环渤海三省一市溶解态无机氮容量总量控制

对溶解无机氮(DIN)容量总量控制实施的具体原理和方法进行了研究.1979～2005年渤海DIN排海通量总体上呈"N"形变化趋势,年均入海通量34×104 t/a.基于多介质海洋环境中的迁移-转化箱式模型,推算出在Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类海水水质标准下渤海DIN极小海洋环境容量分别为(22,29,38,47)×104 t/a.分配容量优化结果表明,在在国家Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类海水水质标准条件下,2010年辽宁、河北、天津和山东三省一市DIN排放量均超过其最大允许排放量,均需不同程度的削减,平均削减预计排放量的37%和29%.     

象山港特征污染物浓度分布反演研究

文章首先简述2009年象山港海域环境现状,总结该海域中化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮 (DIN)、活性磷酸盐 (DIP)3项主要水质因子的超标情况及海水富营养化状态,并与往年数据进行对比,叙述象山港海域水质发展趋势;其次,利用FVCOM中的污染物输运数学模型对象山港海域中以 COD、DIN、DIP为代表性水质指标进行现状模拟,将几组不同工况的模拟结果分别与实测数据进行对比,从而确定可用于模拟象山港海域现状水质环境的排放口浓度。     

近22年来象山港海域水环境变化趋势及R/S预测研究

选择CODMn、DIN、PO4-P作为反映象山港海域水环境状况的主要环境参数,建立22 a来(1984—2005)象山港海域CODMn、DIN和PO4-P年平均浓度的时间序列,用平均差值法、最小二乘法和自回归滑动平均法3种趋势分析方法,统计检验了其变化趋势,并用重标极差分析法(R/S分析法),预测了在当前情景下象山港海域未来各项水环境参数的变化趋势特征。结果表明:近22 a来象山港海域CODMn年平均浓度则呈降低的趋势,而DIN和PO4-P的年平均浓度则呈增加的趋势,CODMn降低比DIN和PO4-P增加更明显;根据R/S预测分析,未来象山港海域CODMn的降低趋势可能会出现逆转,呈现升高的趋势,而DIN和PO4-P可能仍将保持逐渐升高的趋势,N:P比值将会进一步扩大,N和P的比例失调状况会进一步加剧。     

黄河下游调水调沙与暴雨事件对营养盐输出通量的影响

2012年2月至2014年3月在黄河下游采集水样,分析黄河下游营养盐浓度与通量的月际、季节性以及在调水调沙期和暴雨期的变化情况,并估算了调水调沙期和洪水期输水量和营养盐入海通量对黄河年入海通量的贡献。结果表明NO₃- 是TDN的主要存在形式,各形态氮营养盐枯水期高于丰水期;DIP是TDP的主要存在形式,PIP是TPP的主要存在形态,颗粒态磷和DSi丰水期高于枯水期。黄河水体中具有高DIN/DIP和DSi/DIP,低DSi/DIN,严重偏离Redfield比值。营养盐输送通量具有很强的月际变化,在径流量及输沙量最大月份也存在营养盐入海通量峰值。2002-2012年10年间调水调沙和暴雨在营养盐输送通量上占黄河下游营养盐输送通量的23%~68%和5%~59%,对营养盐年入海通量的平均贡献分别为 38%和24%,二者均在短期内导致水、沙和营养盐的大量输送,将对黄河口及其邻近海域的生态环境产生重要的影响。     

黄河不同粒径组入海泥沙通量的变化及其对三角洲造陆的影响

以黄河流域1955~1990年的资料为基础,研究了不同粒径组入海泥沙的变化趋势及其成因以及各粒径组泥沙对三角洲造陆过程的相对贡献率.研究表明,四个粒径组入海泥沙通量都呈减少的趋势,各粒径组入海泥沙通量减少趋势的显著性按由细到粗的顺序递减,即细颗粒泥沙入海通量的减少趋势要比粗泥沙明显.20世纪70年代以来,水土保持面积增大、人类引水增大和年降水量减少是黄河各粒径组入海泥沙通量减小的原因.大规模的水土保持措施实施以后,细泥沙入海通量的减少幅度要大于粗泥沙.多元回归分析结果表明,年降水量变化对小于0.010,0.010~0.025,0.025~0.050及大于0.050 mm四个粒径组泥沙入海通量变化的贡献率分别为58.52%,62.05%,71.16%,83.37%,随粒径的变粗而增大;水土保持措施变化对小于0.010,0.010~0.025,0.025~0.050和大于0.050 mm四个粒径组泥沙入海通量变化的贡献率分别为41.48%,37.95%,28.89%,16.63%,随粒径的变粗而减小.四个粒径组泥沙入海通量与人类净引水量之间的相关系数也按泥沙粒径由细到粗的顺序减小,即人类引水的变化对细泥沙入海通量的影响较大,对粗泥沙入海通量的影响较小.四个粒径组泥沙入海通量与年降水量之间的相关系数按泥沙粒径由细到粗的顺序增大,即年降水的变化对细泥沙入海通量的影响较小,对粗泥沙入海通量的影响较大.建立了黄河三角洲造陆速率与利津站年径流量和小于0.010,0.010~0.025,0.025~0.050及大于0.050 mm四个粒径组的泥沙量之间的多元回归方程.计算结果表明,入海泥沙量和径流量对三角洲造陆速率变化的贡献率接近相等.在四个粒径组中0.010~0.025 mm的泥沙对三角洲造陆速率变化的贡献率最大,0.025~0.050 mm粒径组次之,大于0.050 mm的粒径组再次之,小于0.010 mm的粒径组最小.中等粗细的粒径组对三角洲造陆的贡献率最大.     

黄河下游溶解态营养盐季节变化及入海通量研究

根据在2010-04—2011-03期间在黄河利津站进行的观测结果,分析了黄河下游营养盐的月际变化,估算了黄河营养盐的入海通量。结果表明:观测期间溶解无机氮(DIN)、硝酸盐(NO_3~--N)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~--N)和氨氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度的变化范围分别为190.4~361.3、177.1~332.5、0.74~13.81和2.27~26.44μmol/L,平均浓度为277.5、269.3、4.90和5.26μmol/L;磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度的变化范围为0.027~0.138和92.5~146.0μmol/L,平均浓度分别为0.094和118.1μmol/L。DIN的浓度表现为枯水期含量高、丰水期含量低,而磷酸盐的变化与其相反;硝酸盐是黄河下游水体中溶解无机氮的主要组成部分,且溶解无机氮的入海通量主要由NO_3~--N贡献;磷酸盐浓度与径流量显著正相关;丰水期黄河向渤海输送的溶解无机态营养盐是全年输送通量的主要贡献者,营养盐通量的主要控制因素是径流量。     

基于非线性规划的莱州湾营养盐环境容量计算

在前人研究的基础上提出了基于非线性规划的排海通量最优化法(简称非线性规划法),以进行海域内非保守物质环境容量计算,并选取莱州湾这个水动力较强、面积较大的半封闭海域进行模拟、计算。为更好地保护生态环境,对于氮(N)、磷(P)等非保守物质(以无机氮(DIN)、无机磷(DIP)为例进行分析),选取其月最高浓度场数据,依次计算出莱州湾海域每个月的营养盐响应系数场,并进一步使用非线性规划法求解出营养盐的月环境容量。最终计算结果显示,21世纪初莱州湾的营养盐环境容量为:在保持莱州湾DIP排放现状不变的前提下,其DIN年环境容量为21 843t/a,剩余年环境容量为-8 264t/a,需要减少点源DIN的排放量;而在保持莱州湾DIN排放现状不变的前提下,其DIP年环境容量为1 794t/a,剩余年环境容量达1 485t/a,可继续容纳部分DIP的排放。     

象山港周边主要入海污染物特征研究

根据2010—2019年象山港主要入海污染物监测数据,对主要污染物（化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP））的年变化、月变化,主要污染物的浓度、入海通量及其影响因素进行了分析研究。结果表明：主要污染物COD、TN和TP的入海污染物浓度年变化呈现先升高后下降的趋势,均在2015年达到最大值;月变化较高值主要出现在冬季的1—3月,且主要集中在港底附近入海口。通过对主要污染物的入海通量估算,发现河流入海污染物以颜公河贡献最大,水闸入海污染物中COD以红胜海塘1号闸贡献最大,占比27.7%,其次为大嵩江水闸和红胜海塘3号闸;TN以三山大闸贡献最大,占入海总量的91.0%,其余均较低;TP以三山大闸贡献最大,占比25.1%,横江闸次之,但总体上均呈现一定的降低趋势。COD主要受水土流失和生活污染影响,TN和TP主要受农业和水土流失影响。最后,以宁海颜公河入海污染为例,分析了其对邻近海域生态环境的影响,发现入海污染物对邻近海域生态环境影响较大,建议加强陆源入海污染物的排放管理。     

莱州湾营养盐空间分布特征及年际变化趋势

基于2004-2014年期间,在莱州湾5月及8月开展的22个航次调查结果,研究了莱州湾营养盐的时空分布特征及年际变化趋势。研究发现:莱州湾溶解态无机氮(DIN)、可溶性磷酸盐(PO_4-P)、可溶性硅酸盐(SiO_3-Si)高值区主要出现在莱州湾西南近岸尤其是小清河口海域,小清河及邻近区域陆源输入是影响莱州湾营养盐空间分布的主要因素。2004-2014年莱州湾DIN中位值变化范围8.14~53.98μmol/L,尽管2004年以来莱州湾DIN浓度呈现降低的年际变化趋势,但仍然高于历史数据。硝酸盐是DIN的主要形态,贡献了DIN组成的83%,亚硝酸盐和铵盐的含量占比分别为7%和10%。莱州湾PO_4-P年际变化呈下降趋势,中位值变化范围为0.03~0.49μmol/L。SiO_3-Si中位值变化范围8.5~52.9μmol/L,8月份年际变化呈下降趋势。小清河营养盐入海通量与莱州湾营养盐含量年际波动具有较好的吻合性,是影响莱州湾营养盐年际波动的重要因素。莱州湾DIN/PO_4、SiO_3/DIN、SiO_3/PO_4中位值变化范围分别为:78.9~1112.4、0.2~2.2、40.2~442.5,其中DIN/PO_4、SiO_3/PO_4年际变化呈升高趋势,SiO_3/DIN年际变化趋势不明显。2004-2014年调查期间,莱州湾存在严重的磷限制及季节性的硅限制,营养类型由20世纪80、90年代的贫营养转变为磷限制潜在性富营养,且磷限制的程度呈加剧趋势。     

北部湾茅岭江化学需氧量、总氮和总磷的入海通量

基于2014—2020年茅岭江入海口断面径流量及化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)数据,通过LOADEST模型优化计算了COD、TN和TP的入海通量。结果表明：(1)LOADEST模型建立的茅岭江COD、TN和TP的入海通量回归方程,模拟计算的入海通量与实测值具有很好的一致性。(2)模拟计算的COD、TN和TP多年平均入海通量分别为34 537 t/a、3 302 t/a和235 t/a,月平均入海通量分别为2 878 t/月、275 t/月和19.58 t/月;雨季COD、TN和TP的入海通量分别占年入海通量的77%、80%和71%;COD、TN和TP的年入海通量中分别有21 059～25 271 t/a、1 775～2 130 t/a和70～84 t/a来自于非点源,COD和TN主要受非点源控制,TP不仅受非点源控制,也受点源控制。(3)对比分析钦江和茅岭江COD、TN和TP的多年平均入海通量可知,钦江COD、TN和TP的多年平均入海通量分别约为茅岭江的1.16、2.15和2.37倍,入海通量不同主要受沿岸居住的人口数量影响。     

Assessment of nitrogen loading from the Kiso-Sansen Rivers into Ise Bay using stable isotopes

Concentrations of particulate organic nitrogen (PN), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and their nitrogen isotope ratios (δ ¹⁵N) in the Kiso-Sansen Rivers were determined from monthly observations over the course of a year to assess variations in the form and sources of riverine nitrogen discharged into Ise Bay. The δ ¹⁵N values of NO₃ ⁻ observed in the Kiso-Sansen Rivers showed a logarithmic decreasing trend from 8 to 0‰, which varied with the river discharge, indicating mixing between point sources with high δ ¹⁵N and non-point sources with low δ ¹⁵N. The influence of isotope fractionation of in situ biogeochemical processes (mainly DIN assimilation by phytoplankton) on δ ¹⁵N of NO₃ ⁻ was negligible, because sufficient concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ for phytoplankton demand would inhibit the assimilation of NO₃ ⁻. A simple relationship between river discharge and δ ¹⁵N of NO₃ ⁻ showed that the fraction of total NO₃ ⁻ flux arising from point sources increased from 4.0–6.3% (1.1–1.8 tN day⁻¹) during higher discharge (>600 m³ s⁻¹) to 30.2–48.3% (2.6–4.1 tN day⁻¹) during lower discharge (<300 m³ s⁻¹). Riverine NO₃ ⁻ discharge from the Kiso-Sansen Rivers can explain 75% of the variations in surface NO₃ ⁻ at the head of Ise Bay over the year.     

近4年来象山港赤潮监控区水质状况综合评价

根据2002-2005年丰水期象山港赤潮监控区水质监测基础资料,以DO、COD、DIN和DIP作为基本化学指标参数,分析了近4年来整个赤潮监控区水质的有机污染和富营养化状况。并从各监测站位、监测层次分析了赤潮监控区水质的变化趋势,同时对水质污染与陆源排污、养殖业自身排污以及港内水动力条件进行了相关分析。综合分析结果表明:近4年来,象山港赤潮监控区水质的N、P污染比较严重,水质有机污染一直处于严重污染水平。整个港湾水质一直处于严重的富营养化状态,表层富营养化程度略大于底层,DIN是富营养化的主要贡献因子。整个象山港赤潮监控区水质机污染和富营养化程度均存在港顶最高,越往港湾的出口处污染越轻的趋势。4年来监控区水质污染主要与陆源排污、养殖业自身排污以及港内水动力交换能力较弱有关。     

短小拟五角蟹的分布新记录

2022年9月作者在浙江宁波象山港海域采集到短小拟五角蟹(Paranursia abbreviata),由此短小拟五角蟹的地理分布记录从中国的海南岛、广东、香港和福建扩展到东海北部,即浙江北部的象山港。本文对其形态特征进行了详细的描述,并讨论了其与历史记载的外形差异。由于象山港冬季水温较低,推测短小拟五角蟹在象山港的出现可能是台湾暖流携带幼体定居导致的偶然现象。     

Dissolved organic matter in the subterranean estuary of a volcanic island,Jeju: Importance of dissolved organic nitrogen fluxes to the ocean

We observed the origin, behavior, and flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the subterranean estuary of a volcanic island, Jeju, Korea. The sampling of surface seawater and coastal groundwater was conducted in Hwasun Bay, Jeju, in three sampling campaigns (October 2010, January 2011, and June 2011). We observed conservative mixing of these components in this subterranean environment for a salinity range from 0 to 32. The fresh groundwater was characterized by relatively high DON, DIN, and CDOM, while the marine groundwater showed relatively high DOC. The DON and DIN fluxes through submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the groundwater of Hwasun Bay were estimated to be 1.3 × 10⁵ and 2.9 × 10⁵ mol d^− 1, respectively. In the seawater of Hwasun Bay, the groundwater-origin DON was almost conservative while about 91% of the groundwater-origin DIN was removed perhaps due to biological production. The DON flux from the entire Jeju was estimated to be 7.9 × 10⁸ mol yr^− 1, which is comparable to some of the world's large rivers. Thus, our study highlights that DON flux through SGD is potentially important for delivery of organic nitrogen to further offshore while DIN is readily utilized by marine plankton in near-shore waters under N-limited conditions.     

厦门湾营养盐长期动态变化与陆源污染关系分析

近年来快速城镇化和人类活动导致沿海地区营养盐含量显著增加,导致海湾富营养化现象日趋严重。了解水体营养盐含量分布特征与陆源污染之间的关系,是对海湾进行有效环境管理的前提。本研究以2010—2019年福建省厦门湾近岸海域水质监测数据为基础,分析长期性、季节性水质空间分布特征,并利用富营养化指数法对海湾富营养化状态进行评价,为氮、磷污染物治理提供措施建议。结果表明：厦门湾自2013年以来无机氮、无机磷含量波动降低,但同安湾无机磷含量近年来有明显增加。春季和秋季无机氮、无机磷含量明显高于夏季,不同季节氮、磷含量均呈现由湾内向湾外递减的分布趋势,反映出典型的陆源输入特征。硝酸盐氮是厦门湾无机氮的最主要成分,其与无机磷的比值普遍高于Redfield比值。无机氮、无机磷是导致九龙江口、西海域、同安湾富营养化指数较高的主要因子,受径流调控明显,无机磷在秋季还受到沿岸排污口的显著影响。厦门湾亟需加强对所有入海河流氮、磷污染的总量控制,建议强化沿岸排污口的管控。     

菲律宾蛤仔不同地理群体生化遗传结构与变异的研究

采用聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳技术对福建平潭岛、浙江象山港、江苏海州湾和辽宁辽东湾4个海区菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)野生群体的生化遗传特征进行了分析.结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔4个群体的多态位点比例为62.5%～75.0%,平均杂合度观测值在0.274 3～0.338 7之间,与平均杂合度期望值相近;平均有效等位基因数在1.489 1～1.632 5之间,遗传变异水平较高;杂合子缺失不显著.比较群体间的遗传分化指数和群体每代迁移数发现,平潭岛、象山港和海州湾3个群体间的遗传分化不显著,而辽东湾群体与3个群体间出现遗传差异.聚类分析同样表明,平潭岛群体首先与象山港群体聚类,再与海州湾群体相聚,最后与辽东湾群体相汇.讨论了杂合子缺失不显著原因和群体间遗传分化机制.     

Algal Growth Potential and the limiting nutrient in Mikawa Bay

The Algal Growth Potential (AGP) of water samples collected off Gamagori in Mikawa Bay was measured from May 1978 through February 1979, and the limiting nutrient was determined using regression analysis and enrichment bioassays. The surface and bottom water samples had AGP that produced increments of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2.1 mg l^–1 and 3.1 mg l^–1, respectively, on average. These values ofCOD correspond to 46% and 97% of the average COD values of the raw water samples at the surface and bottom, respectively. Seasonal changes of AGP showed a close correlation with those of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration. Enrichment bioassays showed that DIN was the most deficient nutrient. The DIN:phosphate-phosphorus (PO₄ ^3–-P) ratios and DIN: dissolved phosphorus (DP) ratios in the water samples were below the cellular N:P ratios of the natural algal populations. These results suggest that AGP was mainly limited by DIN concentration.     

长江水体溶解态无机氮和磷现状及长期变化特点

于2006年2、5、8和11月对长江从攀枝花至河口和上游的两条支流雅砻江和嘉陵江的溶解态无机氮(NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)进行了取样调查,同时结合长江营养盐的历史数据,分析了长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷的长期变化特点。结果表明,长江NO-3-N、NH+4-N、DIN(包括NO-3-N、NO-2-N和NH+4-N)和PO3-4-P浓度从上游到下游显示出增加趋势,但存在季节差异;NO2-N浓度总体较低,在长江中下游(武汉—南京)浓度较高。长江从上游到下游DIN通量的变化主要受径流量的影响,从上游到下游单位面积年产N量逐渐升高;PO3-4-P输送通量从上游往下游呈增加趋势,也主要受径流量控制,但从季节变化来讲,PO3-4-P的月输送通量受其浓度的控制更加明显。自20世纪60年代来,长江水体中NO3--N、NO2--N、DIN和PO3-4-P的浓度都处于缓慢上升趋势,但到80年代上升速度明显加快;不同阶段DIN和34PO-P的季节变化特点也不尽相同,反映了其来源的差异。目前,长江水体中溶解态无机氮、磷浓度与国内及国际河流相比处于中等水平。     

Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the lower Changjiang River before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam

Water and sediment samples were collected at Datong from June 1998 to March 1999 to examine seasonal changes in the transports of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea (ECS). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; dominated by nitrate) concentration exhibited small seasonality, and DIN flux was largely controlled by water discharge. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration was inversely correlated with water discharge, and DIP was evenly delivered throughout a year. The transports of DIN and DIP from the Changjiang River were consistent with seasonal changes in nutrient distributions and P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. Dissolved organic and particulate N (DON and PN) and P (DOP and PP) varied parallel to water discharge, and were dominantly transported during a summer flood. The fluxes of DOP and particulate bioavailable P (PBAP) were 2.5 and 4 times that of DIP during this period, respectively. PBAP accounted for 12–16% of total particulate P (PP), and was positively correlated with the summation of adsorbed P, Al–P and Fe–P. Ca–P, the major fraction of PP, increased with increasing percent of CaCO₃. The remobilization of riverine DOP and PBAP likely accounted for the summer elevated primary production in DIP-depleted waters in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. The Changjiang River delivered approximately 6% of DIN (1459 × 10⁶ kg), 1% of DIP (12 × 10⁶ kg), and 2% of dissolved organic and particulate N and P to the totals of global rivers. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam might have substantially reduced the particulate nutrient loads, thereby augmenting P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and ECS.     

Seasonal Variations in Nutrient Budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan

Seasonal variations in freshwater, salt, phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan were investigated from April 1993 until March 1994. The internal sink of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and nitrogen (DIN), and the internal source of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and nitrogen (DON) predominate in the bay. This means that the production of organic matter is larger than respiration, and atmospheric CO₂ is absorbed in the water column of Hakata Bay. Denitrification is more dominant than nitrogen fixation in the bay. Compared to Tokyo and Mikawa Bays, Hakata Bay is harder to eutrophicate, mainly due to the shorter residence time of freshwater.