of large single crystals of Ca₂MgSi₂O₇ and Ca₂ZnSi₂O₇ have been derived from ultrasonic resonance frequencies of plane-parallel plates and their shift upon variation of temperature, respectively. In addition, coefficients of thermal expansion and dielectric constants were determined. Both species possess quite similar properties. As observed in other isotypic magnesium and zinc compounds, the mean elastic stiffness and the deviation from the Cauchy relations are significantly larger in the zinc compound, due to a covalent contribution of the Zn–O bond. Positive thermoelastic constants T₄₄ and T₆₆ in Ca₂MgSi₂O₇ allow temperature-independent ultrasonic generators and oscillators to be manufactured.     

Low-temperature heat capacities of MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> and spinels of the MgCr<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>–MgAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> solid solution

We present results from low-temperature heat capacity measurements of spinels along the solid solution between MgAl₂O₄ and MgCr₂O₄. The data also include new low-temperature heat capacity measurements for MgAl₂O₄ spinel. Heat capacities were measured between 1.5 and 300 K, and thermochemical functions were derived from the results. No heat capacity anomaly was observed for MgAl₂O₄ spinel; however, we observe a low-temperature heat capacity anomaly for Cr-bearing spinels at temperatures below 15 K. From our data we calculate standard entropies (298.15 K) for Mg(Cr,Al)₂O₄ spinels. We suggest a standard entropy for MgAl₂O₄ of 80.9 ± 0.6 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹. For the solid solution between MgAl₂O₄ and MgCr₂O₄, we observe a linear increase of the standard entropies from 80.9 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ for MgAl₂O₄ to 118.3 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ for MgCr₂O₄.     

Point defects and cation tracer diffusion in (Ti<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> Fe<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">1−x</Emphasis></Subscript>)<Subscript>3−δ</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>. II. Cation tracer diffusion

 Cation tracer diffusion coefficients, D_Me ^*, for Me=Fe, Mn, Co and Ti, were measured using radioactive isotopes in the spinel solid solution (Ti _x Fe _1−x )_3−δO₄ as a function of the oxygen activity. Experiments were performed at different cationic compositions (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) at 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C. The oxygen activity dependence of all data for D_Me ^* at constant temperature and cationic composition can be described by equations of the type D_Me ^*=D^∘ _Me[V]. C_V·a _O2 ^2/3+D_Me[I] ^∘·a _O2 ^−2/3·D_Me[V] ^∘ and D_Me[I] ^∘ are constants and C_V is a factor of the order of unity which decreases with increasing δ. All log D_Me ^* vs. loga _O2 curves obtained for different values of x and for different temperatures go through a minimum due to a change in the type of point defects dominating the cation diffusion with oxygen activity. Cation vacancies prevail for the cation diffusion at high oxygen activities while cation interstitials become dominant at low oxygen activities. At constant values of x, D_Me[V] ^∘ decreases with increasing temperature while D_Me[I] ^∘ increases.     

LiFeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> and NaFeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> at low temperatures: an infrared spectroscopic study

 Synthetic aegirine LiFeSi₂O₆ and NaFeSi₂O₆ were characterized using infrared spectroscopy in the frequency range 50–2000 cm⁻¹, and at temperatures between 20 and 300 K. For the C2/c phase of LiFeSi₂O₆, 25 of the 27 predicted infrared bands and 26 of 30 predicted Raman bands are recorded at room temperature. NaFeSi₂O₆ (with symmetry C2/c) shows 25 infrared and 26 Raman bands. On cooling, the C2/c–P2₁/c structural phase transition of LiFeSi₂O₆ is characterized by the appearance of 13 additional recorded peaks. This observation indicates the enlargement of the unit cell at the transition point. The appearance of an extra band near 688 cm⁻¹ in the monoclinic P2₁/c phase, which is due to the Si–O–Si vibration in the Si₂O₆ chains, indicates that there are two non-equivalent Si sites with different Si–O bond lengths. Most significant spectral changes appear in the far-infrared region, where Li–O and Fe–O vibrations are mainly located. Infrared bands between 300 and 330 cm⁻¹ show unusually dramatic changes at temperatures far below the transition. Compared with the infrared data of NaFeSi₂O₆ measured at low temperatures, the change in LiFeSi₂O₆ is interpreted as the consequence of mode crossing in the frequency region. A generalized Landau theory was used to analyze the order parameter of the C2/c–P2₁/c phase transition, and the results suggest that the transition is close to tricritical. Received: 21 January 2002 / Accepted: 22 July 2002     

Pressure induced phase transition in Pb<Subscript>6</Subscript>Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>9</Subscript>

The crystal structure of Pb₆Bi₂S₉ is investigated at pressures between 0 and 5.6 GPa with X-ray diffraction on single-crystals. The pressure is applied using diamond anvil cells. Heyrovskyite (Bbmm, a = 13.719(4) Å, b = 31.393(9) Å, c = 4.1319(10) Å, Z = 4) is the stable phase of Pb₆Bi₂S₉ at ambient conditions and is built from distorted moduli of PbS-archetype structure with a low stereochemical activity of the Pb²⁺ and Bi³⁺ lone electron pairs. Heyrovskyite is stable until at least 3.9 GPa and a first-order phase transition occurs between 3.9 and 4.8 GPa. A single-crystal is retained after the reversible phase transition despite an anisotropic contraction of the unit cell and a volume decrease of 4.2%. The crystal structure of the high pressure phase, β-Pb₆Bi₂S₉, is solved in Pna2 ₁ (a = 25.302(7) Å, b = 30.819(9) Å, c = 4.0640(13) Å, Z = 8) from synchrotron data at 5.06 GPa. This structure consists of two types of moduli with SnS/TlI-archetype structure in which the Pb and Bi lone pairs are strongly expressed. The mechanism of the phase transition is described in detail and the results are compared to the closely related phase transition in Pb₃Bi₂S₆ (lillianite).     

BaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>: high-temperature crystal structures and the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pmcn</Emphasis>→<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>3<Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> phase transition at 811°C

The temperature (T) evolution of the barium carbonate (BaCO₃) structure was studied using Rietveld structure refinements based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction and a powdered synthetic sample. BaCO₃ transforms from an orthorhombic, Pmcn, α phase to a trigonal, R3m, β phase at 811°C. The orthorhombic BaCO₃ structure is isotypic with aragonite, CaCO₃. In trigonal R3m BaCO₃, the CO₃ group occupies one orientation and shows no rotational disorder. The average <Ba–O> distances increase while the <C–O> distances decrease linearly with T in the orthorhombic phase. After the 811°C phase transition, the <Ba–O> distances increase while C–O distances decrease. There is also a significant volume change of 2.8% at the phase transition.     

Atomistic model of diopside-K-jadeite (CaMgSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>-KAlSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript>) solid solution

Atomistic model was proposed to describe the thermodynamics of mixing in the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution (CaMgSi₂O6-KAlSi₂O₆). The simulations were based on minimization of the lattice energies of 800 structures within a 2 × 2 × 4 supercell of C2/c diopside with the compositions between CaMgSi₂O₆ and KAlSi₂O₆ and with variable degrees of order/disorder in the arrangement of Ca/K cations in M2 site and Mg/Al in Ml site. The energy minimization was performed with the help of a force-field model. The results of the calculations were used to define a generalized Ising model, which included 37 pair interaction parameters. Isotherms of the enthalpy of mixing within the range of 273–2023 K were calculated with a Monte Carlo algorithm, while the Gibbs free energies of mixing were obtained by thermodynamic integration of the enthalpies of mixing. The calculated T-X diagram for the system CaMgSi₂O₆-KAlSi₂O₆ at temperatures below 1000 K shows several miscibility gaps, which are separated by intervals of stability of intermediate ordered compounds. At temperatures above 1000 K a homogeneous solid solution is formed. The standard thermodynamic properties of K-jadeite (KAlSi₂O₆) evaluated from quantum mechanical calculations were used to determine location of several mineral reactions with the participation of the diopside-K-jadeite solid solution. The results of the simulations suggest that the low content of KalSi₂O₆ in natural clinopyroxenes is not related to crystal chemical factors preventing isomorphism, but is determined by relatively high standard enthalpy of this end member.     

The crystal structure of alumoklyuchevskite,K<Subscript>3</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>AlO<Subscript>2</Subscript>(SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>4</Subscript>

The crystal structure of the unstable mineral alumoklyuchevskite K₃Cu₃AlO₂(SO₄)₄ [monoclinic, I2, a = 18.772(7), b = 4.967(2), c = 18.468(7) Å, β = 101.66(1)°, V = 1686(1) Å] was refined to R ₁ = 0.131 for 2450 unique reflections with F ≥ 4σF _hkl. The structure is based on oxocentered tetrahedrons (OAlCu ₃ ⁷⁺ ) linked into chains via edges. Each chain is surrounded by SO₄ tetrahedrons forming a structural complex. Each complex is elongated along the b axis. This type of crystal structure was also found in other fumarole minerals of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (GTFE, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, 1975–1976), klyuchevskite, K₃Cu₃Fe³⁺O₂(SO₄)₄; and piypite, K₂Cu₂O(SO₄)₂.     

First-principles-based calculations of the CaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–MgCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CdCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–MgCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> subsolidus phase diagrams

 Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for first-principles calculations of the CaCO₃–MgCO₃ and CdCO₃–MgCO₃ phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved phases, Cd₃Mg (CO₃)₄ and CdMg₃(CO₃)₄, are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO₃–MgCO₃ system, but a low-lying metastable Ca₃Mg(CO₃)₄ state, analogous to the Cd₃Mg(CO₃)₄ phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg₃(CO₃)₄, have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which A _m B _n cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector. Received: 6 May 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002 Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by NSF contract DMR-0080766 and NIST.