基于GIS的土地利用现状分析及对策的研究——以山西省寿阳县为例

土地是人类赖以生存的重要自然资源,是人类社会可持续发展的基础.本文以寿阳县为研究区域,以寿阳县2005年土地利用现状数据为基础,结合GIS技术采用土地利用数量结构分析模型,分析了土地利用的类型、面积、空间分布及与坡度之间的关系.结果表明:(1)寿阳县农用地和自然保留地比重过大,分别占土地总面积的51.81％和42.95％;(2)各乡镇土地资源类型多样,但土地利用区域差异明显;(3)坡度与不同土地利用类型之间的关系表明,耕地、园地、建设用地主要集中在坡度小于6.的区域内,随着坡度的增大,林地和自然保留地呈增加趋势.根据寿阳县的自然环境条件及社会经济发展状况,结合新一轮土地利用总体规划方案,提出因地制宜、调整农业结构、大力推进建设用地整理、提高生态环境建设等对策,以保护耕地,促进可持续发展.     

我国土地利用／覆被变化（LUCC）研究现状综述

一、引言 土地利用／覆被变化（LUCC）是目前全球变化研究的核心主题之一。由于土地利用／覆被变化（LUCC）是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一，涉及到自然与人文领域的诸多问题，所以引起越来越多学者的注意。土地利用是指对土地的使用状况是人类根据土地的自然特点，按照一定的经济、社会目的，     

北京市高速公路周边土地利用变化对景观格局的影响

高速公路的快速发展在推动经济发展的同时,也对区域的生态环境产生重要的影响。在地理信息系统的支持下,本研究以北京市高速公路网10 km缓冲区为研究区域,利用缓冲区分析、空间分析、统计分析等方法探讨了高速公路周边土地利用变化对景观格局的影响规律。结果表明：① 北京市高速公路周边的土地利用类型主要以建设用地、耕地、林地为主,土地利用变化以耕地向建设用地转入最为显著;② 空间变化上,各缓冲区内土地利用变化以林地、耕地、建设用地的相互转移为主,随着与高速公路的距离增大,土地利用类型从以耕地、建设用地为主逐渐转变为以林地、耕地为主;③ 2005-2015年,各类景观的景观指数变化差异明显,其中水域的斑块密度与分离度指数变化幅度最大,耕地的形状指数增加最快,建设用地的分离度指数减少最多,这与相应的土地利用变化密切相关;④ 基于土地利用变化,北京市高速公路网对周边景观格局的影响范围约为6 km,其中林地转入建设用地以及建设用地与耕地的相互转移是引起公路周边景观空间变化差异的主要原因。     

1980s-2005 年内蒙古地区土地利用/覆被变化分析

近几十年来, 由气候变化和人类活动共同驱动的内蒙古地区土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)较为剧烈, 其引发了一系列的生态环境问题。本文基于3 期LUCC数据, 借助于变化率指数、动态度指数、转类矩阵, 在全区和地级市尺度上, 分析了内蒙古地区土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征及驱动因素。研究结果显示, 受地形因素的影响, 研究区土地利用/覆被变化表现出明显的区域差异及区域趋同性。在经济发展和人口增长的双重压力下:(1)平原耕作区深受国家宏观政策的影响, 2000 年之后的“林地、高覆盖草地开垦”总体速度下降了近35%;(2) 平原耕作区北部边缘条带状地区、山区草原区受制于降水不显著的波动呈减少态势, 2000 年之后的“草地退化及荒漠化”趋势加强了近85%。研究结果为内蒙古地区土地资源的可持续利用与科学管理提供了依据。     

晋城市土地利用结构合理性分析

土地利用结构的优化调整是土地利用管理中最基本的问题,土地利用结构合理性分析对于区域土地资源的合理利用和有效配置具有重要意义。本文以晋城市为例,运用TOPSIS法分析了本市1996-2008年土地利用结构的合理程度,运用相关系数指标对土地利用结构合理度与土地利用类型的关系进行了研究,并运用主成分分析法分析研究影响土地利用结构合理程度的驱动力。研究结果表明晋城市土地利用结构合理度总体呈增加趋势,且保持在较高水平;影响土地利用结构合理度变化的主要因素是经济和农业发展因素。     

浙江省土地利用与土地覆被遥感综合调查研究

本文从土地利用/土地覆被的国内外研究现状与趋势出发,在总结与分析本地区土地利用与土地覆被已开展工作基础上,根据本次浙江省遥感综合调查的目标与任务 ,基于现代遥感与信息技术 ,建立了土地利用与土地覆被现状调查的技术路线与方法,为今后开展同类研究提供了借鉴     

湘江流域各城市间土地利用变化异同性聚类分析

在遥感和GIS支持下,提取了湘江流域2004年、2013年土地利用信息。以土地利用、经济社会、气候环境指标等为因子,采用质心聚类法,对湘江流域各类城市土地利用变化与经济社会环境因素的关系,及其异同特征进行分析。研究结果表明:(1)湘江流域各城市的土地利用变化可以分为三类:中速变化型、快速变化型和慢速变化型;(2)共同特征为:这三类的雷达统计图基本都呈"扇形",固定资产投资变化率最大,故"扇柄"的端头较尖,其他指标变化率小,故"扇头"较圆。建设用地增加,耕地减少是主线,水域、未利用地和林地呈上下波动的变化趋势。社会和经济的发展对促进土地利用变化起决定性作用;气候环境、人类活动及政策在一定程度上影响了土地利用变化。(3)不同之处为:三类变化率雷达图分别呈"水滴状""犄角状"和"流星状"。建设用地和未利用地变化幅度较大,耕地、水域和林地波动幅度较小。建设用地和耕地变化趋势主要由社会和经济发展所决定,人类活动和自然环境对未利用地的影响较明显,水域受气候和环境的影响较大,人类活动和政策对林地变化起着至关重要的作用。本研究揭示了湘江流域土地利用交替转化规律以及土地利用变化与经济社会、环境因素之间的联系。     

近20年黄土高原土地利用/覆被变化特征分析

本文根据黄土高原地区20世纪80年代末、2000年、2008年3期土地利用/覆被空间数据集,计算2个时段（20世纪80年代末-2000年,2000-2008年）土地利用/覆被转类方向及其幅度、土地利用/覆被转类指数、土地利用/覆被状况指数及其变化率,分析黄土高原地区自20世纪80年代末以来土地利用/覆被时空变化特征以及宏观生态状况的变化趋势。结果显示：黄土高原地区近20年来平均土地利用/覆被状况指数为24.07,其中土石山区生态系统综合功能最好,其次为河谷平原区,最差的为农灌区。20世纪80年代末-2000年,黄土高原地区主要土地利用/覆被转类是森林和草地转为耕地,生态级别由高级向低级转移,2000-2008年主要土地利用/覆被转类是耕地转为林地和草地,低覆盖草地转为中高覆盖草地,生态级别由低级向高级转移。近20年来黄土高原地区地覆被状况指数变化以及土地利用/覆被转类指数表明,该区域的宏观生态状况总体上经历了转差（20世纪80年代末-2000年土地利用/覆被转类指数为-1.08）,后转好（2000-2008年土地利用/覆被转类指数为2.66）2个过程。这一变化过程前期受区域气候变化以及人口增长共同驱动,后期则叠加了生态工程的影响。     

江苏省近30年来的土地利用变化的区域差异分析

本文利用4个时相(1985年、1995、2000年和2005年)的遥感数据,提取了江苏省三大区域(苏南、苏中、苏北)的土地利用变化转换矩阵表,分析了江苏省的土地利用区域差异,并进行人口、城市化、农业结构调整因子、政策对土地利用差异的驱动机制分析。通过土地利用变化转换矩阵表统计得到:耕地的流出面积、城镇用地面积和农村用地面积的扩大面积从南到北呈梯度递减,且随着时间的推移,区域性差异越来越显著。在驱动力分析中发现:苏南地区大量耕地存在浪费利用与超前非农化的问题在社会经济没有进入高度发达的时期之前,经济社会越是发达,人口的增长越落后于耕地的减少在城市化过程中,城市越发达,城镇人口密度的增长对耕地向城镇用地的流入的影响越小"苏南模式"是致使土地利用区域差异的重要因素。     

济宁市耕地动态变化及驱动因素分析

根据济宁市耕地历年总量及人均耕地数量变化情况可以看出,55年来耕地数量总体呈明显波动减少趋势,各县(市、区)的变化也存在差异。定性与定量相结合的分析结果表明,济宁市耕地动态变化的驱动因素主要为经济发展对耕地占用的巨大需求和比较经济利益对耕地占用的巨大压力。为遏制耕地数量减少,对耕地数量快速减少区、平稳减少区和增加区采取的措施有所区别。     

垦利县未利用地现状及开发前景分析

利县是我国东部沿海土地资源最丰富的地区之一,未利用地总量大、比重高,开发利用时间短,分布不平衡。合理开发未利用地资源,对于拓展建设用地空间,维护耕地动态平衡、保护生态环境具有重要的推动作用。通过分析垦利县未利用现状及开发前景,就如何做好未利用开发提出建议。     

基于GIS技术的耕地质量监测区划定及监测样点布设研究——以山东省夏津县为例

基于农用地分等定级成果,以山东省夏津县为例,借助GIS技术和地学统计方法研究耕地质量监测区的划定以及监测样点的布设。研究结果表明:利用ArcGIS空间分析功能,叠加自然质量分区、利用水平分区、经济水平分区、土地利用特征分区,在不打破原有行政村界的基础上进行调整,夏津县共划分出21个耕地质量监测区;依据监测区面积分配比例,综合考虑自然质量等控制区、利用等值区、经济等值区、土地利用分区和监测样点覆盖全面性等因素对理论监测样点布设位置及数量进行了修整,夏津县耕地质量等级监测分区范围内共布设监测样点36个。研究结果对政府相关部门开展耕地监测与保护工作具有一定的参考价值。     

Land Use Change During 1960-2000 Period and its Eco-environmental Effects in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River： a Case Study in Yiliang County, Yunnan, China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) is a focus of the research of global environmental changes.The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River,which are the most ecologically fragile mountainous area in China as well as one of the areas in China with most notable LUCC, have been on the Chinese Government‘s list of priority areas for ecological restoration. This paper is to reveal the trend of LUCC and the ecological degradation arising from it, and to provide a basis for the future sustainable use of land resources in the region based on a detailed analysis of Yiliang County. Based on the county‘s land use/cover maps in 1960, 1980 and 2000 drawn with the aid of aerial photograph interpretation, field investigation and GIS based spatial-temporal data analysis, LUCC during 1960-2000 period and the ecological degradation arising from it were analyzed. Using the Markv model, the paper brings out a forecast of what the county‘s LUCC would be like if the county‘s current land use continues, as well as the reasons and countermeasures for restoring degraded ecosystems.     

SOIL SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE OPTIMIZATION BY USING GIS

This paper discusses the methods and process of Geographic Information System(GIS) applied in soil spatial analysis ,involving the collection of soil spatial data that GIS required ,spatial analysis method of soil nutrient,land use,slope and exposure of geography,crop yield and other factors,and also including acquiring soil spatial information and creating thematic map,and so on .Taking Hengjing Town in Wuxian County of Jiangsu Province as a case study and the maximum income as a principle,and applying the GIS methods and their interrelated models,we have calculated the most optimized agricultural land and the possible maximum income of Hengjing Town.According to the method,we can rationally regulate local agricultural production,and put forward some scenarios for optimizing agricultural structure of Hengjing Town .The paper puts forward an evaluation method of land adaptability based on soil spatial analysis,and offers some research clews to optimize agricultural land use constitutions.so the paper will be have important reference value for soil study.     

黄河三角洲新垦耕地年龄及其生产能力指数的遥感监测

黄河三角洲是我国重要的土地后备资源集中分布区,对黄河河口滩地的开垦成为了保持山东省乃至全国耕地动态平衡的关键。本文以东营市、垦利县、河口区和利津县作为研究区,利用6期(1984、1995、2000、2004、2008和2010年)TM影像,对黄河三角洲地区的耕地资源动态变化和耕地年龄进行了遥感监测和推定,并利用熵权法以植被指数(EVI和MSAVI)、植被覆盖度(Fv)和温度植被干燥指数(TVDI)为指标因子的耕地生产能力指数构建了评价模型。研究结果表明:在1984-2010年的26年时间里,研究区的耕地动态变化显著,新垦耕地面积达到77 362.33hm2,大部分来源于草地的开垦。其中,耕地年龄在8-12年期间的新垦耕地面积最多,占了新垦耕地面积的34.47%;研究区新垦耕地的生产能力指数呈现随着耕作时间的增加而增加的趋势,耕作时间在2-4年之内的新垦耕地平均生产能力指数,仅有传统耕地平均指数的67.66%;研究区传统耕地的生产能力指数大体上也在随着耕作时间的增加而提高,传统耕地在2010年的平均生产能力指数比1984年提高了76.51%。     

LAND USE／COVER CHANGE AND DRIVING FORCES IN SOUTHERN LIAONING PROVINCE SINCE 1950S

1IN TR O D U CTIO N Land isthemost essentiaplhysicalresource asnd mate- rialbasisforpeople'slif e(LIU,1996).Land use/cover change(LUCC ) isa key aspectofglobalenvironment change, andindicatetsheinfluencoefhuman activiti on physicaelnvironment.As we allkno…     

Forces driving changes in cultivated land and management countermeasures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

The Three Gorges project accelerates economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.This paper aimed to investigate the distribution,changes and features of cultivated land in this area,analyze the forces driving the changes in cultivated land area,and propose the countermeasures for cultivated land management.Transition matrix was used to analyze the features of cultivated land changes,and quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were adopted to research the driving forces according to the features of cultivated land changes.Cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area mainly lay to the northwest of the Yangtze River,especially the upper reaches.The areas of cultivated land increased from 1996 to 1999,then decreased from 2000 to 2006,and finally increased again from 2007 to 2009.The important forces driving changes in cultivated land included government policies,employment and food security,increasing construction land,agriculture structure adjustment,land rearrangement,inundation.During cultivated land management,firstly,it is necessary to insist on the principle of cultivated land protection,standardize land exploitation and strictly restrict the transformation of cultivated land into non-farming land.Secondly,land rearrangement must be implemented,which can not only increase the area of the cultivated land,but also improve the quality of the cultivated land.Thirdly,it is feasible to intensify eco-agriculture construction to increase the quantity and quality of cultivated land.Fourthly,it is helpful to improve the traditional agriculture production methods to promote cultivated land quality.Lastly,it is important to propagandize cultivated land protection and realize the enormous pressure of cultivated land shortage,making more people obligated to protect cultivated land.     

Road impacts on spatial patterns of land use and landscape fragmentation in three parallel rivers region, Yunnan Province, China

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.     

Human driving mechanism of regional land use change: A case study of Karst Mountain areas of southwestern China

1INTRODUCTIONAstheadvancingofthestudyonhumandimensionofglobalenvironmentalchange,thechangeoflanduseisbecomingoneoftheresearchfocuses(IGBP/HDP,1993;IGBP/HDP,1995).Landusechange,combiningwithlandcoverchange,reflectstheinterdependenceofhumanandnature.Whilethestudyonlanduse/coverchangetouchesuponalotofquestion,thedrivingforceanditsdrivingmechanismaretwoofthekeyissues(IGBP/HDP,1995).Inthemeantime,theyarethenecessarybasisofdiscussingandforecastingquantitativelylanduse/coverchangebym…     

Changes in Land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program （GGP）, which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian （in Chongqing Municipality） and Ansai （in Shaanxi Province） were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.