印度板块与欧亚板块在兴都库什-帕米尔地区相互俯冲的动力作用分析

兴都库什-帕米尔地区是印度板块与欧亚板块相互碰撞的强烈变形区域,也是中国大陆与周边板块动力传递的关键部位,明确该地区两大板块俯冲接触的几何形态和动力作用对研究区域动力环境具有实际意义.本文首先基于Hayes等在2009和2010年提出的Slab1.0的研究思路,利用地震参数准定量地给出两大板块在兴都库什-帕米尔地区碰撞接触的几何形态.结果表明,印度板块在兴都库什地区呈现自南往北的俯冲;欧亚板块在帕米尔地区呈现由北往南的俯冲;同时在兴都库什和帕米尔之间存在俯冲交汇区,在该区印度板块以北西方向、欧亚板块以南东方向相互俯冲.其次基于哈佛大学提供的震源机制解,对不同接触部位进行了应力张量反演,结果显示在兴都库什俯冲区域主要表现为逆冲性质,帕米尔弧西段主要表现为走滑性质,且均具有较好的一致性;而在俯冲交汇区域,走滑、逆冲性质并存,表现为震源机制一致性紊乱.结合两大板块接触的几何形态和区域应力场反演结果,认为印度板块在兴都库什地区主动往北俯冲,而欧亚板块在帕米尔地区被动往南东-南向俯冲,形成两大板块的相互俯冲.本文从几何形态和应力场反演分析两大板块在兴都库什-帕米尔地区碰撞的动力作用方式,可为该区域地球动力学相关研究提供基础资料.     

帕米尔-兴都库什地区的板块俯冲特征

本文利用美国国家地震信息中心（NEIC）提供的1973～2006年地震目录,哈佛大学提供的1978-2005年地震机制解资料,研究了帕米尔-兴都库什地区印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞形态,分析了印度板块向北俯冲对地震活动及其区域应力场的影响。地震震源三维图象显示：欧亚板块与印度板块在帕米尔＂结＂附近碰撞强烈,地震活动明显增强,震源剖面显示＂V＂字型分布形态;在帕米尔＂结＂东侧,随着印度板块俯冲动力减弱,地震活动也明显减弱,印度板块向北俯冲的剖面形态逐渐消失,欧亚板块向东南俯冲的剖面形态越加清晰;印度板块向北俯冲具有由浅向深、由南向北反复迁移的特征,可能反映印度板块向北俯冲→断离、再俯冲→再断离的过程。由于印度板块与欧亚板块间的强烈碰撞挤压作用,帕米尔-兴都库什地区处于以近南北向的挤压构造应力状态,逆断层数量约占70%,正断层数量约占11%,走滑断层数量约占19%。P轴优势方位显示帕米尔-兴都库什地区主压应力近南北向,倾角近水平,呈现由南向北倾斜;T轴倾角较大,近垂直,整体接近俯冲带的倾向。帕米尔-兴都库什地区应力场特征表明,印度板块向北的主动推挤,是形成这一区域应力场的主动力,向南倾的欧亚板块处于一种被动的被挤压状态。     

云南地区小震重定位及b值研究

云南地区位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞带的北东侧,地处青藏高原东南部,是青藏高原物质受到挤压向东南流出的通道.由于印度板块的东向俯冲,区内构造运动强烈,是我国大陆内部地震活动最强烈的地区之一.     

帕米尔兴都库什地区板块俯冲及其应力状态

利用美国国家地震信息中心(NEIC)提供的1973;2006年地震目录、哈佛大学提供的1978;2005年地震机制解资料,精细地研究了帕米尔;兴都库什地区印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞形态,分析了地震震源机制特征。研究结果认为:欧亚板块以约50;的倾角向南俯冲,地震最大深度为364km;印度板块以层间插入的方式与欧亚板块碰撞,在帕米尔;结附近碰撞强烈,地震活动明显增强,震源剖面显示字型分布形态;在帕米尔;结;两侧,随着印度板块俯冲动力减弱,地震活动也明显减弱,地震震源剖面显示,印度板块向北俯冲的剖面形态逐渐消失,欧亚板块向SE俯冲的剖面形态越加清晰,从地震震源剖面分布形态分析,印度板块没有穿过欧亚板块,印度板块向北的反复、多期的叠瓦式地震分布形态,可能反映印度板块向北俯冲;断离、再俯冲;再断离的过程。由于印度板块与欧亚板块间的强烈碰撞挤压作用,帕米尔;兴都库什地区处于以近SN向的挤压构造应力状态,逆断层数量约占70%,正断层数量约占11%,走滑断层数量约占19%。P轴优势方位显示帕米尔;兴都库什地区主压应力近SN向,倾角近水平,呈现由南向北倾斜;T轴倾角近垂直,整体接近俯冲带的倾向。帕米尔;兴都库什地区应力     

深化认识青藏高原壳幔结构，驱动深层动力过程探索（代序）

青藏高原是当今地球上海拔最高、规模最大、时代最为年青的地域.在太平洋板块、印度板块与欧亚板块三大板块错综复杂的远程和近程俯冲、消减、碰撞、挤压与多元力系作用下,使青藏高原成为一盘破碎块体的镶嵌.两个大陆板块的陆 陆碰撞,于55-50 Ma首先在西部弧顶强力碰撞和持续的挤压,东部弧顶相续相衔,最后两板块相连,导致了喜马拉雅弧形山系的形成与崛起.地壳以平均约50mm·a^-1的速率向北推进,使地壳缩短约2000~2500km,增厚达70±5km.     

印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时间比原认识晚1000万年

2013年2月3号,麻省理工学院新闻报道,在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞发生前,印度板块面积要比通常假设的要小。喜马拉雅山山峰是大约数千万年前大规模构造运动的现代残余,之前的研究大多认为这个碰撞发生在5 000万年前,印度板块迅速北移并向上挤压欧亚板块。当今对印度板块和亚洲板块地质跟踪调查显示2个板块碰撞后,褶皱     

中国东部上地幔各向异性研究

地震各向异性研究是了解地壳和上地幔变形的有效方法之一.这一研究不仅能了解板块内部的形变特征,而且能提供与板块构造运动有关的下覆岩石圈的地幔形变状况.中国东部地处欧亚板块与太平洋板块的接触带附近,紧邻西太平洋俯冲带.中国大陆受印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞的影响,大陆西部地壳增厚并隆起,同时造成物质东向挤出.太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块下的俯冲作用,强烈地影响着板块边缘及内部的构造运动.     

中国周边板块的相互作用及其对中国应力场的影响——(Ⅱ)印度板块的影响

本文利用地震资料并结合地质资料,讨论了印度板块与欧亚板块在中国周边的相互作用及其对中国应力场的影响,指出两板块在喜马拉雅山前断裂地区碰撞,碰撞边界向西延续到35°N,74°E附近,其主要挤压方向为NNE,并形成SE方向的物质流动.帕米尔地区有强烈的构造运动,并存在俯冲带形态的构造.在26.5°N,97°E附近,板块边界的走向发生突变,并形成东倾的缅甸山弧俯冲带,但印度板块挤压造成的主压应力方向为NNE向.在安达曼—尼科巴—苏门答腊—爪哇岛弧,印度板块俯冲于欧亚板块之下,在中国南海一带形成NNW向或近Ns向的主压应力.     

中国周边板块的相互作用及其对中国应力场的影响——（Ⅱ）印度板块的影响

本文利用地震资料并结合地质资料,讨论了印度板块与欧亚板块在中国周边的相互作用及其对中国应力场的影响,指出两板块在喜马拉雅山前断裂地区碰撞,碰撞边界向西延续到35°N,74°E附近,其主要挤压方向为NNE,并形成SE方向的物质流动.帕米尔地区有强烈的构造运动,并存在俯冲带形态的构造.在26.5°N,97°E附近,板块边界的走向发生突变,并形成东倾的缅甸山弧俯冲带,但印度板块挤压造成的主压应力方向为NNE向.在安达曼-尼科巴-苏门答腊-爪哇岛弧,印度板块俯冲于欧亚板块之下,在中国南海一带形成NNW向或近Ns向的主压应力.     

中国东北地区地震活动特征及其与日本海板块俯冲的关系

分析中国东北地区深震 (mb≥ 6 .0 )及浅震 (MS≥ 5 .0 )的成组性活动特征 ,研究了深震“强震组”与浅震“强震组”的时、空相关性。着重探讨了西太平洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞带的地震分布特征及其与西太平洋俯冲带形态的关系 ,并着重分析了西太平洋板块对欧亚板块地震活动的影响。结果表明 :西太平洋板块俯冲倾角小的地区 ,板块碰撞带地震活动强烈 ,板块俯冲对欧亚大陆的影响也较强 ,俯冲带处于较强的挤压应力状态 ;西太平洋板块俯冲倾角大的地区 ,板块碰撞带地震活动较弱 ,板块俯冲对欧亚大陆的影响也较弱 ,深部俯冲带引张应力增强。分析认为 ,未来 10年中国东北地区将进入浅震“强震组”活动时段 ,期间可能发生MS≥ 5 .0地震 6次左右 ,应加强东北地区的地震监测预报工作     

喜马拉雅板块活动证据兼论青藏高原形成模式

本文根据近年来对青藏高原广泛开展的考察所积累起来的实际材料,以板块构造观点,简要讨论了青藏高原主要构造特征。文章以地质历史、沉积特征、冈瓦纳相沉积、蛇绿岩套、混杂岩和外来岩块的分布、变形特征、岩浆活动的规律以及雅鲁藏布江两侧变质带的特点,论证了喜马拉雅地区板块活动的方式和特征,对喜马拉雅运动进行了分期并对各期运动的性质作了分析。文章提出了冈瓦纳大陆的北界可能是班公湖—东巧构造带以及雅鲁藏布江构造带在中生代拉开、早第三纪闭合机制的新设想     

喜马拉雅西北部逆冲带的地壳电性结构

印度板块北部地形起伏较大的喜马拉雅山地区由几个构造互异的地质单元组成,依地形高、低把喜马拉雅碰撞带分成低喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅.为了研究与主要逆冲带（含主缝合带MCT和主边界带MBT）有关的地壳电性结构,沿Rohtangpass (海拔4000 m) 到Mandi (海拔400 m)剖面进行了MT探测.通过对16个测点观测资料的分析和考虑地形的二维反演,获得了沿剖面的二维电性结构.电性结构显示,在Chail和主逆冲边界带下方,东西走向的缝合带突然转向北.在下喜马拉雅的Rampur 区段的元古代基底为范围较大的高阻体,而浅部地壳被逆冲带分成向北倾的电导性块体和电阻性块体.Chail 逆冲带东侧低喜马拉雅Rampur 区段的推挤和它西侧的基底脊柱体导致主边界带及相关的逆冲带（Kangra 拐角）向北转弯,Kangra拐角处的应力可能是由于西侧基底脊柱体进入到Kangra 区引起的.     

南海中部和北部地壳性质的探讨

本文主要根据1980年中、美联合调查南海时所获得的声纳浮标测量结果,探讨中国南海中部和北部各个地貌单元上的地壳结构、性质以及新生代的发展简史。     

西藏吉隆-沃马盆地龙骨沟剖面古地磁年代学及喜马拉雅山抬升记录

研究了西藏吉隆—沃马盆地龙骨沟剖面新近纪沉积环境,作了古地磁年代学研究,认为喜马拉雅山北坡新生代断陷盆地发育始于7.2MaB.P., 3.2MaB.P.湖盆萎缩消亡,标志着喜马拉雅山地区在7.2MaB.P.和3.2MaB.P.发生过强烈的隆升事件.沃马盆地龙骨沟剖面所含三趾马动物群化石层年龄大约为7.0～6.7MaB.P.,隐示着此时青藏地区三趾马生活区与当时的华北平原三趾马生活区有着大体相当的地理、气候环境.之后由于喜马拉雅山持续抬升,断陷盆地下沉,并在5.9～3.6MaB.P.期间湖盆面积最为广阔.青藏高原抬升而华北平原沉降, 中国西部地区地形高于东部,东西部气候环境发生重大差异.3.6MaB.P.由于青藏地区持续强烈隆升,西部地区河流切穿古老湖盆,3.20MaB.P.吉隆—沃马湖盆萎缩,于1.7MaB.P.逐渐消失,进入侵蚀切割阶段.     

喜马拉雅地区的地震活动与近期地壳运动

由于穿越条件的限制,用地面地质方法研究喜马拉雅地区的近期地壳运动有许多困难,但是地震活动与地震波特点可以为我们提供这方面的信息。我们对1897年以来80年间喜马拉雅地区的地震,做了以下三方面工作:1.根据地震活动与震源机制资料研究断层的现代活动方式。2.用零矢量方法确定地块运动位移矢量的方向。3.根据地震矩估算地壳滑动速率。最后,根据这三方面的工作成果,对这一地区的近期地壳运动模式做了初步讨论     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90oE is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2±1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1±0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8±1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8±2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

喜马拉雅山北部地区的地壳结构模型和速度分布特征

本文根据1981年西藏南部喜马拉雅地区的人工地震测深资料进行了震相对比,分辨出t₁、t₂、t₃、t₄、t₅和t₆六组地壳中和莫霍界面的反射波,并用理论走时曲线、绘制速度曲线图、射线跟踪和综合地震图等方法得到了主测线（PP）上各地段的地壳结构模型。初步结果表明,该地区地壳西段较薄（约73公里）,东段稍厚（约77公里）,平均总厚度约为75公里。地壳的平均P波速度约为6.2-6.3公里/秒。 地壳为高低速相间的多层结构。在中上部有一低速层,其厚度为数公里,速度为5.6-5.7公里/秒,与上层速度差为0.5-0.6公里/秒。低速层在测线东段比较肯定,在西段则不甚明显。结合藏南定日、岗巴一线有强烈水热活动的事实,低速层的存在可能意味着地壳中存在部分熔融的高温物质。下部地壳的速度为6.7-6.8公里/秒,且比较均匀。从莫霍面反射波的特征来看,在紧靠其上方可能有一个速度反转带,其厚度亦为数公里。上部地壳的结构在横向上有较大的差异,这说明在地质历史上,西藏特提斯带曾经历过强烈的地壳变动。     

Movement and strain conditions of active blocks in the Chinese mainland

The definition of active block is given from the angles of crustal deformation and strain. The movement and strain parameters of active blocks are estimated according to the unified velocity field composed of the velocities at 1598 GPS stations obtained from GPS measurements carried out in the past years in the Chinese mainland and the surrounding areas. The movement and strain conditions of the blocks are analyzed. The active blocks in the Chinese mainland have a consistent E-trending movement component, but its N and S components are not consistent. The blocks in the western part have a consistent N-trending movement and the blocks in the eastern part have a consistent S-trending movement. In the area to the east of 90°E, that is the area from Himalayas block towards NE, the movement direction of the blocks rotates clockwisely and the movement rates of the blocks are different. Generally, the movement rate is large in the west and south and small in the east and north with a difference of 3 to 4 times between the rates in the west and east. The distributions of principal compressive strain directions of the blocks are also different. The principal strain of the blocks located to the west of 90°E is basically in the SN direction, the principal compressive strain of the blocks in the northeastern part of Qingzang plateau is roughly in the NE direction and the direction of principal compressive strain of the blocks in the southeastern part of Qingzang plateau rounds clockwisely the east end of Himalayas structure. In addition, the principal strain and shear strain rates of the blocks are also different. The Himalayas and Tianshan blocks have the largest principal compressive strain and the maximum shear strain rate. Then, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Southwest Yunnan (SW Yunnan), Qilian and Sichuan-Yunan (Chuan-Dian) blocks followed. The strain rate of the blocks in the eastern part is smaller. The estimation based on the stain condition indicates that Himalayas block is still the area with the most intensive tectonic activity and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 15.2 ± 1.5 mm/a. Tianshan block ranks the second and it shortens in the NS direction at the rate of 10.1 ± 0.9 mm/a. At present, the two blocks are still uprising. It can be seen from superficial strain that the Chinese mainland is predominated by superficial expansion. Almost the total area in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland is expanded, while in the western part, the superficial compression and expansion are alternatively distributed from the south to the north. In the Chinese mainland, most EW-trending or proximate EW-trending faults have the left-lateral or left-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides, and most NS-trending faults have the right-lateral or right-lateral strike-slip relative movements along both sides. According to the data from GPS measurements the left-lateral strike-slip rate is 4.8 ± 1.3 mm/a in the central part of Altun fault and 9.8 ± 2.2 mm/a on Xianshuihe fault. The movement of the fault along the block boundary has provided the condition for block movement, so the movements of the block and its boundary are consistent, but the movement levels of the blocks are different. The statistic results indicate that the relative movement between most blocks is quite significant, which proves that active blocks exist. Himalayas, Tianshan, Qiangtang and SW Yunnan blocks have the most intensive movement; China-Mongolia, China-Korea (China-Korea), Alxa and South China blocks are rather stable. The mutual action of India, Pacific and Philippine Sea plates versus Eurasia plate is the principal driving force to the block movement in the Chinese mainland. Under the NNE-trending intensive press from India plate, the crustal matter of Qingzang plateau moves to the NNE and NE directions, then is hindered by the blocks located in the northern, northeastern and eastern parts. The crustal matter moves towards the Indian Ocean by the southeastern part of the plateau.     

APPLICATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE AND ELEVATION VARIATION COEFFICIENT IN IDENTIFYING THE MOTUO ACTIVE FAULT ZONE

The eastern Himalaya syntaxis is located at the southeastern end of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the area where the Eurasian plate collides and converges with the Indian plate. The Namjabawa is the highest peak in the eastern section of the Himalayas, and the Yarlung Zangbo River gorge is around the Namjabawa Peak. The NE-striking Aniqiao Fault with right-lateral strike-slip is the eastern boundary fault of the Namjabawa syntaxis. Motuo Fault is in the east of and parallel to the Aniqiao Fault, distributing along the valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The section of Yarlung Zangbo River valley at the eastern side of the Namjabawa area is located in the southern foothills of the Himalayas and belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone with dense tropical rainforest vegetation. Dense vegetation, large terrain elevation difference, strong endogenetic and exogenic forces, and abundant valley deposition bring enormous difficulty to the research on active faults in this area. Since 1990s, surface morphology can be quantitatively expressed by digital elevation models as the rapid development of remote sensing technology. Geomorphic types and their characteristics can be quantified by geomorphological parameters which are extracted from DEM data, describing geomorphologic evolution and tectonic activity. But to date, researches based on quantitative geomorphic parameters are mainly focus on the differential uplift of regional blocks. In the study and mapping of active faults, surface traces of active faults are acquired by visual interpretation of remote sensing images. It has not been reported to identify the location of active faults via the change of quantitative geomorphic parameters. The distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient is suitable to reflect the regional erosion cutting and topographic relief, and the places with higher topographic elevation variation coefficient are more strongly eroded. In this paper, we attempt to identify the active faults and explore their distribution in the Yarlung Zangbo Gorge in the east of the Namjabawa Peak based on the application of two quantitative geomorphic parameters, namely, the topographic slope and the elevation variation coefficient. Using the DEM data of 30m resolution, two quantitative geomorphic parameters of topographic slope and elevation variation coefficient in Namjabawa and its surrounding areas were obtained on the ArcGIS software platform. On the topographic slope distribution map, the slope of the eastern and western banks of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is steep with a slope angle of more than 30°. Under the background of steep terrain, there are gentle slope belts of 5°~25° distributing intermittently and NE-striking. On the distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient, the elevation variation coefficient of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is greater than 0.9. On the background of the high topographic fluctuation area, it develops gently topographic undulating belts with elevation variation coefficient of 0.2~0.9. The belts are intermittently distributed and northeastern trending. Through the field geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation, it is found that the abnormal strips of the above-mentioned geomorphological parameters are the locations where the active faults pass. The above results show that the quantitative analysis of the topographic slope and the coefficient of variation of elevation can help us find active faults in areas with large terrain slope, serious vegetation coverage and high denudation intensity.     

喜马拉雅山南部的构造复杂性

根据对恒河盆地西部的多振型宽频带面波频散资料的分析推断,该区的地壳结构不具有大陆地盾的特征,相反,却非常象某些海洋高地。这一异常的海洋型地壳与恒河盆地东部地盾地壳的分界线可能在阿拉瓦利山脉（Aravalli Ridge）。该处地壳的地质特征具有异常高的电导率,其走向垂直于喜马拉雅山脉。目前广为接受的假定认为是构造均匀的印度大陆岩石圈向喜马拉雅山下俯冲。本文的研究结果对此观点提出了置疑:在北部印度大陆内的地壳运动可能存在着差异。我们追溯印度-欧亚大陆的碰撞历史,这个因素恐怕是不容忽视的。