基于CT扫描的黄土孔隙结构特征研究

孔隙特征作为反映黄土微观结构的重要特征之一,直接影响黄土的水敏性、渗透性和强度等物理力学性质。为了研究水力耦合作用下黄土微观孔隙结构特征,使用CT技术对天然原状、原状饱和与重塑黄土的初始结构以及不固结不排水剪切试验后的土体结构进行了扫描,通过建立黄土三维结构模型,分析了剪切试验前后孔隙结构的演变特征。结果表明：饱和与重塑作用使天然原状黄土的大孔隙减少,剪切作用使天然原状黄土和重塑黄土发生剪切破坏,原状饱和黄土发生压缩破坏,局部孔隙率增加。天然原状黄土与原状饱和黄土在剪切前后均表现为微孔和小孔数量较多,其孔隙倾角主要分布在50°～90°之间,解释了黄土亚稳态结构形成的主要原因。扰动作用使重塑黄土的孔隙尺寸分布均匀,且重塑黄土与原状饱和黄土在水力作用下更易失稳屈服。揭示了黄土剪切变形破坏的微观结构主要表现为粒间胶结物的溶解、孔隙的坍塌与填充以及颗粒旋转、破碎和滑移。试验结果可为黄土剪切强度降低和湿陷机理研究提供依据。     

不同地区饱和原状黄土静态液化特性试验研究

黄土因饱水静态液化而发生突发性失稳破坏,易造成人员伤亡和财产损失。按照颗粒级配的不 同,中国黄土分为砂质、粉质和黏质黄土,不同区域的黄土具有不同的静态液化特性。利用 ＧＤＳ三 轴 试 验 系 统,对陕西神木砂质黄土区（Ｑ３ 黄 土）、甘 肃黑方台粉质黄土区（Ｑ３ 黄土）和陕西泾阳黏质黄土区（Ｑ２ 黄土）原状饱和黄土进行了等向固结不排水三轴剪切（ＩＣＵ）试验,研究了初始孔隙比和颗粒级配对原状黄土静态液化能力的影响。试 验 结 果 表 明:①３个地区的饱和原状土的应力－应变关系均为软化型,在中低围压下泾阳饱和原状黄土不发生液化,仅表现出弱软化现象;②中低围压下,初始孔隙比是影响原状黄土静态液化的主要因素,高围压下,初始孔隙比的影响逐渐减小,颗粒级配成为影响原状黄土静态液化的主要因素。      

陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡滑带土残余剪切强度特性

为探求陕西泾阳南塬高速远程黄土滑坡的复活机理,从大型黄土滑坡滑带采集原状黄土试样、古土壤试样(原状土),部分制备重塑试样(重塑土),进行不同体积含水率下的反复剪切试验,从而获得滑带土残余剪切强度指标与体积含水率、黏粒含量之间的关系.结果表明:原状土和重塑土的剪应力-位移曲线均为硬化型;在不同的垂直压力下,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度差值变化较大;当剪切强度达到峰值强度以后,随着剪切位移的继续增大,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度都有一定程度的损失,这种损失因垂直压力的不同而不同;对同类土,通过反复剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角随体积含水率的增加而降低;相关性分析表明,该区滑带土的黏粒含量较低,对残余剪切强度的内摩擦角影响很小,尤其是当天然体积含水率较低时,体积含水率的变化对残余剪切强度的影响远远大于黏粒含量的影响.     

西安某地裂缝两侧黄土物理力学性质试验

概述了西安地裂缝的成因、分布规律和活动速率等特征,然后对某条地裂缝特定地段附近的Q3黄土及其下面第一层古土壤进行了原状土样的常规土工试验和重塑土样的三轴流变试验.常规土工试验表明,以地裂缝为中心,越靠近地裂缝土样的天然密度、含水量、液塑限越大,孔隙比、内聚力和内摩擦角越小,均以地裂缝为中心近乎呈对称分布.重塑土样的三轴流变试验表明,地裂缝带内土的三轴流变特性较地裂缝附近黄土的流变特性明显的多.这从另一角度证明了地裂缝为一宏观不连续软弱结构面,为从力学角度研究地裂缝对工程结构的影响分析研究提供参考.     

矿田构造的岩组分析

岩组分析最初用于研究变质岩、岩浆岩和沉积岩,随后用于解释构造问题。 自然界的地质体,由于构造的应力作用,发生塑性变形和脆性破裂,形成各种不同力学性质的结构面。岩石中的岩矿颗粒在宏观变形和破裂的同时,在微观上也必然产生相应的有规律的变化。岩石在应力作用下,某些组成矿物可以发生形体方位和晶格方位的重新     

基于孔隙变形泥岩蠕变细观损伤模型

为对后续套管损坏力学研究提供新的研究方向,提出一种运用孔隙变化作为细观损伤变量描述泥岩蠕变变形特征,确立宏观损伤变量与细观损伤变量本质关系,并建立基于细观损伤变量的泥岩蠕变损伤本构模型.选取长庆油田石盒子组泥岩岩样作为工程实例,得出泥岩蠕变损伤岩体理论应力与应变本构关系,理论计算应力和实验测定应力相比,最大误差为9.2...     

模拟堆载作用的黄土边坡土体变形机理试验

通过固结不排水剪试验,研究了堆载作用下不同深度、含水量和围压的原状黄土的变形和破坏特征,并从黄土的微观结构角度分析了产生这一现象的原因,结合黄土边坡特殊的工程地质条件,分析了堆载作用下黄土边坡土体的变形破坏过程。试验结果表明,不同深度、含水量和围压的原状黄土的应力应变曲线和抗剪强度具有不同的特征;特殊的工程地质条件,使黄土坡体的某些部位形成了堆载作用下不利于黄土材料强度保持的含水量和围压的组合,导致了这些部位黄土的变形破坏,进而诱发坡体的变形破坏。     

泾河下游黄土台塬区侵蚀诱发滑坡机理

泾河下游黄土台塬区侵蚀诱发的黄土滑坡不仅威胁当地居民的生命财产安全,而且引发严重的水土流失及文物损毁等问题。以该类黄土滑坡为研究对象,在详细地质调查的基础上,取唐家村L2滑坡坡脚原状黄土进行减围压三轴剪切(RTC)试验,研究了饱和黄土的应力、孔压、围压特征以及剪切速率对土体力学行为的影响。结果表明,RTC应力路径下围压率达到0.55时,土体会因偏应力增大而引起塑性剪切破坏;同时,该应力路径下的饱和黄土内摩擦角很小,仅为10.7°;RTC应力路径下的破坏面,十分接近K 0状态面,说明天然斜坡坡脚饱和黄土在小幅水平应力降低条件下易于发生破坏,从而诱发滑坡失稳。     

黄土垂直节理形成机理的试验模拟

通过室内试验模拟自然沉积作用下黄土中水的渗透性,发现黄土垂直节理是地表水入渗过程中形成的。根据室内模型试验,建立一理想颗粒排列模型,利用TEN-15型张力计实测的土-水特征曲线,计算从饱和到非饱和状态的变化过程中土颗粒的相互作用力的变化。结果表明:地表水在下渗过程中,初始沉积的黄土含水量发生变化,基质吸力和表面张力产生的粒间引力也发生变化;粒间引力会随着粒间距的减小而急剧增大,而且其随含水量的变化规律与粒间距的大小有很大关系;由于初始沉积的黄土粉粒结构疏松,粒间有极弱的支撑,改变含水量状态产生的粒间引力在较小的量级便会使土颗粒相互靠近,而颗粒间距减小,则粒间引力急剧增大,土体整体收缩导致局部拉裂形成垂向裂隙,即垂直节理。     

矿渣类颗粒介质结构对力链发展规律的影响

矿业活动产生的渣体是不规则颗粒介质,具有级配复杂、结构不稳定的特征,颗粒间通过力链传递应力。以典型铜矿渣为研究对象,借助CT扫描技术获得矿渣的颗粒结构形态,通过开展不同粗颗粒含量的平面压缩试验和数值模拟试验,得到宏观力学变形曲线及力链发展过程和颗粒结构变化,讨论颗粒结构和力链发展协同作用对宏观力学性质的影响机制,以及颗粒介质材料压缩发展规律。结果表明：矿渣类颗粒介质材料的力链发展方向与压力方向一致;矿渣宏观抗压性能随>5 mm粗颗粒含量的增加先增后减,在最优粗细颗粒配比50%处达到最大抗压强度;颗粒结构和力链间软硬结构存在显著的协同演化;压缩过程中内部存在快速压密、颗粒破碎和稳定压缩3个阶段。在矿渣堆填过程中,除控制其粗颗粒在最优级配外,保持均匀填筑和合理的压实使其进入稳定压缩阶段也非常重要。     

反复入渗对重塑黄土渗透特性的影响

甘肃黑方台黄土经历长期的灌溉入渗破坏了其原生结构，改变了不同深度黄土的颗粒级配，影响了土体的力学性质。为研究反复灌溉入渗对坡体的影响，通过室内土柱渗透试验研究了反复入渗对甘肃黑方台黄土渗透特性的影响，并研究了渗透作用下黄土中细颗粒运移的规律与模式。研究表明:①水力梯度对渗透速率影响较小而干密度对渗透速率影响较大；随着入渗次数的增加，重塑黄土的渗透性能变弱；②黄土在渗流力的作用下，存在细颗粒沿渗流方向运移的现象，且细颗粒在土柱中上部聚集最多；③影响细颗粒运移的因素有:水力梯度、干密度和渗透次数；其中细颗粒的运移量与水力梯度、渗透次数呈正相关，与干密度呈负相关，且水力梯度是影响细颗粒运移的主要因素；④在渗透过程中，细颗粒运移堆积，最终填充土体内孔隙，导致黄土的渗透性下降。      

Experimental investigation on the relevance of mechanical properties and porosity of sandstone after hydrochemical erosion

Under the effect of chemical etching, the macroscopic mechanical properties, mesoscopic structure, mineral content, and porosity of rocks undergo significant changes, which can lead to the geological disasters; thus, an understanding of changes in the microscopic and macroscopic structure of rocks after chemical etching is crucial. In this study, uniaxial mechanical tests and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were carried out on sandstone samples that had been previously subjected to chemical erosion under different pH values. The aim was to study changes in properties and mechanical characteristics, including deformation and strength characteristics, of the rock, and microscopic pore variation characteristics, and to perform preliminary studies of the chemical corrosion mechanism. Results show that different chemical solutions have a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, the axial strain corresponding to the peak axial stress, elastic modulus, etc. With the passage of time, porosity increases gradually with exposure to different chemical solutions, and exposure to chemical solutions results in large changes in the NMR T2 curve and T2 spectrum area. Sandstone exposed to different chemical solutions exhibits different corrosion mechanisms; the root cause is the change of mineral.     

黑方台地区马兰黄土渗透特性及结构损伤试验研究

持续引水灌溉改变了马兰黄土的结构,降低了土体的抗剪强度,导致黑方台地区黄土滑坡频繁发生,严重影响着当地居民生命和财产安全。为了明析马兰黄土的渗透过程,取黑方台马兰黄土为研究对象,分别开展核磁共振(NMR)试验及扫描电镜(SEM)试验,以解释此类黄土在不同初始含水率及不同干密度下的渗透特性及结构损伤微观特征。研究结果表明：入渗速率与土体初始含水率呈负相关关系,土体初始含水率越高,其充水微小孔隙增加速率越慢,充水中大孔隙增加速率越快;入渗速率与土体干密度呈负相关关系,且会率先形成高含水率区域,土体干密度越大,其充水微小孔隙增加越慢,充水中大孔隙增加越快。入渗前后对比发现,试样初始含水率越高,微小孔隙增加比例越小,颗粒间接触方式变化越不明显;干密度越大的试样不同孔隙体积基本按等量变化,接触面积明显减少,形成更多的架空孔隙,连通性较好,具有较好的储水能力。入渗后试样原本的致密结构丧失,颗粒破碎严重,部分细长状颗粒向似椭圆状颗粒演化,颗粒间接触方式变为点边接触,粒间胶结作用遭受损伤破坏,甚至部分团粒中颗粒分离、脱落,使得土体强度丧失,最终导致滑坡发生。研究结果可为黄土滑坡的防治提供依据。     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on engineering properties of loess used as road fills in seasonally frozen ground regions,North China

Compacted loess is widely used as fills of road embankments in loess regions of northern China. Generally, densely-compacted loess can satisfy the requirements of embankment strength and post-construction deformation. I lowever, uneven subsidence, pavement cracks and other related damages can affect the integrity of loess subgrade after several years of operation, and even cause some hazards, especially in North China, where the strong freeze-thaw erosion occurs. In this study, cyclic freeze-thaw tests for both densely and loosely compacted loess samples were performed to determine the variation in engineering properties such as volume, void ratio, collapsible settlement, microstructure, and the related mechanisms were addressed. The experimental results showed that an obvious water migration and redistribution occurred within the samples during freeze-thaw cycles. Ice lenses and fissures could be identified in the upper frozen layers of the samples. After freeze-thaw cycles, the dry densities of the nipper layers of samples changed significantly due to strong freeze-thaw erosion. The dry densities decreased for the dense sample and increased for the loose sample. It can be found that dense samples become loose, while loose samples became dense with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. Their related void ratios changed reversely. Both void ratios tended to fall into a certain range, which verified the concept of a residual void ratio proposed by Viklander. The loosening process of densely compacted samples involves the formation of large pores, volume increase and density reduction as well as the related changes in mechanical properties because freeze-thaw cycles may be important contribution to problems of loess road embankments. Adverse effects of freeze-thaw cycles, therefore, should be taken into account in selecting loess parameters for the stability evaluation of road embankment in seasonally frozen ground regions.     

Microstructure evolution of loess under multiple collapsibility based on nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy

In recent years, the acceleration of urbanization in loess areas has prompted frequent dismantling and reconstruction of old urban areas. Demolition and reconstruction of buildings involve multiple collapses of the foundation. To study microstructure evolution of loess under multiple collapsibility, this paper selects undisturbed loess samples from Guyuan, Northwest China for multiple compression tests. Using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) imaging and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) as auxiliary methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses was used to study the microstructure of loess samples before and after various number of collapses under different pressures. Results show that the loess does undergo multiple collapse under 200 kPa pressure. Pore is an important reason for loess collapse. The initial collapse comes primarily from the compression of macropores and mesopores, and the second collapse comes primarily from mesopore compression. The compression process of loess can be roughly divided into two stages. First, under the action of dissolution and compression, the relative displacement of soil particles occurs. Macropores and mesopores are destroyed first, generating small pores. Second, with increasing pressure and times of collapses, pore compression gradually transforms into small pore compression. During the first collapse, particle aggregates disintegrate due to water and pressure. However, with increasing times of collapses, the contact relationship between particles gradually changes from the point contact to face contact. Loess particles tend to gradually become rounded. The study of the microstructure provides the possibility to further reveal the mechanism of multiple collapsibility of loess.     

低渗透储层的微观特征对其宏观性质的影响规律——以榆树林油田扶杨油层为例

利用岩心物性分析、压汞曲线和镜下分析等资料,研究榆树林油田东16区块扶杨油层的宏、微观特征及二者关系.结果表明:研究区扶杨油层岩性为岩屑长石砂岩,普遍具有碎裂特征,主要孔隙成因类型包括微裂缝、粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔,微裂缝对孔隙度的贡献不大,但对渗透率的影响不容忽视.孔隙度主要受孔喉发育程度影响,孔喉半径越大,孔隙度越高.渗透率受反映连通程度的特征结构参数影响较大,二者呈正相关关系,且孔隙度越大,特征结构系数对渗透率的影响越大.退汞效率受特征结构参数影响较大,储层为中孔时,退汞效率随特征结构参数的增大而增大;储层为低孔或特低孔时,退汞效率随特征结构参数的增大而减小.该研究结果对改造低渗储层、提高采收率具有指导意义.     

Effect of drying environment on engineering properties of an expansive soil and its microstructure

This paper investigates the effect of drying environment, i.e. temperature and relative humidity, on the engineering properties and microscopic pore size distribution of an expansive soil. The shrinkage tests under different drying temperatures and relative humidity are carried out in a constant climate chamber. Then, the undisturbed samples, prepared in different drying environment, are used for the triaxial tests and mercury intrusion tests. It is found that the drying environment has noticeable influence on the engineering properties of expansive soils and it can be characterized by the drying rate. The linear shrinkage and strength increase with the decrease of the drying rate. The non-uniform deformation tends to happen in the high drying rate, which subsequently furthers the development of cracks. In addition, during the drying process, the variation of pores mainly focuses on the inter-aggregate pores and inter-particle pores. The lower drying rate leads to larger variation of pore size distribution.