Quantification of methane fluxes from hydrocarbon seeps to the ocean and atmosphere: Development of an <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> and online gas flux measuring system

Natural hydrocarbon seeps in the marine environment are important contributors to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Such gases include methane, which plays a significant role in global carbon cycling and climate change. To accurately quantify the methane flux from hydrocarbon seeps on the seafloor, a specialized in situ and online gas flux measuring (GFM) device was designed to obtain high-resolution time course gas fluxes using the process of equal volume exchange. The device consists of a 1.0-m diameter, 0.9-m tall, inverted conical tent and a GFM instrument that contains a solenoid valve, level transducer, and gas collection chamber. Rising gas bubbles from seeps were measured by laboratory-calibrated GFM instruments attached to the top of the tent. According to the experimental data, the optimal anti-shake time interval was 5 s. The measurement range of the device was 0–15 L min^?1, and the relative error was ± 1.0%. The device was initially deployed at an active seep site in the Lingtou Promontory seep field in South China Sea. The amount of gas released from a single gas vent was 30.5 m³ during the measurement period, and the gas flow rate ranged from 22 to 72 L h^?1, depending on tidal period, and was strongly negatively correlated with water depth. The measurement results strongly suggest that oceanic tides and swells had a significant forcing effect on gas flux. Low flow rates were associated with high tides and vice versa. The changes in gas volume escaping from the seafloor seeps could be attributed to the hydrostatic pressure induced by water depth. Our findings suggest that in the marine environment, especially in the shallow shelf area, sea level variation may play an important role in controlling methane release into the ocean. Such releases probably also affect atmospheric methane levels.     

Genes of the adaptive immune system are expressed early in zebrafish larval development following lipopolysaccharide stimulation

Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system(AIS) in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited.Here,we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos,larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and measured the upregulation of a number of AIS-related genes(Rag2,AID,TCRAC,IgLC-1,mIg,sIg,IgZ and DAB) 3 and 18 h later.We found that all of the genes evaluated were strongly induced following LPS stimulation,with most of them responding at 8 d post fertilization.This confirms that a functional adaptive immune response is present in D.rerio larvae,and provides a window for further functional analyses.     

Mitochondrial phylogenomics reveal the origin and adaptive evolution of the deep-sea caridean shrimps(Decapoda:Caridea)

The deep-sea is considered as the most extensive ecosystem on the Earth.It is meaningful for elucidating the life origins by exploring the origin and adaptive genetic mechanisms of the large deepsea organisms.Caridean shrimps have colonized and successfully adapted to deep-sea environments.They provide an ideal model to analyze the origin and adaptive evolution of modern deep-sea fauna.Here,we conducted the phylogenetic analyses of mitocho ndrial genomes(mitogenomes) from carideans,including 11 newly sequences reported in this investigation to explore the habitat origins,divergence times,and adaptive evolution of deep-sea(seamounts and hydrothermal vents) caridean shrimps.The results showed that the species of deep-sea Caridea formed a monophyletic group.Phylogenetic analysis supported that the deepsea caridean shrimps may originated from shallow sea.The hydrothermal vents alvinocaridid shrimps and Lebbeus shinkaiae from Thoridae underwent a second range expansion from seamounts to vent ecosystems.Estimates of divergence time showed that the caridean shrimps invaded into deep-sea at 147.75 Ma.The divergence of most of the modern seamount and hydrothermal vent species are in the late Cretaceous/early Tertiary.This may associate with the geological events of the Western Pacific,the climate change,and the global deep-water anoxic/dysoxic events during this period.Twenty-two potentially important adaptive residues were detected in the deep-sea shrimp lineage,which were located in atp6,atp8,cox1,cox3,cytb,nad2,nad4 l,and nad5.This investigation adds our understanding of the evolutionary history of deep-sea caridean shrimps,and provides insights into the mitochondrial genetic basis of deep-sea adaptation in this group.     

Geochemical features of sulfides from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field at the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15°S

In this study, geochemical compositions of elements in sulfide samples collected from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near the 15°S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (SMAR) were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to examine the enrichment regulations of ore-forming elements and hydrothermal mineralization. These sulfide precipitates can be classified macroscopically into three types: Fe-rich sulfide, Fe-Cu-rich sulfide and Fe-Zn-rich sulfide, and are characterized by the enrichment of base metal elements along with a sequence of Fe>Zn>Cu. Compared with sulfides from other hydrothermal fields on MAR, Zn concentrations of sulfides in the research area are significantly high, while Cu concentrations are relatively low. For all major, trace or rare-earth elements (REE), their concentrations and related characteristic parameters exhibit significant variations (up to one or two orders of magnitude), which indicates the sulfides from different hydrothermal vents or even a same station were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization, and suggests the variations of chemical compositions of the hydrothermal fluid with respect to time. The hydrothermal temperatures of sulfides precipitation decreased gradually from station TVG10 (st.TVG10) to st.TVG12, and to st.TVG11, indicating that the precipitation of hydrothermal sulfides is subjected to conditions changed from high temperature to low temperature, and that the hydrothermal activity of study area was at the late stage of a general trend of evolution from strong to weak. The abnormally low concentrations of REE in sulfides and their similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that REEs in all sulfides were derived from a same source, but underwent different processes of migration or enrichment, or sulfides were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization. The sulfides collected from the active hydrothermal vent were mainly attributed to precipitating directly from the hydrothermal fluid, while those collected from the extinct hydrothermal chimney might have already been altered by the seawater. Generally, ore-forming elements in the sulfides can be divided into three groups: Fe-based element group, Cu-based element group and Zn-based element group. The first group includes Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo, Sn, Rb and bio-enriching elements, such as P and Si, reflecting the similar characteristics to Fe in the study area. And the second group contains Cu, W, Co, Se, Te and Bi, suggesting the similar behavior with Cu. Moreover, the third group includes Zn, Hf, Hg, Cd, Ta, Ga, Pb, As, Ag, Ni and Sb, which indicates the geochemical characteristics of most dispersed trace elements controlled by Zn-bearing minerals to some extent.     

Accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus

Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of marine algal toxins. In this study, the accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus were investigated. Crabs were fed with toxic blue mussels Mytilus edulis for 21 days and then depurated for 42 days. Toxins were extracted with methanol from the digestive glands of contaminated crabs, uncontaminated crabs (control group) and from blue mussels for comparison. Extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The concentrations of PTX-2, PTX-2 SA, 7-epi-PTX-2 SA, and PTX-12 were analyzed in two batches of toxic blue mussels and the crabs. A one-compartment model was applied to describe the depuration of PTXs. The half-life of PTXs was estimated to be 6-7.5 days. After depuration for 42 days, the amount of PTXs measured in the crab digestive glands was less than 1 μg/kg.     

Accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus

Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of marine algal toxins. In this study, the accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus were investigated. Crabs were fed with toxic blue mussels Mytilus edulis for 21 days and then depurated for 42 days. Toxins were extracted with methanol from the digestive glands of contaminated crabs, uncontaminated crabs (control group) and from blue mussels for comparison. Extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The concentrations of PTX-2, PTX-2 SA, 7-epi-PTX-2 SA, and PTX-12 were analyzed in two batches of toxic blue mussels and the crabs. A one-compartment model was applied to describe the depuration of PTXs. The half-life of PTXs was estimated to be 6–7.5 days. After depuration for 42 days, the amount of PTXs measured in the crab digestive glands was less than 1 μg/kg. Supported by Norwegian Education Funding “Quata”(2005)     

湘鄂西地区晚埃迪卡拉世-早寒武世硅质岩成因及其页岩气地质意义

湖北宜昌地区在寒武系水井沱组取得页岩气重大突破后，中扬子地区下寒武统富有机质页岩受到了更加广泛的关注。为了查明这套富有机质页岩的成因及其与下伏硅质岩之间的内在联系，系统采集了鄂西宜昌地区鄂宜地2井岩家河组和湘西桃源、张家界地区留茶坡组-牛蹄塘组的硅质岩，利用主量元素和稀土元素数据分析了硅质岩成因，并探讨了不同地区、不同沉积模式及其对下寒武统富有机质页岩形成的意义。结果表明:①鄂宜地2井岩家河组硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.30~0.68，在Al-Fe-Mn三角判别图和Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)图解上集中分布在沉积成因区；稀土元素Eu异常不明显，配分曲线为平坦模式，且(La/Yb)_N介于1.01~1.81，指示岩家河组硅质岩为沉积成因。②湘西桃源和张家界地区的硅质岩明显分为两种成因。留茶坡组硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.03~0.19，在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上靠近Fe一端，稀土元素表现明显的Eu正异常，且配分曲线以重稀土元素相对富集的左倾斜为主，指示明显的热液成因；牛蹄塘组硅质岩则表现相反，指示沉积成因。③埃迪卡拉纪末期，湘西斜坡地区靠近热液喷流中心，因此留茶坡组硅质岩以热液成因为主，而宜昌地区位于局限台地附近，富硅热液因受到阻隔而无法进入，因此硅质岩为沉积成因；至寒武纪早期，随着气候变暖、海平面上升，湘西和鄂西地区海水连通，因此该时期硅质岩均为沉积成因。埃迪卡拉纪末期的热液活动为海洋生物的繁盛提供了大量的磷等无机营养元素，对下寒武统水井沱组/牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩的形成具有重要的意义。沉积成因的硅质页岩相很可能是页岩气的有利相带，这或许能为页岩气勘探提供一个新的思路。      

1990～2000年中国稻田甲烷排放变化模拟

甲烷（CH^₄）是大气中重要的温室气体之一。研究我国稻田的甲烷排放年际变化,客观评估我国稻田CH^₄排放量,对于区域乃至全球大气CH^₄浓度的贡献具有积极意义。本文将一个比较成熟的稻田甲烷排放模型CH^₄MOD和G IS空间化数据库结合,模拟估计了中国大陆1990～2000年水稻生长季稻田甲烷排放的年际变化。模拟结果表明:从1990年到2000年,我国稻田甲烷排放量具有比较明显的年际波动,其中1993～1995年由于播种面积较少,甲烷排放为一个低谷,排放量约为5.37Tg;其他年份的排放量在5.93～6.22Tg之间。虽然1997年之后我国水稻播种面积比1993年之前少约1.84×10⁶hm²,但两个时期的甲烷排放量却基本相等,这主要是由于1997年之后单位面积稻田甲烷的排放也较1993年之前高的缘故。从空间格局方面讲,我国稻田甲烷排放的高值区主要分布在湖南、湖北、江西、广东、广西、四川、江苏和安徽,东北地区稻田甲烷排放在20世纪90年代有逐年增加的趋势。     

基于GOSAT卫星的全球近地面甲烷浓度时空分布特征分析

甲烷(CH_4)作为自然界最常用的燃料,分布极广。同时,甲烷作为第二大温室气体,在温室效应的过程中有重要影响。近地面甲烷受多种因素影响在高度上分布不均,影响着人类的生存和生产生活。本文利用2009年6月到2012年5月GOSAT卫星上FTS传感器的L4B级数据,研究了近地面甲烷浓度在时间和空间上的分布特征,结果表明:在时间分布方面:(1)甲烷月平均浓度处于整体上升趋势,最大增量约为2.35×10~(-8)micromol/mol;(2)从每年9月到次年2月,甲烷月平均浓度以不同增速持续增加;(3)4月到9月,甲烷月平均浓度下降,期间出现下降幅度波动,下降幅度小于上升幅度;(4)2月到4月处于阶段性峰值;(5)甲烷季节浓度的大小关系为:春季冬季夏季秋季。在空间分布方面:(1)全球近地面甲烷白天的浓度与夜晚浓度分布不同,有集聚现象;(2)从整体上分析,甲烷主要分布在北半球,南半球甲烷稀少;(3)从洲际上分析,亚欧非大陆甲烷浓度大于美洲大陆。(4)从地区分析,甲烷浓度分布不均匀;(5)从海陆分析,陆地甲烷浓度明显大于海洋。     

我国黄牛甲烷排放因子空间差异及其季节变化分析

以牛羊为主的反刍动物养殖是我国甲烷的首要排放源,其中又以牛的排放占主导。我国的养殖牛中,黄牛的数量最为庞大,占总存栏牛的56%。在以往有关反刍动物甲烷排放的研究中,着重点多在于排放因子的测定及依据测定结果估算国家尺度的排放源清单。但是,对于反刍动物种群特征及环境因子变化造成的动物甲烷排放在空间和季节的差异却较少关注。本研究收集了我国不同地区46个亚科黄牛的个体特性数据及其生态因子,结合IPCC的反刍动物甲烷排放估算方法,分析了我国2005年黄牛甲烷排放因子的空间差异及其季节变化特征。结果表明,总体上农区肠道发酵排放因子,除4-6月因役用强度大的原因,而排放略高于牧区外,其他月份均小于牧区,而农区粪便管理排放因子全年高于牧区。肠道发酵排放因子在夏季小于其他季节,其月均排放因子为4.48 kg/head/m,粪便管理排放因子则表现出相反的季节格局,夏季粪便管理月均排放因子为0.44 kg/head/m。在7个大的分区中,肠道发酵年排放因子最大、最小区域分别为黄土高原区71.0 kg/head/a和西南区55.2 kg/head/a;粪便管理年排放因子最大、最小区域分别为东南区5.4 kg/head/a和青藏区0.1 kg/head/a。     

Impact of Phenanthrene on Denitrification Activity and Transcription of Related Functional Genes in Estuarine and Marine Sediments

The effects of phenanthrene(Phe)on the denitrification activity and denitrifying genes(narG,nirS and nosZ)were evaluated by dose-response experiments in sediments of Dagu River Estuary(DRE)and Jiaozhou Bay(JZB).The results showed that potential denitrification activity(PDA),N2O,NO3−and NO2−reduction rates of both areas were inhibited with an increase of Phe concentrations.The PDA,N2O,NO3−and NO2−reduction rates of both areas was highest and lowest in the control(DRE:0.453,0.427,7.439 and 3.222mgNkg−1 h−1,JZB:0.592,0.555,8.470 and 3.793mgNkg−1 h−1)and highest Phe amended treatments(DRE:0.069,0.001,4.486,and 1.563 mgNkg−1 h−1;JZB:0.114,0.024,5.527 and 2.200 mgNkg−1 h−1).The inhibition rate of PDA was highest,follow by NO2−reduction and then NO3−reduction.Moreover,with the increasing of Phe concentrations,total bacteria count and the abundance of denitrifying genes were decreased.And N2O accumulation was promoted with the addition of Phe for both areas.Based on the comparison of EC50 values,denitrifiers harboring three genes were more sensitive to Phe than PDA,and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive,followed by nosZ gene,and then narG gene.Furthermore,according to correlation analysis,the relative abundance of denitrifying genes was much more positively correlated with PDA,NO3−and NO2−reduction than total bacteria count.In addition,the denitrification activity and total bacteria count in JZB were more inhibited than that of DRE.This study is useful for understanding the impact of Phe pollution on denitrification in estuary and marine sediments,with profound implications for the management of aquatic ecosystems regarding eutrophication(N-removal)and greenhouse effect.     

延边地区火山岩型金矿地球化学及成矿作用研究

延边地区北部大面积出露中生界（Ｊ３）火山岩系，为正常的钙碱性系列，由玄武岩－安山岩－石英安山岩组成，以富含ＡＳ、Ａｇ、Ｓｂ、ＡＳ、Ｂｉ为特征。其中的金矿床可分为两类即蚀变岩型高温热液矿床和浅成中低温热液矿床。同位素资料表明，其成矿热液主要来自火山岩浆。     

辽宁省铅锌矿床成矿作用研究

辽宁省铅锌矿床,根据其形成背景及物质来源可划分出岩浆热液型、矽卡岩型、陆相次火山热液型、变质海相火山热液型、变质同生沉积型、同生沉积－变质热液再造型、沉积－变质－岩浆热液叠加改造型、盆地热卤水型等８种类型。矿床特征显示出铅锌矿床的形成大多明显地受到了太古代绿岩带及早元古代以来碳酸盐岩地层的控制;在成因上多与优地槽环境下的海底火山活动、地壳深部的热环流作用及活化地台上的岩浆活动有关。铅锌矿床的成矿作用受到了太古代—早元古代地槽形成到回返、中元古代初期地台形成到坳拉谷产生及中生代地台活化三个大地构造发展阶段的影响,同时早古生代中期吉黑地槽系的强烈活动也对地台北缘凡河凹陷内的铅锌矿床的形成起到了明显的控制作用。矿床成因模式受不同大地构造发展阶段的影响而具有明显的演化规律,由太古代末期的变质海相火山热液矿床,早元古代变质同生沉积矿床、变质热液再造矿床,到早古生代中期的盆地热卤水型矿床,最终演化成中生代的岩浆成因型（热液型、矽卡岩型、陆相次火山热液型）矿床及叠生矿床。     

Screening of stable internal reference genes by quantitative real-time PCR in humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis

Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis is one commercial fish with considerable economic value.To determine the expression stabilities of six commonly used internal reference genes in C.altivelis challenged by Vibrio harveyi and viral nervous necrosis virus(VNNV) through quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR),the expression levels of selected genes in five immune organs stimulated with pathogenic infection were carefully evaluated using algorithms of geNorm,NormFinder,and BestKeeper.The results show that the expre ssion stabilities of the six candidate inte rnal reference genes were diffe re nt.Under no rmal physiological conditions,RPL13 were identified as the most stably expressed genes among five different immune organs(liver,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill).After V.harveyi stimulation,RPL13,RPL13,EF1 A,RPL13,and EF1 A were identified by geNorm,NormFinder,and BestKeeper as the most stable genes in liver,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.Combining these three algorithms suggested that under stimulation of VNNV,RPL13,EF1 A,Actin,RPL13,and Actin were as the most stable genes in liver,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.These results suggest that specific experiment conditions and tissue types shall be considered when selecting the reference genes in qRT-PCR analysis.This study provided a solid foundation for future studies on gene expression of C.altivelis under different conditions.     

Assessment of internal controls for data normalization of gene expression after different bacterial stimulation by quantitative real-time PCR in golden pompano Trachinotus blochii

Trachinotus blochii is one of the important commercial fish species.In this study,we aim to confirm the reliability reference genes in T.blochii during different bacterial challenge through quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).The expression of the seven selected genes in four immune organs(i.e.,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill) stimulated with Vibrio harveyi,Edwardsiella tarda,and Streptococcus agalactiae were determined by qRT-PCR.The PCR data was analyzed using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms.The results showed the selection of the internal controls should be tissue specific when studying gene expression in response to bacterial stimulation.After 48 h of stimulation with V.harveyi,geNorm ranked EF1 A/Actin,18 S rRNA/B2M,UBCE/B2M,and 18 S rRNA/B2M,as the most stably expressed genes in spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.After 48 h of stimulation with E.tarda,geNorm ranked 18 S rRNA/EF1 A,18 S rRNA/B2M,B2M/RPL13,and 18 S rRNA/EF1 A,as the most stably expressed genes in spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.After 48 h of stimulation with S.agalactiae,18 S rRNA/EF1 A,18 S rRNA/B2 M,B2 M/Actin,and 18 S rRNA/B2M were ranked as the most stably expressed genes in spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.Compared to the results analyzed by geNorm,reference genes received similar rankings when using NormFinder software.The results showed that the reference genes appeared to be not only tissue specific,but also specific to the infecting species of bacteria.If one gene is preferred when T.blochii were infected by bacteria,18 S rRNA,B2M,B2M,18 S rRNA may be used in spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.     

Multivariant statistical analysis for diagenetic information of chert from southern Tibet，China

There are large scale chert formations of different ages exposed widely in southern Tibet,along Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone. The typical chert specimens were sampled from Pengcuolin,Xialu and Zongzhuo profiles. Multivariate statistical analysis is applied for effectively extracting the geochemical information of the chert,and the raw data are processed by R-factor analysis. The first,second and third factors representing terrigenous,authigenic and hydrothermal constituents are extracted from the analysis results. From Pengcuolin,Xialu to Zongzhuo chert profiles,the variance ratios of continental and authigenetic factors become higher(51.1%→62.9%→91.6%),while hydrothermal factor rapidly decrease(40.9%→32.2%→0) . This tendency also present in the analysis for trace elements,indicating that Pengcuolin chert is hydrothermal origin,The Zongzhuo chert belong to normal sedimentation and the Xialu chert exhibit normal deposition interacted with hydrothermal sedimentation. The facts provide significant implications for understanding the diagenetic and palaeomineralization information of southern Tibet.