基于SuperMap的松花江流域地理信息系统

松花江流域地理信息系统利用地理信息系统技术,以组件式GIS-SuperMap为基础,对松花江全流域空间信息进行管理,不仅实现了松花江全流域的污染模拟分析功能,还融合遥感影像、数字高程模型,实现了松花江全流域三维动态模拟功能.松花江流域地理信息系统的开发,对于实现水资源的可持续开发利用和流域的可持续发展具有重要意义.     

地理信息系统在编制构造纲要图中的应用:以1:5万三道砬子河—露水河林业局幅为例

通过对1∶5万三道砬子河—露水河林业局幅内不同层次、不同样式构造形迹的系统调查研究,结合本区1∶5万地质建造构造图及1∶25万和龙市、靖宇县、浑江市和长白县幅的构造格架图,运用GIS技术编制本区构造纲要图。调查研究确定新太古代表壳岩及变质深成侵入体TTG组合至少有3期构造变形特征。在汉阳屯新发现太古代变二长花岗岩推覆至晚元古代南芬组粉砂岩之上。填图结果显示GIS技术具有传统制图方式无法比拟的诸多优势,便于地质信息管理及重复开发、综合利用。     

Volunteered Geographic Information constructions in a contested terrain: A case of OpenStreetMap in China

The recent explosive growth of user-generated geographic information has drawn significant attention from GIS scholars and human geographers. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) here refers to a key component of such a phenomenon, comprising both a range of practices of geographic information production and dissemination by volunteers as well as new forms of geospatial data produced and curated through various interactive online platforms and mobile devices such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Google Maps. VGI constructions have raised questions on spatial knowledge, power, and context. Through a study that examines social constructions of OSM in China, this paper makes two contributions to the existing literature: providing a political economic account of VGI constructions in China and exploring legalities in VGI research. Informed by research in critical GIS, this paper traces political economic transitions in relation to OSM constructions and examines OSM contributors' experiences and how these experiences constitute OSM development and usage. Drawing upon law and society research, this paper investigates how OSM mappers encounter the state's regulatory scheme of online mapping. This legality perspective of spatial data production and usage is a topic rarely explored in VGI studies. With interview data and document analysis, this paper unravels processes of powerful state institutional arrangements to control and invest in VGI simultaneously, entrepreneurs' interest in developing location-based services using VGI data, and experiences from a tech-savvy group in exploring and making VGI. While individual experiences vary, they show efforts of questioning embedded power relations shaping spatial data production in these continuously evolving, contested technoscientific and social landscapes.     

基于Authorware的地理信息系统CAI课件的实现

CAI作为一种计算机辅助教学方式,已经广泛地应用到教学中。多媒体CAI课件最显著的特点是集成性和交互性。而Authorware是目前公认的交互能力最强的多媒体著作工具之一。本文的地理信息系统CAI课件是采用Authorware软件开发完成的。分析了多媒体CAI课件的优点和地理信息系统课程的特点。在充分结合二者优势的基础上采用原型法进行地理信息系统CAI课件的设计,介绍了依据张超主编的《地理信息系统实习教程》设计CAI课件中实现的内容情况及地理信息系统多媒体CAI课件各种素材使用的实现方式。     

基于ArcSDE的第二松花江地理信息系统测绘数据管理

依据第二松花江地理信息系统测绘数据特点,采用ArcSDE技术对其进行管理较传统管理方式具明显优点.通过ArcSDE,对完全CAD要素格式和GIS要素格式测绘数据进行入库,并对其进行安全维护、库管理、数据备份与恢复.该技术的应用,将实现空间数据的集成管理和高效率的信息查询.     

Grid-group cultural theory: an introduction

This article offers an introduction to grid-group cultural theory (also known as grid-group analysis, Cultural Theory or theory of socio-cultural viability), an approach that has been developed over the past thirty years in the work of the British anthropologists Mary Douglas and Michael Thompson, the American political scientist Aaron Wildavsky, and many others. This assessment begins with a presentation of the main claims of the theory, distinguishing two characteristic breads of grid-group cultural theory, in the one it is conceived as a heuristic device, in the other it is seen as a full explanatory theory. This brief is followed by a discussion of the typology generated by the theory. This includes a presentation of the two dimensions of sociality it posits, the cultural map they produce, as well as the four (or five) cultural types derived from them and their designations. The article proceeds with a discussion of key issues including the incorporation of other typologies (such as the one developed to analyse myths of nature), the relations between cultures or rationalities and several methodological issues. Finally the article introduces the contributions to this special issue of the GeoJournal. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Environmental magnetism: an introduction

In environmental magnetism, the properties of magnetic minerals are used as proxy parameters for many purposes. Examples are paleoclimate analysis, paleoceanographic studies, provenance studies of sediments, studies of anthropogenically-induced pollution, and archeological investigations. Mineral-magnetic techniques are sensitive, require little sample preparation, are rapid, often grain-size indicative, and usually non-destructive. These techniques involve bulk properties which makes them complementary to geochemical micro-analytical techniques. Measurements include the field- and temperature-dependence of various types of induced and remanent magnetizations. Mineral-magnetic methods are continuously being improved. The underlying causal relations between observed mineral-magnetic properties and the processes that led to those properties, are becoming increasingly better understood, and the extended use of such properties as proxy parameters for many processes is foreseen. The following environmental magnetic applications are reviewed: the analysis of paleoclimatic variations in loess and other sediment types, the untangling of sedimentary features in piston cores, and the interpretation of the anthropogenic impact on the environment, in archeological studies and in studies of present-day pollution. The pathway between the provenance area and depositional site is shown to have a crucial impact on the magnetic properties.     

Embedding a Geographic Information System in a Decision Support System for Landslide Hazard Monitoring

In this paper we present an application that exploitsa geographic information system as a front-end of acomplex information system supporting the managementof landslide hazard in Valtellina, an alpine valley inNorthern Italy.A decision support system (EYDENET, operational sinceOctober 1996), incorporating a geographic informationsystem and a data interpreter based on artificialintelligence techniques, processes the readings of the250 most significant instruments of a monitoring netof about 1000 sensors installed on differentlandslides in several alpine valleys.Data gathered by extensometers, clinometers andpluviometers, to check both movements of rocks andclimatic conditions which could affect them, areprocessed by EYDENET, that provides on-lineinterpretation of data, helps the users analyse them,and generates natural language explanations and alarmmessages for the people responsible for theenvironmental management and the civil protection.     

Environmental literacy in interpreting endangered sustainability: Case studies from Thailand and the Sudan

This paper examines how people explain reasons and impacts of environmental change in the low-rain savanna of the central Sudan and mountainous forest lands of northern Thailand. The explanations are analyzed by using the concept of environmental literacy, which refers to the people’s ability to grasp the environment and its interactions. The paper aims to study people’s conceptions of the environment, which compose one factor in directing their behavior. For the study, rural inhabitants in the State of North Kordofan, the Sudan, and the Chiang Mai Province in Thailand were interviewed.It was noted that an individual’s capability to understand the environment is alone insufficient to address environmental problems because the efficient alleviation of the problems requires collective actions at all levels, and because of factors beyond an individual’s control. However, the results supported the assumption that the local people have knowledge of their environment that may help in developing sustainable environmental management practices. The main advantages of using the environmental literacy concept are argued to be its dynamic and synthetic essence, its link to sustainable behavior, and wide applicability in various contexts within heterogeneous communities.     

Risk assessment of earth fractures by constructing an intrinsic vulnerability map,a specific vulnerability map,and a hazard map,using Yuci City,Shanxi, China as an example

Risk assessment of earth fracture hazards is particularly useful for regulatory, managerial, and decision-making purposes at all levels of government. A three-map method that includes intrinsic vulnerability, specific vulnerability, and hazard maps is developed to assess the earth fracture hazards in Yuci City, Shanxi, China. The intrinsic (natural) vulnerability map is based on the assessment of various natural factors by coupling the technologies of a Geographical Information System (GIS) to an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The specific vulnerability map is generated by coupling the technologies of a GIS and an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). According to the overlapping principles of multiple geo-information systems, the hazard map is therefore defined by overlapping the intrinsic and specific vulnerability maps using a spatial-operation function in the GIS. Unlike the intrinsic vulnerability map, the hazard map takes into account human activities and the importance of the area to be assessed. The proposed three-map approach is not only scientifically valuable, but provides a more realistic assessment of earth fracture hazards as well.     

A preliminary application of weights of evidence in gold exploration in Xiong-er Mountain Region, He-Nan Province

Weights of evidence modeling for combining indicator patterns in mineral resource evaluation is based on an application of Bayes' rule. Two weights are defined for each indicator pattern and Bayes' rule is applied repeatedly to combine indicator patterns. If all patterns are conditionally independent with respect to deposits, the logit of the posterior probability can be calculated as the sum of the logit of the prior probability plus the weights of the overlay patterns. The information to be integrated for gold exploration in Xiong-er Mountain Region comes from a geological map, an interpreted map of a Thematic Mapper (TM) image, and the locations of known gold deposits. Favorable stratigraphic units, structural control factors, and alteration factors are considered. The work was conducted on an S600 I²S image-processing system. FORTRAN programs were developed for creating indicator patterns, statistical calculations, and pattern integration. Six indicator patterns were selected to predict mineral potential. They are conditionally independent according to pairwiseG ² tests, and an overall chi-square test. The potential area predicted using the 32 known deposits generally coincides with the prospect areas determined by geological fieldwork.     

Geographic Information Systems: A Tool to Support Geography and Environmental Education?

Geographic information systems (GIS) education is at a crossroads in the United States. Since its inception in the early 1990s, GIS has diffused slowly into select groups of K-12 classrooms through the efforts of geography and environmental educators. However, many of the assumptions underpinning the initial period of enthusiasm for the technology are now being questioned. This paper reviews issues identified as barriers to dissemination in order to help shape and inform the next phase of GIS implementation. First, the existing arguments for GIS in elementary and secondary education in the United States are reviewed and evaluated. Second, considerations related to developing an improved pedagogical foundation for GIS are explored. Finally, implications and suggestions for guidelines for the next decade of dissemination and implementation of GIS are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

GIS在建立1:20万综合水文地质图空问数据库中的应用研究

以农安幅1：20万综合水文地质图空间数据库的建立为例，介绍了利用GIS建立空间数据库的全过程。讨论了建库过程中的主要操作步骤、方法和一些值得注意的问题。着重讨论在图形数据采集及建立空间属性数据库时，如何保证图形的数学精度，如何使拓扑结构合理，以及如何使属性联接正确。     

Mobile phones and safety in developing countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper is concerned with the relationship between safety and mobile phones with particular reference to Sub-Saharan Africa; and looks at a range of geographical contexts: non-violent, conflict and post-conflict situations. The main part of the paper reports on recent findings of extensive field-work into the use of mobile phones in 11 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings are important partly because from a welfare view, it is use rather than mere adoption that generates actual benefits to consumers. What the survey finds is that use of the mobile phone is mainly for safety-related purposes and that the countries that fare highest in terms of usage are drawn from the richest and poorest members of the sample. In explaining these results I draw heavily on the relationships and interactions between poverty, inequality and crime. For example, the dominance of Southern African countries is ascribed to their exceptionally high levels of inequality, which, in turn, are due partly to the unequal effects of resource abundance.     

Weak discontinuity in porous media: an enriched EFG method for fully coupled layered porous media

In this paper, a series of multimaterial benchmark problems in saturated and partially saturated two‐phase and three‐phase deforming porous media are addressed. To solve the process of fluid flow in partially saturated porous media, a fully coupled three‐phase formulation is developed on the basis of available experimental relations for updating saturation and permeabilities during the analysis. The well‐known element free Galerkin mesh‐free method is adopted. The partition of unity property of MLS shape functions allows for the field variables to be extrinsically enriched by appropriate functions that introduce existing discontinuities in the solution field. Enrichment of the main unknowns including solid displacement, water phase pressure, and gas phase pressure are accounted for, and a suitable enrichment strategy for different discontinuity types are discussed. In the case of weak discontinuity, the enrichment technique previously used by Krongauz and Belytschko [Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 1998; 41:1215–1233] is selected. As these functions possess discontinuity in their first derivatives, they can be used for modeling material interfaces, generating only minor oscillations in derivative fields (strain and pressure gradients for multiphase porous media), as opposed to unenriched and constrained mesh‐free methods. Different problems of multimaterial poro‐elasticity including fully saturated, partially saturated one, and two‐phase flows under the assumption of fully coupled extended formulation of Biot are examined. As a further development, problems involved with both material interface and impermeable discontinuities, where no fluid exchange is permitted across the discontinuity, are considered and numerically discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地理信息系统应用于油气勘探开发的历史、现状与发展趋势

地理信息系统（GIS）是处理空间数据的软件系统,其基本模块包括空间数据的组织、查询、可视化及空间关系分析与决策支持,主要功能为空间数据的获取、管理、分析及可视化表达。作为地理信息科学的重要组成部分,地理信息系统在社会生活的各领域已得到了越来越广泛的应用,它的广泛应用为油气勘探开发研究中的古构造重建、储层研究、油气运移路径分析及资源评价等提供了新的信息处理辅助手段和工具。本文分析了地理信息系统在油气勘探开发中的地位和作用,详细介绍了它在油气勘探开发中的应用的历史和现状,并结合当前地理信息系统领域的研究热点和油气勘探开发研究的实际,探讨了其在油气勘探开发领域应用的前景及发展方向。     

U/Th dating of the travertine deposited at transfer zone between two normal faults and their neotectonic significance: Cambazli fissure ridge travertines (the Gediz Graben-Turkey)

Abstract

The neotectonic characteristics of the travertines that outcrop near Cambazli Village to the west of the Gediz Graben in the Western Anatolia and the age determination of the travertine were carried out using the ²³⁰Th/^234,238U disequilibrium method. The Cambazli fissure ridge travertines represent the travertine depositions that develop at a transfer zone. The extent of these travertines is at NW-SE and NE-SW orientations and the ridge crest-trend of these travertines range between approximately 55° and 82° and they are located at an intersecting position. The evaluation of the fissure ridge travertine directions indicated that the compression stress that was responsible for the deposition of the Cambazli travertine was determined to be in the N-S orientation and the extensional stress was determined to be in the E-W orientation. The orientation of the dominant extension in Western Anatolia during the neotectonic period was N-S and this orientation is not in accordance with the directions of stress for the travertines. This situation indicates that the travertines were deposited along a transfer zone in N10W orientation between two normal faults. The travertines were determined to be active since the Upper Pleistocene as indicated by the age determination conducted using the ²³⁰Th/^234,238U disequilibrium method. The dilation rate of the travertines during dilation and the post-dilation period and the average dilation rate of the Cambazli travertines to the north of the Gediz Graben were calculated as 0.01–0.02 mm yr^?1 during deposition and as 0.05 mm yr^?1 during the post-dilation period. These dilation rates indicate lower tectonic activity along the northern ridge of the Gediz Graben than along the southern ridge.

© 2011 Lavoisier SAS. All rights reserved     

Mapping potential areas for groundwater storage in the High Guir Basin (Morocco):Contribution of remote sensing and geographic information system

Identification of water potential areas in arid regions is a crucial element for the enhancement of their water resources and socio-economic development. In fact, water resources system-planning can be used to make various decisions and implement management of water resources policies. The purpose of this study is to identify groundwater storage areas in the high Guir Basin by implementing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing methods. The required data for this study can be summarized into five critical factors: Topography (slope), lithology, rainfall, rock fracture and drainage. These critical factors have been converted by the GIS into thematic maps. For each critical parameter, a coefficient with weight was attributed according to its importance. The map of potential groundwater storage areas is obtained by adding the products (coefficient × weight) of the five parameters. The results show that 50% to 64% of the total area of the High Guir Basin is potentially rich in groundwater, where most of fracture systems are intensely developed. The obtained results are validated with specific yield of the aquifer in the study area. It is noted that there is a strong positive correlation between excellent groundwater potential zones with high flows of water points and it diminishes with low specific yield with poor potential zones.     

近22年长江源区植被覆盖变化规律与成因

利用GIMMS-NDVI遥感数据以及植被类型等专题信息,结合遥感图像处理以及地理信息系统技术,统计分析了1982—2003年长江源地区时间和空间上植被覆盖变化规律,并分析了植被覆盖变化的地形地貌因素与人为因素影响。结果表明:近22a,长江源植被覆盖呈总体增加趋势,而高寒草甸退化较严重,喜湿植被退化快于耐干旱植被,植被的生存环境趋于干旱化。研究结果表明,植被退化受到海拔、坡向、人类活动和地下水位的影响。海拔4400～4600m的较低海拔地带退化最强烈,主要为高寒草甸与高寒沼泽草甸受牧业影响较大;牧业影响半径为24km;道路的影响范围为24km,道路的修建加速了人类对高原植被的破坏作用;阳坡植被呈现趋于稳定和退化的趋势,阴坡植被表现为增长的趋势,降水量增加是源区植被,尤其是阴坡植被变好的重要原因,而太阳光照增强是导致阳坡干旱和植被趋于退化的潜在原因;近河床区地下水位埋深较浅,植被生长具有稳定的地下水源;在远离河床的一定区域内,地下水易于疏干,植被易于退化,河流影响范围为24km。