孢粉指标在我国海岸带古气候、古海面变化中的应用现状

对海岸带沉积记录孢粉指标在古气候、古海平面变化研究中的应用现状进行了简述。孢粉研究工作随着科学技术的发展取得了很大的进步,近年来,许多学者结合高密度采样和精确AMS14C测年等技术来恢复古环境演变过程。我国近海孢粉学研究在渤海、黄海、东海和南海均取得了大量研究成果     

天津三河岛潮间带137Cs与210Pb的分布及现代沉积过程

位于永定新河、潮白新河与蓟运河汇流处的三河岛是天津市列入国家海岛名录的唯一岛屿,其独特的地理位置记录了现代海、陆交互作用的变化过程。取自该岛南、北两侧泥质潮间带的2组现代沉积物样柱,揭示137Cs和210Pbexc的最大检出深度分别达到90～123cm和140～210cm,属于渤海湾西岸泥质海岸带现代沉积最为活跃的“面向开放海湾亚带”。     

基于风暴潮记录研究红树林淤积速率时间变化

以广西北海市的金海湾红树林作为研究对象,研究了红树林沉积物的粒度和过剩210Pb比活度特征,并结合当地风暴潮历史记录,识别红树林沉积中风暴沉积层并判定了其形成时间。结果表明:自1965年以来广西沿岸的5次强风暴潮在该红树林中留下了沉积记录;以这些风暴沉积层作为时间标志,可知1986—2008年,红树林前缘区的沉积速率为5.7 mm/a,内侧为7.3 mm/a;2008年以后,前缘区沉积速率降至2 mm/a,而内测沉积速率则增加至14~20 mm/a。2008年之后当地风暴潮频率增加可能是造成这一现象的主要原因。红树林前缘区风暴沉积粒度特征的分析表明,在强风暴潮期间,植株高大、树冠封闭度高的红树林对于波流能量的耗散程度要显著高于年龄较小、植株低矮的红树林。     

世纪之交的中国海洋科学思考——关于海洋科学学科“十五”优先领域的认识

1 中国与海洋 中国位于太平洋西岸,东南两面临海,分别为渤海、黄海、东海和南海,拥有约18 000 km大陆岸线,中国沿岸岛屿星罗棋布,面积500 m2以上的海岛6 500多个,岛屿岸线约14 000 km.依照1998正式生效的<联合国海洋法公约>,中国拥有约300万km2的管辖海域.在管辖海域中,有经济价值的鱼类和其它海洋动植物种类多、数量大.大陆架区含油气盆地面积近70万km2,蕴藏的石油资源在150亿t以上,天然气约14×1010m3,海水中可利用的化学元素也十分丰富,各种形式的海洋能源总量超过4亿kw.     

世纪之交的中国海洋科学思考--关于海洋科学学科 "十五"优先领域的认识

1 中国与海洋 中国位于太平洋西岸,东南两面临海,分别为渤海、黄海、东海和南海,拥有约18 000 km大陆岸线,中国沿岸岛屿星罗棋布,面积500 m2以上的海岛6 500多个,岛屿岸线约14 000 km.依照1998正式生效的<联合国海洋法公约>,中国拥有约300万km2的管辖海域.在管辖海域中,有经济价值的鱼类和其它海洋动植物种类多、数量大.大陆架区含油气盆地面积近70万km2,蕴藏的石油资源在150亿t以上,天然气约14×1010m3,海水中可利用的化学元素也十分丰富,各种形式的海洋能源总量超过4亿kw.     

海南岛东南部海岸砂丘风暴冲越沉积记录

通过海南岛东南部海岸详细的古风暴学考察,在尖岭海岸发现了含有风暴冲越沉积物的海岸沙丘剖面,分别命名为JL-1和JL-2剖面,试图从海岸沙丘沉积记录中提取历史上的风暴事件信息。沉积物粒度、磁化率等参数的指标分析表明,这两个剖面含有典型的风暴冲越沉积物,利用放射性核素AMS14C测年、OSL测年分析,并结合历史文献记载,确定这些风暴沉积层是多次台风作用的产物,其形成机制与风暴浪越过海岸沙丘的堆积有关,风暴流越过沙丘顶部后不能回流,导致风暴流携带的沉积物迅速沉积。此外,依据Stockdon经验公式计算结果,该地点沉积记录所代表的最大风暴事件相当于100到200年一遇的重现期。研究表明,该处海岸沙丘冲越沉积含有南海台风强度与重现期的重要信息。     

冲绳海槽西部陆坡第四纪沉积地层划分

冲绳海槽西部陆坡是认识深海斜坡沉积的重要区域。通过对高分辨率地震资料的精细解释,结合已有的研究成果,在冲绳海槽西部陆坡海底以下识别出4个主要的地震层序界面,相应地划分出四个主要地震层序,各层序分别对应全新世沉积层(Q4)、晚更新世沉积层(Q3)、中更新世沉积层(Q2)和早更新世沉积层(Q1)。从陆坡上部往下由斜交前积反射结构过渡到杂乱的反射结构,在地震剖面上可识别出杂乱的丘形反射单元,是滑塌体和重力流沉积的典型地震反射特征,反映出一种高能的、极不稳定的沉积环境。海槽轴部以平行-亚平行的地震反射特征为主,显示了稳定的深海-半深海的沉积环境。地震反射结构的多样性反映了冲绳海槽西部陆坡沉积环境的复杂性和沉机作用类型的多样性,沉积地层结构是多种因素共同作用的结果。东海陆架和冲绳海槽发育相同的第四纪地层垂向序列,同时冲绳海槽西部陆坡与东海陆架第四纪沉积层在层序界面、沉积层厚度、变形程度和产状等方面存在着差异,单靠地震资料来进行两个地区的地层对比存在着不确定性。     

豫西北及晋东南地区下二叠统太原组风暴沉积及伴生遗迹化石特征

豫西北及晋东南地区下二叠统太原组碳酸盐岩中发育多层风暴沉积并含丰富的遗迹化石。通过对风暴沉积层的宏观及微观分析,特别是对各种风暴沉积序列及其所含遗迹化石的组成与分布特点的研究,在太原组碳酸盐岩中已识别出7种风暴沉积类型,与之伴生的遗迹化石有Zoophycos,Palaeophycus,Nereites.,Chondrites,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Helminthopsis,Teichichnus,Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides和Ophiomorpha等。它们分别形成在海湾-潟湖、潮间-潮下浅滩、局限台地和潮下开阔台地沉积环境。该成果既可丰富我国华北盆地早二叠世含煤岩系的沉积类型,也可为深入研究该区早二叠世沉积演化乃至成煤与成气的古环境条件提供事件沉积和生物学方面的信息。     

浙江海岛区地质公园发展策略

浙江省岛屿资源丰富,是中国海岛数量最多的一个省。海岛区各类地质遗迹资源丰富,在环太平洋构造域、全新世海面变迁、海岸带动力地质作用、海岸地貌景观等方面具有重要的科学研究价值和美学观赏价值。结合浙江省海洋经济发展战略,本文通过对比海岛区保护区现状,分析地质公园优势,提出分级发展浙江海岛地质公园的策略,为政府管理部门提供建设地质公园参考。     

冰期时的中国海——研究现状与问题

沉积柱状样分析表明:末次冰期最盛时,东海缩剩冲绳海槽,南海变为袋状海湾,大河在陆坡入海,使南海北部陆坡与冲绳海槽海水浊度大增,沉积中碳酸盐含量被陆源物稀释,使剖面中CaCo₃旋回与大西洋相似、与太平洋相反。因极锋南移,亲潮可能影响冲绳海槽,太平洋温水可能进入巴士海峡,南海表层冬、夏双向海流变为环流,加上沿岸冲淡水影响,使南海北部陆坡冬季表层水温比间冰期低6—9℃,季节差达8—10℃,远超过太平洋同纬度区的数值。     

Assessment of the tsunami hazard on the Russian coast based on a new catalogue of tsunamis in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov

We present the results of work on the compilation of a fuller and more comprehensive historical catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the basin of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, an area of primary importance for the Russian Federation. In the 20th century, there were no significant tsunamis in the Black Sea; therefore, its coast was not considered tsunami-prone. A systematic search for new data sources, a revision of earlier ones, and the use of new approaches to the identification of tsunamigenic events resulted in a more than doubling of the number of known tsunamigenic events in this basin, bringing it up to 50. The total length of the new tsunami catalogue reached 3000 years, which makes it the second longest after the Mediterranean tsunami catalogue (about 4000 years). Taking into account the seismotectonic features of the Black Sea region, we processed data on historical tsunamis and analyzed the geographical and temporal distributions of their sources. For all tsunamigenic events we performed a parameterization of available information about their sources and coastal manifestations, evaluated the tsunami intensity based on the Soloviev-Imamura scale, and proposed a classification of tsunami and tsunami-like water wave disturbances based on their genesis. Tsunami run-up heights, inland penetration, and damage were estimated with regard for the newly found data. Among the identified historical events, there are devastating tsunamis with run-ups of 4-5 m, sometimes up to 6-8 m, which resulted in disastrous consequences for several ancient cities (Dioscuria, Sebastopolis, Bizone, and Panticapaeum) and many coastal settlements. Expert assessments of the most tsunami-prone areas of the coasts are given.     

Historical tsunami records and potential tsunami scenarios near Haikou coastal region

Historical tsunami records in the South China Sea are collected and analyzed in this paper. There have been about 54 tsunamis in the South China Sea since 1076. The impacts of the transoceanic tsunamis on the southeast coast of China are weak. However, the regional tsunamis in the South China Sea bring varying degrees of influence to the south coast of China, which occurred about 18 times. By the analysis of the potential tsunami sources in the South China Sea, numerical simulations of tsunami induced in the Manila Trench are carried out. It is found that the tsunami wave height is small near Haikou if the general earthquake tsunami occurred. But the tsunami wave height is large when a giant earthquake of M9.3 occurred. If this extreme situation arises, the impacts to the coast of Haikou will be serious.     

Traces of historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the Ashburton Delta (north‐west Australia)

Although the north‐western coast of Western Australia is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and tsunamis, little is known about the geological imprint of historic and prehistoric extreme wave events in this particular area. Despite a number of site‐specific difficulties such as post‐depositional changes and the preservation potential of event deposits, both tropical cyclones and tsunamis may be inferred from the geomorphology and the stratigraphy of beach ridge sequences, washover fans and coastal lagoons or marshes. A further challenge is the differentiation between tsunami and storm deposits in the geological record, particularly where modern deposits and/or historical reports on the event are not available. This study presents a high‐resolution sedimentary record of washover events from the Ashburton River delta (Western Australia) spanning approximately the last 150 years. A detailed characterization of event deposits is provided, and a robust chronostratigraphy for the investigated washover sequence is established based on multi‐proxy sediment analyses and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Combining sedimentological, geochemical and high‐resolution optically stimulated luminescence data, event layers are assigned to known historical events and tropical cyclone deposits are separated from tsunami deposits. For the first time, the 1883 Krakatoa and 1977 Sumba tsunamis are inferred from sedimentary records of the north‐western part of Western Australia. It is demonstrated that optically stimulated luminescence applied in coastal sedimentary archives with favourable luminescence characteristics can provide accurate chronostratigraphies even on a decadal timescale. The results contribute to the data pool of tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits in Holocene stratigraphies; however, they also demonstrate how short‐lived sediment archives may be in dynamic sedimentary environments.     

末次冰消期以来东海内陆架沉积速率及其气候环境响应

对位于东海内陆架浙-闽沿岸泥质带的EC2005孔岩性、粒度以及AMS14C年代进行了分析,着重探讨了研究区自末次冰消期以来的沉积速率变化,划分出4个大的沉积阶段和4次快速沉积事件.千年时间尺度上大的沉积阶段主要受控于物源供应、海平面变化以及可容空间的大小.百年时间尺度上揭示的4次快速沉积事件主要受控于东亚冬季风的增强或...     

A 2200-year Record of Seabird Population on Ganquan Island, South China Sea

Geochemical characteristics of a 107 cm long sediment profile, collected from Ganquan Island, South China Sea, were analyzed. Based on concentrations of bio-elements (Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, As, Se, P), 210Pb and AMS14C dating, we reconstructed seabird population of Ganquan Island over the past 2200 years. Seabirds inhabited this island more than 2200 years ago, and their population displayed remarkable fluctuations with two peaks around 2100–1850 yr BP and 900–300 yr BP, respectively. The seabird population change profile on Ganquan Island is similar to that on Dongdao Island over the past 1800 years. We examined the relationship between the seabird population and climate, and found it quite complicated. The seabird population did not reach the maximum during the Medical Warm Period (MWP) with relatively high average temperature; however, it remained near the peak value for about 600 years during the climatic transition period and the Little Ice Age (LIA), indicating that a relatively cool climate is favorable for seabirds on Ganquan Island.     

中国东部海域地质特征及一些重要大地构造界线在海区延伸的地质地球物理证据

本文通过对中国东部海域地质地球物理资料进行综合分析,特别是近十年来海洋区域地质调查最新采集的地球物理资料,梳理了研究区基础地质特征,探讨了陆区大地构造单元在海区的延伸。研究表明:渤海和北黄海为典型的华北型基底并发育华北型沉积盖层;南黄海为典型的扬子型基底并发育扬子型沉积盖层;东海陆架为华夏型基底,东部很可能发育晚古生代沉积盖层,其上叠置了晚三叠世以来沉积盖层。下扬子地块西侧通过左旋走滑的郯庐断裂带,东侧通过右旋走滑的朝鲜西缘断裂带揳入华北地块中,朝鲜西缘断裂带兼具走滑和俯冲带性质。整个朝鲜半岛无论从变质基底和沉积盖层来看都类似于华北地块。扬子地块在北侧和东侧都发育“鳄鱼嘴”式构造,扬子地块的下地壳向北、向东俯冲于华北地块之下,而上地壳则仰冲于华北地块之上。江绍结合带表现为宽50~70 km的NE向高磁异常条带,进入杭州湾后走向转为近EW向,经舟山群岛、大衢山岛及附近岛屿,过东海陆架虎皮礁凸起向东进入日本九州岛。虎皮礁凸起的岩石很可能类似于大衢山岛,为一套俯冲增生杂岩。     

Tsunami risk analysis for China

Historical data have been used in this paper, in particular that available on the tsunami history and the geological and seismological characteristics along the coasts of China. The nature and effects of both local tsunamis and tele-tsunamis on the coasts of China are analyzed. The coastal response of China to tsunamis is estimated theoretically, also. Finally, the tsunami risk for the coast of China is calculated and the zonation of preliminary tsunami hazard of China is mapped for three levels of hazardicity.     

Modelling of Tsunami Propagation in the Vicinity of the French Coast of the Mediterranean

The problem of tsunami-risk for the French coast of the Mediterraneanis discussed. Historical data of tsunami manifestation on the French coast are described and analysed.Numerical simulation of potential tsunamis in the Ligurian Sea is done and the tsunami wave heightdistribution along the French coast is calculated. For the earthquake magnitude 6.8 (typical value forMediterranean) the tsunami phenomenon has a very local character. It is shown that the tsunami tide-gaugerecords in the vicinity of Cannes–Imperia present irregularoscillations with characteristic periodof 20–30 min and total duration of 10–20h.Tsunami propagating from the Ligurian sea to the west coastof France have significantly lesser amplitudes and they are more low-frequency (period of 40–50min).The effect of far tsunamis generated in the southern Italy and Algerian coast is studied also, thedistribution of the amplitudes along the French coast for far tsunamis is more uniform.     

Unearthing earthquakes and their tsunamis using multiple proxies: the 22 June 1932 event and a probable fourteenth-century predecessor on the Pacific coast of Mexico

Tsunami deposits have been widely studied in temperate latitudes, but the intrinsic difficulties associated with tropical coastal environments, and the intensity of bioturbation in these habitats, limit the possibilities of analysing these formations. Here, we investigate the deposits on the Colima coast of Mexico, which overlies the subducting Rivera and Cocos Plates, in order to reconstruct the tsunami inundation history and related hazard. We developed a multi-proxy study aimed to recognize and date historical and palaeotsunami deposits, including historical data on the effects of a known tsunami, geomorphological mapping, stratigraphic, grain size, organic matter content, diatoms, geochemical composition, magnetic susceptibility, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, together with radiometric dating (²¹⁰Pb and ¹⁴C). We identified two probable tsunami deposits at Palo Verde estuary including a historical event associated with the Mw 6.9 earthquake on 22 June 1932 and a palaeotsunami most likely generated by a similar event in the fourteenth century. This work shows that it is possible to identify both historical and palaeotsunamis in the tropical environment of Mexico’s Pacific coast. These data will serve to enhance our understanding of tsunami deposits in tropical environments and of the regional tsunami hazard.     

Historical tsunamis in the Adriatic Sea

Tsunami activity in the Adriatic Sea from the sixteenth century until the present has been analysed with the ultimate goal to improve the European tsunami catalogue and provide data for a new geo-database of tsunami events in the European-Mediterranean region. The study encompasses twenty-seven events, nine on the western and eighteen on the eastern coast of the Adriatic, with special attention being devoted to contemporary sources and to local journals and newspapers. For all the analysed events, the path of information from coeval sources, through the nineteenth century and up to modern tsunami catalogues, has been constructed. Tsunamis on the western coast have already been studied, but to obtain a coherent picture of tsunamigenic activity in the Adriatic Sea, they have been included in this work. Furthermore, the study was extended to see whether they had propagated to the opposite coast. Most of the events on the eastern coast have now been systematically analysed for the first time. The search of bibliographical sources revealed three new reports on tsunamis on the eastern coast that had not been previously recorded in international publications. The study established that, out of the eighteen eastern Adriatic events, twelve can be considered false, while six were true tsunamis. In the last 600 years, fifteen true tsunami events occurred in the Adriatic. One was very strong, six were strong or rather strong, and eight were light tsunamis. As a final result of this analysis, carried out according to standardised criteria, fifteen Adriatic tsunami events will be inserted in the TRANSFER (Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the European Region) database for the European-Mediterranean region.