EM技术在我国水环境保护中的应用研究进展

对EM技术在我国水环境保护中的应用情况进行了综述,重点介绍了EM技术应用于废水处理领域的研究进展,同时还展望了将来的应用及研究前景.     

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN LINGDINGYANG ESTUARY

1 HYDROLOGIC FEATURES Lingdingyang Estuary, located at the middle south of Guangdong Province, is a bell-shaped estuary with a north-south direction. Its area is about 2100km2. The north of Qi′ao Island and Inner-Lingding Island, and the south of Humen are grouped as Neilingdingyang Estuary, having an area of 1041km2. Affected by topography, runoff and tide, its dynamic condition is very complicated. Different water areas have different hydrologic features. The topography under …     

Methods used to study bacterial diversity in the marine environment around Qingdao

Pollution has a considerable effect on biological communities, in terms of size and diversity of the populations. Yet, the precise consequences of human activity on microbial communities in the marine environment are poorly understood. Therefore, in an ongoing collaborative research programme between Heriot-Watt University and the Ocean University of Qingdao, bacteria were isolated in 1999 and 2000 from marine sediment, seawater, seaweed, fish and shellfish, taken from locations in Shandong Province adjacent to Qingdao. Sampling locations were comprised of industrial and aquacultural sites and a clean, control site. In order to analyse microbial diversity, a polyphasic approach was adopted for characterisation of these isolates, specifically through examination of key phenotypic traits, i.e. using Biolog GN MicroPlate^™ profiles, bacterial whole cell protein profiles and 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences. These techniques yielded complex taxonomic data, which were subjected to statistical and cluster analyses. The application of these methods to studies of microbial communities is discussed.     

Web-based spatiotemporal visualization of marine environment data

With long-term marine surveys and research, and especially with the development of new marine environment monitoring technologies, prodigious amounts of complex marine environmental data are generated, and continuously increase rapidly. Features of these data include massive volume, widespread distribution, multiple-sources, heterogeneous, multi-dimensional and dynamic in structure and time. The present study recommends an integrative visualization solution for these data, to enhance the visual display of data and data archives, and to develop a joint use of these data distributed among different organizations or communities. This study also analyses the web services technologies and defines the concept of the marine information gird, then focuses on the spatiotemporal visualization method and proposes a process-oriented spatiotemporal visualization method. We discuss how marine environmental data can be organized based on the spatiotemporal visualization method, and how organized data are represented for use with web services and stored in a reusable fashion. In addition, we provide an original visualization architecture that is integrative and based on the explored technologies. In the end, we propose a prototype system of marine environmental data of the South China Sea for visualizations of Argo floats, sea surface temperature fields, sea current fields, salinity, in-situ investigation data, and ocean stations. An integration visualization architecture is illustrated on the prototype system, which highlights the process-oriented temporal visualization method and demonstrates the benefit of the architecture and the methods described in this study.     

Alloy elements' effect on steel corrosion in marine environment

INTRODUCTIONBesidesprotectivecoatingandcathodicprotectionmethodsagainstcorrosionoflowalloysteelconstructuresinmarineenvironment,itisalsoimportanttoimprovethecorrosionresistanceofthelowalloysteelitself.Therearefewreportsontherelationshipofalloyelementandthecorrosionre sistanceofsteel .Larrabee (1 958)’s 5-9yearsseaexperimentusinglong scalesteelshowedthatthecorrosionresistanceof 0 .5%Ni-0 .5%Cu -0 .1 %Psteelwasthehighestinthesplashzone .HouandZhang (1 980 )consideredthataproperrelationshi…     

The variation of marine environment and climate effect in Indo-Pacific Ocean

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology -     

Influence of reclamation works on the marine environment in a semi-enclosed bay

1Introduction GamakBay,anegg shapedseasurfaceareaofap proximately112km2,isasemi enclosedshallowwaterareawithameandepthof9mandhasbotheastandsouthchannelstoreceiveseawaterfromoutside(seeFig.1).Similarscalesoftidalwavesalmostsimultane ouslyenterorexitthrough…     

Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon （PAH） in Marine Environment of China

1INTRODUCTIONPolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons (PAHs)depo sit edinmarineenvironmentsfromavarietyofsourcessuchaswastewater,industrialanddomesticdischarges,andoilspills.Themajorityofthesesourcesfrompetrogenicoriginischaracterizedbyadominanceoflowmolecularweightaromaticcompounds,especiallynaphthaleneandalkylatedPAHs(Sportoletal.,1 983 ) .Crudeoilanditsrefinedproductssuchasgasoline,keroseneandotherfu eloilshaveahighcontentofalkylatedPAHsduetotheirslowformationattemperatureslowerthanthatofcomb…     

Recent research progress in geochemical properties and restoration of heavy metals in contaminated soil by phytoremediation

Heavy metals are widely distributed contaminants in natural environments and their potential threats to human health have attracted worldwide concerns due to the food chain. Therefore, great efforts have been made to reduce them to a safe level in soil. Compared with the traditional methods, the method using plants to remove them has been accepted as a feasible and efficient way. Herein, the geochemical behavior of heavy metals and the restoration methods with phytoremediation were reviewed. In addition, issues on heavy metal speciation as well as its influencing factors, phytoremediation mechanism, phytoremediation effect and vegetation selection principle used for phytoremediation were discussed.     

CO2基增强型地热系统中流体-花岗岩相互作用研究进展及展望

CO₂与水相比,膨胀性大、黏度低、与岩石反应程度低,并且在作为增强型地热系统（EGS）渗流传热流体时,比水具有更高的换热效率。对CO₂-EGS生产过程中储层岩石物性变化的研究具有重要意义,从理论研究、实验研究、数值模拟3个方面,对CO₂基增强型地热系统CO₂-EGS中流体-岩石相互作用的研究现状进行了总结,并且从矿物成分、微观孔结构和力学性质3个方面对储层岩石性质的变化进行了评价。结果表明,CO₂-水-岩石相互作用参与反应的矿物主要为石英、长石类;而沉淀的矿物为蒙脱石、伊利石及方解石等。CO₂-水-岩石相互作用会导致储层岩石的力学性质下降,孔隙结构特征改变。最后,讨论了CO₂作为EGS渗流传热流体仍需攻克的难点问题,包括:CO₂的热动力学特征、换热效率,CO₂-水-岩石的相互作用及其对储层性质的改变,影响CO₂-EGS经济性的因素,以及CO₂-EGS数值模型的研究等。针对这些方面的研究可为今后CO₂-EGS的开发奠定基础。      

Impact of two typhoons on the marine environment in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

This study investigated the ef fects of two typhoons(Nari and Wipha) on sea surface temperature(SST) and chlorophyll- a(Chl- a) concentration. Typhoons Nari and Wipha passed through the Yellow Sea on September 13, 2007 and the East China Sea(ECS) on September 16, 2007, respectively. The SST and Chl- a data were obtained from the Aqua/Terra MODIS and NOAA18, respectively, and the temperature and salinity in the southeast of the study area were observed in situ from Argo. The average SST within the study area dropped from 26.33°C on September 10 to a minimum of 22.79°C on September 16. Without the usual phenomenon of ‘right bias', the most striking response of SST was in the middle of the typhoons' tracks, near to coastal waters. Strong cooling of the upper layers of the water column was probably due to increased vertical mixing, discharge from the Changjiang River estuary, and heavy rainfall. During the typhoons, average Chl-a increased by 11.54% within the study area and by 21.69% in the off shore area near to the southeast ECS. From September 1 to 13, average Chl-a was only 0.10 mg/m~3 in the of fshore waters but it reached a peak of 0.17 mg/m~3 on September 18. This large increase in Chl-a concentration in of fshore waters might have been triggered by strong vertical mixing, upwelling induced by strong typhoons, and sedimentation and nutrient infl ux following heavy rainfall.     

碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究进展

成岩作用是碳酸盐岩储层的重要成因之一,也是控制碳酸盐岩储层评价和预测的重要地质因素。首先概括了碳酸盐岩成岩研究的技术方法,重点剖析了溶蚀作用、白云石化作用、胶结作用、新生变形作用、硅化作用、压实作用和压溶作用的成岩机理及最新认识,归纳总结了生物扰动、构造破裂、烃类充注及微生物等成岩作用的辅助因素。碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究对象从礁滩和微生物岩逐步拓展到潟湖、混积岩及冷水沉积等领域。分析了构造-层序控制下成岩环境和成岩作用的演变,根据沉积能量和成岩性质划分出5种沉积环境-成岩作用组合。碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究存在问题包括：成岩模拟系统与真实地层环境差异大;成岩术语不规范、成岩模式理想化和单一化;潟湖、深水和冷水等非常规碳酸盐岩研究程度低;成岩作用的双刃性及对储层改造的定量化研究不足。指出了碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究的发展趋势：通过结合地层埋藏史,实验模拟方法将逐步趋向真实埋藏环境,成岩模拟软件不断实现模块集成化和智能化;成岩模式更加精细且更具针对性,成岩作用对储层的改造实现定量化研究;非常规碳酸盐岩成岩机理研究更加健全。     

The origin,historical variations,and distribution of heavy metals in the Qiongzhou Strait and nearby marine areas

We analyzed heavy metal concentrations in a number of surface sediments and cores from the Qiongzhou Strait and surrounding marine areas.The areas of high concentrations are primarily outside the eastern mouth of the Qiongzhou Strait and on the west side of the Leizhou Peninsula,whereas the areas of low concentrations are located primarily in the eastern Qiongzhou Strait.The maximum Cd,Pb and Zn concentrations in the samples collected in our study do not exceed the official standards for marine sediments,whereas the concentrations of Cr and Cu slightly exceed the standards.Correlations exist between the concentrations of Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr and Cd,and the concentrations of these metals are positively correlated with the mean particle size(φ value),indicating that the finer sediments have adsorbed greater amounts of heavy metal elements than the coarser sediments.An evaluation of the potential environmental risks demonstrates that certain indices of heavy metal pollution and environmental risks are relatively low and may be assigned low risk levels,thereby indicating that,in terms of heavy metals,the marine sedimentary environment in this region is only mildly impacted.Our analysis of the contaminant origins shows that the heavy metals in this region primarily originate in the Pearl River Estuary and that a small amount of them is derived from local runoff.The elevated heavy metal concentrations from the upper sections of the cores started 130 years ago,which indicats that heavy metals in the surface sediments are primarily due to human activities associated with industrialization.     

Monte carlo simulation of in situ gamma-spectra recorded by NaI (Tl) detector in the marine environment

To develop a Na I(Tl) detector for in situ radioactivity monitoring in the marine environment and enhance the confidence of the probability of the gamma-spectrum analysis, Monte Carlo simulations using the Monte Carlo N-Particle( MNCP) code were performed to provide the response spectra of some interested radionuclides and the background spectra originating from the natural radionuclides in seawater recorded by a Na I(Tl) detector. A newly developed 75 mm × 75 mm Na I(Tl) detector was calibrated using four reference radioactive sources 137 Cs, 60 Co, 40 K and 54 Mn in the laboratory before the field measurements in seawater. A simulation model was established for the detector immersed in seawater. The simulated spectra were all broadened with Gaussian pulses to reflect the statistical fluctuations and electrical noise in the real measurement. The simulated spectra show that the single-energy photons into the detector are mostly scattering low-energy photons and the high background in the low energy region mainly originates from the Compton effect of the high energy γ-rays of natural radionuclides in seawater. The simulated background spectrum was compared with the experimental one recorded in field measurement and they seem to be in good agreement. The simulation method and spectra can be used for the accurate analysis of the filed measurement results of low concentration radioactivity in seawater.     

Heavy metal content in coral reef sediments from Red Sea of Yemen and its significance on marine environment

In order to determine and assess the concentrations of trace elements in coral reefs sediments from Red Sea of Yemen, sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, iron, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The result is that cadmium, cobalt and lead concentrations were high and other elements are low or the same as natural background. It is concluded that the high cadmium, cobalt and lead levels in coral reefs sediments will have negative effects on marine life of the sites, so further researches are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace elements on coral reefs and marine of the region.     

Heavy metal content in coral reef sediments from Red Sea of Yemen and its significance on marine environment

In order to determine and assess the concentrations of trace elements in coral reefs sediments from Red Sea of Yemen, sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, iead, iron, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The result is that cadmium, cobalt and lead concentrations were high and other elements are low or the same as natural background. It is concluded that the high cadmium, cobalt and lead levels in coral reefs sediments will have negative effects on marine life of the sites, so further researches are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace elements on coral reefs and marine of the region.     

Research on heavy metals in Ruditapes philippinarum and soda industry wastes

Heavy metals pollution in Jiaozhou Bay was studied in Ruditapes. philippinarum, a bioindicator of seawater pollution. Heavy metals in soda industry wastes “white mud” were also studied. Comparison of microwave digestion method with general digestion method revealed that microwave digestion is superior to general digestion in precision, recovery, digestion speed and efficiency, etc. Cd concentration in Hongdao R.philippinarum samples exceeded the national standard by 0.046 mg/kg, that of Yinghai sample by 0.02 mg/kg,and that of Hongshiya sample by 0.22 mg/kg. Sample Pb concentration in Hongshiya was found to exceed the national standard by 0.02 mg/kg. However the heavy metals concentration in R. philippinarum near the Qingdao Alkaline Factory was complied with the standard. This was proved by Penaeus chinensis culture experiment.Therefore, the possible contamination source may come from other land areas.