MRPN technique for assessment of working risks in underground coal mines

Accidents in underground collieries, under geological and geotechnical uncertainties, cause some irrecoverable consequences for workers. Recognizing and studying the effective factors in the occurrence of such accidents have a very crucial impact on improving worker safety and reducing mining costs. This paper introduces a new and beneficial technique named “modified risk priority number (MRPN)” for recognizing and assessing those risks which may cause working accidents in Iranian underground collieries. The available qualitative data from the mines was quantified using standard tables established for risk assessment. The technique was exemplified using data from mine accidents in Kerman and East-Alborz regions. Roof-fall was found to be the most significant risk factor in the mines that were investigated.     

Validation of RMR-based support design using roof bolts by numerical modeling for underground coal mine of Monnet Ispat, Raigarh, India—a case study

In underground coal mines, a lot of major fatalities have occurred due to roof fall in the newly developed faces or galleries of coal mines during the development or production of coal. There are around 500 underground coalmines in India, and continuous production or development or exploitation of coal depends upon the stability of the gateways developed in the form of galleries, which are supported in such a manner so that they can last up to that period, unless it has been finally extracted out with an operation called depillaring. A system of support design with roof bolting, resin bolting, and cable bolting for the aforesaid galleries is presently being decided on the basis of rock mass rating (RMR). The same support design has been attempted with the use of 3D numerical modeling technique—a tool nowadays very extensively used in geotechnical engineering to predict the stability of structures to be built or for the structures which are built against nature, i.e., underground mines. In this study, the support design system on the basis of RMR has also been validated with a numerical modeling technique for three locations of Monnet Ispat underground coalmine. After the study, it has been found that the numerical modeling technique can give better design of support system in underground coal mines in comparison with RMR-based support design system, and it will also play a major role in reducing the total cost incurred in coal exploitation from the underground coal mines.     

武宁县煤矿矿山地质灾害发育现状及防治措施

江西省武宁县煤矿多属小型矿山,但小煤矿的开采同样会引起诸多矿山地质灾害问题,如废石乱堆乱放,诱发泥石流;不规范开采,造成区域地下水位下降,引起地面沉降、塌陷和矿井冒顶、突水、瓦斯爆炸等,这些问题需要评估和解决。对上述问题进行成因分析、危害性探讨,并针对每项矿山地质灾害问题提出相应的防治措施,可使该区地质灾害得到有效的控制。     

攸县矿山地质灾害及其防治对策

攸县有各类煤矿320多家，废石乱堆乱放，引起泥石流；不规落开采，造成植被破坏，地下水位下降，引起地面沉隆，塌陷和矿井冒顶，突水、瓦斯爆炸等矿山地质灾害；这就是煤矿布局不合理，未对采矿活动全程监管所致，为使矿山地质灾害降到最低程度，必须加强领导，加大地质调查力度，多方筹集资金，编制全县矿山地质灾害防治规则，实行谁破坏，谁治理，以保护国家和人民生命财产安全。     

ZDY25000LDK智能化定向钻进装备关键技术研究

利用顺煤层、顶板高位钻孔抽采煤层气是当前煤矿井下煤层气综合治理最直接、有效的方法。提高定向钻孔钻进速度和起伏变化大、薄厚不均煤层中的钻遇率,降低施工人员劳动强度,提高钻孔事故预防能力,适应煤矿智能化发展需求,满足煤矿井下长距离定向钻孔施工的智能化钻进装备是当前煤矿井下钻探领域亟待解决的重要问题。基于地质导向和旋转导向钻进施工对钻机精确控制的实际需求,以及煤矿智能化发展的迫切需要,提出了基于防爆电液控制技术的煤矿井下长距离定向钻进装备自动化控制和分体紧凑布局设计的集成化解决方案。重点解决总体紧凑布局设计、关键执行部件设计、自动装卸钻杆技术、防爆电液控制技术、大流量泥浆泵单元设计等设计和技术。研制的ZDY25000LDK智能化定向钻进装备,实现了长距离定向钻进施工过程中自动化装卸钻杆控制、智能化定向钻进施工、参数实时监测以及典型故障智能诊断与预警等功能,使定向钻进装备的智能化水平得到全面提升,为旋转导向和地质导向施工,以及“以孔代巷”大直径定向钻孔高效施工提供了可靠装备保障。      

面向智能化开采的矿井煤岩层综合对比技术

煤岩层对比工作贯穿于整个煤炭地质勘查与矿井生产阶段的全过程,针对近距离、多煤层且构造复杂的矿井生产阶段煤岩层对比困难的问题,以贵州盘县煤田火烧铺煤矿为研究对象,通过对地质勘查资料的分析,结合地面瓦斯勘查钻孔、井下地质调查、瓦斯参数测试工程从地质勘查阶段已经建立的煤岩层对比标志层中提取适应于矿井生产阶段的标志层;结合矿井生产过程中井筒、巷道、工作面及其两巷道、切眼等井巷工程生产揭露资料的宏/微观煤岩、煤质化验、煤层顶底板岩石力学、煤层的光学特征等资料,提炼矿井生产过程中基于开采技术条件的煤岩层对比的标志;综合地质勘查与矿井生产阶段重新构建矿井生产阶段煤岩层综合对比标准体系。研究表明:地质勘查阶段构建的煤岩层对比标志层在矿井生产阶段岩性组合、地球物理测井曲线,高位标志性岩层以及古生物化石层基本上失去了指导意义,而煤层结构、伪顶或低位直接顶板古生物化石层、岩性标志层仍具有指导意义,可以指导实践生产;矿井生产阶段大量的地层倾角数据、宏/微观煤岩组分特征、煤层夹矸岩性,尤其是可见光、热红外等光学特征,煤层瓦斯含量、压力参数,煤层顶底板岩石力学参数等是煤岩层对比的良好标志层;构建的煤岩层综合对比技术体系可以有效地指导煤矿巷道高效掘进、工作面快速回采并识别断层发育特征。研究成果不仅可以指导煤矿井下生产工作而且可以为构造复杂区的煤矿井下工作面智能化开采提供基础地质资料,为煤矿安全、高效、智能化开采提供地质保障技术。      

A New Blastability Index for Hard Roof Management in Blasting Gallery Method

The presence of hard and massive sandstone above the coal seam in underground coal mines often leads to delay in caving of overlying rock beds thereby causing excessive load on supports and posing danger to underground workings. The problem is more prominent in blasting gallery (BG) as well as longwall mining methods in Indian coal mines. Induced caving by blasting is a promising means for hard roof management in underground coal mines. Based on extensive studies and data collected from different mines in India, a Blastability Index (BI) has been developed which can be used for the classification of roof according to the degree of ease in caving by induced blasting. Different charge factors have also been suggested based on the Blastability Index. Due to wide change in the method of extractions, ??Cavability Index?? for longwall panel was found ineffective in case of BG method of working as well as bord and pillar working. For this reason, this proposed Blastability Index would be of immense help for caving of hard roof by induced blasting.     

Evaluation of the Effect of Fault on the Stability of Underground Workings of Coal Mine through DEM and Statistical Analysis

The rock mass around an excavation is generally traversed by different geological discontinuities such as faults, folds, slips, joints, etc. Fault is one of the major geological discontinuities which creates lot of difficulties during underground winning of coal. Entire stress regime and ground conditions in the formation are altered in and around the faults. Faults also impose detrimental effects by introducing impurities, including clay and various forms of mineral matter into the coal seams; opening of pathways for the influx of water and gas into the underground workings; displacing the coal seams upward/downwards making the coal seams difficult or sometimes impractical to mine. Appropriate evaluation of the effect of the fault on the stability of the underground workings is a requisite for safe design of the underground mining structures. In this paper, a study has been carried out to assess the effect of the fault on the stability of underground coal mines by numerical simulation with distinct element method (DEM). On the calibrated DEM model, parametric study has been performed by varying the selected parameters, the dip and the friction angles of the fault. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that both the factors have statistically significant effect on the strength of the coal pillar. Similarly, the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata are evaluated by the DEM modelling and statistical analysis when the fault passes through the middle of the gallery. The results of ANOVA for both cases indicate that the both factors have significant effect on the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata. It is obtained from the study that the low angle fault causes high instability in the immediate roof. The paper has been supplemented with the field observations where instability in underground roadways of a coal mine in India is caused by the fault. It was observed in VK-7 incline mine of Singareni Collieries Company Limited, India that there was sudden failure of immediate roof of a roadway where a low angle fault crosses the middle of the roadway. The findings of the paper help to understand the behaviour of the coal pillar and the surrounding rock mass in the presence of the fault. The study would also help to take appropriate decisions about the unstable regions of the working safeguarding safety in underground coal mines.     

Different bedding loaded coal mechanics properties and acoustic emission

Using TAW-2000KN electro-hydraulic servo rock press machines and the American Physical Acoustics Company’s SH-II acoustic emission systems, experimental studies began to address the mechanical properties in different beddings of loaded coal and the related acoustic emission characteristics, established based on the acoustic emission damage model, and verify the model. The results show that the mechanical properties of different coal sample beddings are distinctive, with maximum uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of vertical stratification of coal samples and the minimum Poisson’s ratio. Thus, the minimum uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of oblique bedding coal samples along with the maximum Poisson’s ratio in the processes of loading result in different bedding coal samples having different stress–strain curves, especially when different bedding coal samples experience the stages of fissure compression, elastic deformation, plastic deformation and instability and destruction. In addition, the displacement proportions of each stage of the loading process have relatively obvious differences: the loading times of vertical, parallel and oblique bedding coal are 495, 382 and 331 s, respectively, and their acoustic emission mutation points of peak stress are approximately 60, 41 and 33%, respectively. Thus, we can use the mutation point as precursor information to estimate the damage intensity in different bedding seams. The theoretical and experimental stress–strain curves obtained by the coal damage model are basically identical, verifying the reliability of the model and reflecting the feasibility of acoustic emission technology in the study of coal damage. The results can effectively forecast coal and gas outburst hazard in coal mines, especially highly gassy and outburst mines. It can also make comprehensive predictions for flooding accidents, roof fall accidents and other disasters, and provide valuable evacuation time for underground coal mine workers. The results are of great scientific significance in safeguarding the safety of coal mines.     

煤矿水害精准探查钻探技术

为了保证煤矿井下安全生产,对煤矿水害精准探查钻探技术进行了系统的分析与研究。针对桑树坪煤矿3110工作面230 m皮带巷道物探探测结果,对富水异常区域布设探查钻孔,采用随钻测量定向钻探技术与常规回转钻探技术相结合的钻探方法进行区域探查试验。桑树坪煤矿现场试验结果表明,精准钻探技术能通过富水区域空间位置灵活布设钻孔的方式对煤矿井下富水异常区域进行探查,同时,可以有效地推断出地质异常区域范围,避免异常富水区域突水淹井事故,确保了桑树坪矿11号煤巷道的安全掘进,为煤矿区地质异常区探测提供技术支持,为煤矿井下安全生产提供保障。     

Voxler平台在煤矿富水性勘查中的三维可视化应用

煤矿安全是全国安全生产工作的重中之重,特别是近年来煤矿水害时有发生,我国煤矿水文地质条件较为复杂,地表水、老空水、冲积层水和顶板水等各种类型的水害俱全,无论是受水威胁的面积、类型,还是受水害威胁的严重程度,都为世界罕见。瞬变电磁法在煤矿富水性的勘探中已得到广泛应用,但对于结果的解释仍处于二维水平,往往是先在断面图上圈定异常体的范围,再根据相对的位置关系落到平面图上进行解释,因此对于异常体的空间分布描述较差,存在一定的局限性。本文结合山西某煤矿富水性勘查中瞬变电磁法的实测数据,利用Voxler平台从三维数据的整合、三维模型的建立、模型的地形校正及白化等关键点进行了研究,绘制了三维视电阻率模型,展示了异常体的空间分布形态,使成果更为直观、立体,从而更好的指导煤矿的安全生产。     

Development of a GIS-based monitoring and management system for underground coal mining safety

Coal mine safety is of paramount concern to mining industry. Mine accidents have various causes and consequences including catastrophic failure of mine, substantial economic losses and most notably loss of lives. Therefore, any initiative in mine monitoring is of vital importance for progressing safety surveillance and maintenance.This paper presents the development of a geographic information system (GIS)-based monitoring and management system for underground mine safety in three levels as constructive safety, surveillance and maintenance, and emergency. The developed model integrates the database design and management to the monitoring system implementation which encompasses query and analysis operations with the help of web and desktop applications. Interactive object-oriented graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were developed to visualize information about the entities gathered from the model and also to provide analysis operations based on the graphical representations and demonstrations using data tables and map objects.The research methodology essentially encompasses five main stages: (i) designing a conceptual database model; (ii) development of a logical model in terms of entity-relationship (ER) diagrams; (iii) development of a physical model based on physical constraints and requirements; (iv) development of GUIs and implementation of the developed model, analysis and queries; (v) verification and validation of the created model for Ömerler underground coal mine in Turkey. The proposed system is expected to be an efficient tool for improving and maintaining healthy standards in underground coal mines which can possibly be extended to a national GIS infrastructure.     

长壁孤岛工作面冲击失稳能量场演化规律

煤矿冲击地压一直是困扰中国煤矿安全的主要问题,而煤矿开采过程中跳采形成的孤岛工作面由于容易产生应力集中,来压强度提高,极容易发生冲击地压。基于唐山矿T2193下孤岛工作面的地质条件,从数值分析的角度研究了煤岩体材料的非均匀性,揭示了孤岛工作面顶板周期来压时煤岩体能量释放的动态特征,分析了工作面前方能量释放激增机制。数值模拟结果显示,长壁工作面回采过程中直接顶的不断垮落造成了老顶悬空距离的不断增大,工作面周期来压时,积聚于老顶岩层内的弹性应变能将瞬间释放,容易引发工作面及巷道的冲击失稳。孤岛工作面由于其特有的矿压显现特征,老顶周期破断时所释放的弹性应变能将更加剧烈,冲击地压势必愈加强烈。孤岛工作面顶底板和煤层的能量释放激增可以作为判断煤岩体冲击失稳的前兆信息。孤岛工作面前方发生冲击破坏的主要原因是由于工作面回采过程中围岩所积聚的大量弹性能在顶板断裂时所伴随的巨大能量释放而造成的。     

软岩厚度对层状顶板破坏特征影响分析

顶板冒落是煤矿生产的五大灾害之一。顶板冒落主要与顶板岩层性质、赋存状态等因素有关,其中软弱岩层赋存的厚度变化是顶板冒落的主要原因之一。利用东北大学岩石破裂过程分析系统（RFPA2D）,针对煤矿沉积岩层顶板破坏进行力学分析,并对赋存不同厚度软岩的层状顶板的破坏情况进行了数值计算。探讨了不同厚度的软弱岩层对巷道稳定性的影响,得出了不同厚度软弱岩层在巷道开挖后的破坏过程和最后冒落的形状,提出了对不同厚度软弱岩层的层状顶板巷道有针对性的支护措施。该结果对现场施工和试验具有重要的参考价值。     

Simulation of roof shear failure in coal mine roadways using an innovative UDEC Trigon approach

Shear failure is a common failure mechanism in underground coal mine roadways. This paper presents an innovative numerical approach to simulate shear failure of a coal mine roadway roof. The distinct element code, UDEC, incorporating a proposed Trigon logic is employed for the study. Using this approach, shear failure in the mine roof characterized by fractured initiation and propagation is successfully captured. The results suggest that shear failure of the roadway roof initiates at the roadway corners and then progressively propagates deeper into the roof, finally forming a large scale roof failure. The numerical results confirmed the time sequence of marked microseismic activity, significant stress changes and accelerated displacement during the process of a roof fall. The effect of rock bolting in the control of roof shear failure in a roadway is evaluated using the UDEC Trigon approach. It is found that the installation of rock bolts constrains rock dilation, reduces failure of rock bridges and maintains rock strength thereby leading to a significant decrease in roof sag.     

新时期我国煤矿地下空间综合利用现状及展望

我国煤炭资源的长期大规模开采,产生了大量的地下空间,直接一关了之不仅造成地下空间资源浪费,还可能产生一系列安全、环境及经济问题,因此,如何科学、高效地解决煤矿地下空间的综合开发利用问题,对煤炭产业乃至国民经济的发展具有重要现实意义。笔者等以主要产煤省份为代表,结合调研收集的最新生产煤矿和关闭煤矿数据,深入分析了“十三五”期间生产煤矿地下空间和关闭煤矿地下空间总体情况,系统总结了国内外煤矿地下空间在储物、储能等方面的功能化利用现状,指出了当前我国煤矿地下空间利用存在资源数据信息匮乏、整体开发利用率低、相关技术研究工作仍相对滞后、可供推广借鉴的成熟示范工程较少等问题,提出了新时期煤矿地下空间基础数据库建设、利用体系构建、关键技术攻关、示范工程推广4个方面作为重点发展方向。     

彬长矿区“井上下”立体防治冲击地压新模式

随着煤矿开采强度的不断增大,矿井逐渐向深部转移,冲击地压灾害日益严峻。而深部冲击地压矿井往往存在一层或多层坚硬厚岩层,这些坚硬顶板厚度较大,整体性强,突然断裂时会释放大量弹性能,易引发冲击地压事故,严重制约矿井安全生产。以陕西彬长矿区孟村矿为例,针对矿区内煤层埋藏深、普遍存在多种坚硬厚岩层的特殊情况,提出针对性治理措施：对顶板上方0～80 m范围内厚度超过10 m的坚硬厚岩层进行破断、弱化处理,对煤层上方0～30 m范围的低位岩层采取顶板深孔爆破预裂措施,对煤层上方30～60 m范围内的中位坚硬岩层采取顶板定向长钻孔水力压裂措施,对煤层60 m以上高位坚硬岩层采取地面水平井分段压裂措施;使高、中、低位顶板产生的裂缝在垂向上实现贯穿,将顶板“切割”成相对规则的“块状”结构,使上覆岩层应力由“硬传递”转化为“软传递”;并结合煤层大直径孔卸压、煤层爆破等煤层卸压措施,形成了区域与局部相结合、煤层与岩层全覆盖的“井上下”立体防治模式。工程实践证明：采用“井上下”立体防治模式后,工作面103 J以上微震事件降低88%,周期来压强度降低23%,来压持续时间缩短61%,防冲效果良好。该技术模式的成功...     

矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪标定与试验

为有效识别煤层及其顶底板,针对煤矿定向钻孔施工需求,开发了矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪。通过自然伽马测井刻度获得仪器刻度系数,采用标准井测试及煤矿井下穿层孔试验,获得矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪多种测量曲线。通过与标准井伽马曲线对比及穿层孔地质资料分析,验证了矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪测量结果的准确性。山西伯方煤矿井下应用试验表明,矿用电磁随钻伽马测井仪在定向钻孔施工中不仅能进行钻孔轨迹测量同时可有效识别煤层顶底板界面,对于指导煤矿井下定向钻孔施工、提高目的层钻遇率具有重要意义。      

Responses of roof and pillars of underground coal mines to vibration induced by adjacent open-pit blasting

Investigations were carried out at seven underground coal mines in India to characterise the responses of roof and pillars of underground workings to the vibrations induced by adjacent open-pit blasting. The roof rocks of the selected underground instrumented panels were having RMR between 36.7 to 57. Monitoring of strata behaviour was carried out before and after blasts. Arrangements were made to mount the transducers of seismographs in roof and pillars to monitor the vibration. Attempts were made to monitor the vibration simultaneously, for a blast, in the pillar and at the junction of the roof or away from the junction in the gallery. 102 sets of such vibration data were recorded in the underground mines. It was observed that the roof of underground roadways vibrated with higher peak particle velocity (PPV) compared to pillars. The amplification of vibration in the roof compared to pillars, away from the junction, was 1.02 to 2.58 times whereas at the junctions, it was 2.04 to 5.57 times.     

坚硬顶板超前区域治理技术在神东布尔台煤矿的应用

坚硬顶板是岩层控制的一大难题,高位坚硬岩层的破断失稳经常会诱发强矿压灾害,严重威胁矿井的安全生产,坚硬顶板的治理是煤矿安全生产的重大难题之一。针对神东矿区布尔台煤矿煤层顶板厚度大、硬度高、垮落难等问题,分析定向长钻孔分段水力压裂的压裂机理和技术优势,基于关键层理论确定了钻孔布置层位,采用拟三维裂缝模型对压裂注入时间和注入流速对裂缝扩展的影响进行分析计算,确定布尔台煤矿42108工作面顶板压裂钻孔布置方式,沿工作面倾向方向平行布孔3个,裂缝半长41 m,压裂控制区域覆盖了整个工作面。实践表明:42108工作面在实施了坚硬顶板分段水力压裂弱化后,工作面正常支架循环末阻力同比下降3.33%;周期来压期间,支架循环末阻力同比下降6.81%;动载系数平均降低了10.88%;强矿压显现减弱,保证工作面安全回采。