大辽河口营养物基准推导方法

河口富营养化与流域氮、磷营养物的输入直接相关,制定河口营养物基准,可用于控制河口及其近岸海域富营养化,为环境管理的科学决策提供依据。大辽河是渤海最大的入海河流之一,河口污染较为严重;本文采用频数分布法、非参数分析法和实验室模拟压力响应关系法探讨大辽河口及近岸海域营养物基准的推导,最终得到大辽河口总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)推荐基准值分别为1.008mg/L,0.067mg/L和1.175mg/m³,以期为大辽河口及其近岸海域富营养化评估和营养物标准制定提供科学依据。     

秋季长江口水体颗粒有机碳年际变化及影响因素分析

根据2007—2012年长江口及其邻近海域4个航次(11月)调查资料,探讨了长江口秋季颗粒有机碳(POC)时空分布特征;结合长江口环境要素和陆源输入(径流、输沙),分析了秋季POC分布的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)2007—2012年秋季长江口POC浓度范围为0.03—16.95mg/L,均值2.30mg/L,底层POC浓度高于表层。长江口表层POC浓度存在显著的年际变化特征。(2)长江口区POC分布呈现沿长江径流入海方向降低的趋势,高值区出现在口门附近偏南部水域。口门内和近岸水域POC显著高于近海水域。口门水域POC年际间相对稳定,近岸和近海水域年际变化显著。(3)长江口POC分布与盐度呈非保守性变化,悬浮物是POC分布的主要控制因素,多数年份POC与叶绿素a相关程度较弱。(4)河口来水来沙量对POC浓度具有较强的制约性,径流的主要影响区域在口门内和近岸区,输沙的主要影响区域在最大浑浊带和长江口北部水域。(5)入海输沙量与长江口水域POC相关性最强。咸淡水交汇引起的悬浮物沉积和沉积物的再悬浮强度决定口门内水域POC浓度,浑浊度较高的近岸水体POC对陆源输入泥沙的依赖性较强,长江口外侧海域初级生产力水平成为POC浓度的重要影响因素。     

胶州湾海水营养盐的分布及潜在性富营养化研究

根据2009年5、8、10月胶州湾海区3个航次海水营养盐的调查资料,分析了该海区海水营养盐的分布特征和时空变化,利用潜在富营养化评价模式评价水质营养状况。结果表明,溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐以及活性硅酸盐的年均含量分别为0.335、0.028和0.725 mg/L,NO3-N是DIN的主要组成部分,占溶解无机氮含量的71.6%;8月营养盐含量高于5月和10月,营养盐的空间分布从东部河口区和北部养殖区两个高含量区向湾中心和湾口呈逐步递减之势;DIN∶P,Si∶DIN和Si∶P的比值年平均分别为53.9,2.03和57.7,活性磷酸盐为限制因素,胶州湾海域处于磷中等限制-磷限制潜在性富营养化,楼山河口和李村河口为中度营养-富营养,一旦有外界磷大量输入可能发生赤潮。     

长江口盐度梯度下不同形态碳的分布、来源与混合行为

河口碳的生物地球化学过程是全球碳循环的重要组成。通过测定溶解无机碳（DIC）及其稳定同位素丰度（δ13C_DIC）,溶解有机碳（DOC）,有色溶解有机物（CDOM）,颗粒有机碳（POC）及其稳定同位素丰度（δ13C_POC）与元素比值（N/C）及相关指标,研究了2014年7月长江口盐度梯度下不同形态碳的分布、来源和混合行为。结果表明,DIC浓度、DOC浓度、POC含量分别为1 583.2~1 739.6 μmol/L,128.4~369.4 μmol/L和51.2~530.8 μmol/L,这些不同形态碳及CDOM的荧光组分的分布模式相似,均是从口内到口外,整体呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并与盐度呈现非保守混合行为。添加作用主要发生在在口门处最大浑浊带附近。与含量相反,从口内到口外,δ13C_DIC和δ13C_POC均呈现逐渐减小再增大的趋势,在口门附近达到最低值,分别为-9.7‰和-26.7‰。在口门附近不同形态碳含量上升及δ13C_DIC、δ13C_POC的降低可能主要与沉积物再悬浮及微生物作用有关。基于蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型的结果显示,河口内外POC来源变化明显,口内POC以陆源有机碳贡献为主,平均为62.3%,口外海源贡献逐渐增加。CDOM相关参数结果表明长江口CDOM主要来自陆源输入,海源及人类活动等也对其产生影响。     

春季长江口颗粒有机碳年际分布变化及其影响因素分析

根据2013—2016年春季(5月)长江口及其邻近海域4个航次环境综合调查数据,探讨春季长江口水体颗粒有机碳(POC)时空分布特征及其环境影响因素.结果显示:2013—2016年春季长江口POC浓度范围为0.22～16.99 mg/L,均值为1.80 mg/L,总水域POC年际间变化显著,底层浓度高于表层.从口门区、近...     

2020年春季和秋季莱州湾近岸海域营养盐空间分布特征研究

文章基于2020年5月（春季）和10月（秋季）莱州湾近岸海域环境监测数据,研究无机氮（DIN）和活性磷酸盐（DIP）的营养盐空间分布特征,分析海水质量状况和富营养化状况,并完成营养盐与环境因子的相关性分析。研究结果表明：莱州湾海域春季DIN的浓度范围为0.115~1.830 mg/L,呈现近岸高于远岸、西部高于东部的分布特征;秋季DIN的浓度范围为0.009~2.070 mg/L,高值区位于黄河河口附近;春、秋季DIP的浓度范围分别为未检出~0.009 mg/L、0.000 4~0.012 9 mg/L,受我国“控磷”“限磷”等磷负荷消减政策的影响,DIP的浓度一直处于较低水平。受DIN浓度的影响,春、秋季分别有35.7%和30.7%的调查站位超第二类海水水质标准。春季有1.4%的调查站位处于轻度富营养化状态,位于小清河河口附近;秋季有1.6%的调查站位处于轻度富营养化状态,位于黄河河口附近;其他站位均未达到富营养化水平。莱州湾海域营养盐的分布特征与多种环境因子呈现明显的相关性,其空间分布受多因素影响。     

长江河口盐度锋

根据1988－1991年河口锋面现场调查、上海市海岸带调查及历次标准断面调查资料对长江盐度场及盐度锋进行了分析，提出了由口门至外海纵向上存在着三级锋面现象：内侧锋面即长江河口锋为长江河口水与长江冲淡水的界面；羽状锋是长江口羽状流水与口外混合水的界面，它是长江口最主要的盐度锋面，也是长江口一个重要的生物地球化学带，对河口沉积过程及水下三角洲发育具有重要的影响。外侧锋面即海洋锋，是长江冲淡水的最外边缘。     

三峡库区蓄水后夏季长江口及其邻近水域粒级叶绿素a

了解长江口水域富营养化现状对浮游植物的影响及浮游植物对长江口水域富营养化现状的指示作用,根据2004年8月30日~9月4日在长江口水域进行的多学科综合调查结果,报道了调查区叶绿素a的空间分布及其粒级组成特征,并初步研究了其与环境因子的关系。叶绿素a浓度在长江河道内和口门外水域浓度变化范围分别为0.40~2.13mg.m-3,0.48~4.89mg.m-3,平均值分别为1.09mg.m-3,1.70mg.m-3;与三峡库区蓄水前相比叶绿素a浓度偏低,高值区向口门方向西移,其水平分布与浮游植物丰度分布基本一致。垂直方向上叶绿素a浓度峰值出现在20m以上水层,与浮游植物丰度垂向分布有一定的差异。在调查水域<20μm粒径叶绿素a的平均浓度比>20μm粒径叶绿素a要高。统计分析表明磷酸盐与叶绿素a浓度呈显著的正相关,是控制浮游植物生长的重要因子。     

胶州湾水体氮磷营养物基准研究

海湾营养物基准是指对海湾地区没有不利或有害影响的环境营养物参数的最大剂量或浓度,能够为富营养化风险评估和水质目标管理提供参照条件。本研究根据2014—2017年的胶州湾现场监测数据,采用频数分布法、分类回归树模型以及非参数拐点分析等统计分析法,推导营养物基准候选值,并基于赤潮敏感藻生态响应,通过室内多藻种实验开展营养物基准校验。结果表明：不同方法得到的营养物基准值存在一定差异,多藻种实验得到的生态响应值普遍高于统计分析法得到的基准候选值。综合考虑胶州湾目前的水质状况及富营养化水平,胶州湾水体溶解无机氮、总氮、活性磷酸盐和总磷的营养物基准推荐值分别为0.152、0.394、0.003 2和0.008 9 mg/L。研究结果有望为青岛胶州湾水体富营养化控制和营养物标准制定提供科学支撑。     

运用分粒级的泥沙垂线分布分析长江口泥沙絮凝沉降特征

据扩散理论提出运用分粒级的泥沙垂线分布推算各粒级相对沉速ω_ｉ／ω_ｃ，絮凝因素比Ｆ_ｉ／Ｆ_ｅ和絮凝指标ｆ的方法，由此分析长江口１９９０年８月的实测数据。长江口泥沙的沉速曲线和絮凝指标在近口段、河口段和口外海滨段存在着明显的区域差异。絮凝沉降特征的主要变化产生的低盐度区。现场动态沉降规律与实验室模拟所得的静态沉降规律具有相似的变化趋势。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.