吉林龙岗火山碎屑分形研究

用分形理论分析了吉林龙岗火山碎屑物粒度的分形结构特征。结果显示,射气喷发碎屑物分维值>射气岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值>岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值,分维值可作为区分火山不同喷发类型的定量参数。而对于龙岗岩浆喷发碎屑物,不同火山喷发的碎屑物其分维值也有差别,晚期喷发的金龙顶子火山碎屑分维值>2,早期喷发的小金龙顶子碎屑分维值>2,火山碎屑物分维值可作为区分不同喷发源和划分火山喷发地层序列的一种指标。研究表明,分维值<2的火山碎屑中有不同含量的非等轴颗粒,且分维值与非等轴颗粒的含量呈负相关     

甘肃北山花岗岩裂隙几何学特征研究及岩石质量初探

文中以甘肃北山花岗岩中发育的构造裂隙(主要指节理)为研究对象,通过野外裂隙调查,应用传统的概率统计方法与分形几何学理论,利用Mapinfo,ArcGIS平台进行裂隙几何学参数(方位、长度、密度等)的统计、计算和裂隙网络的空间结构分析,研究花岗岩岩体中裂隙的几何学特征。并以此为基础,对甘肃北山花岗岩岩体质量优劣进行初步评价。结果表明:在10～200cm范围内,裂隙网络是分形的;5个测点裂隙网络的分维值分别是1.636,1.548,1.596,1.724,1.604。分维数D不仅能刻画岩体中结构面发育的数量,而且能反映结构面在岩体中分布的均匀程度和交切方式。因此,可以表征岩体的质量优劣,对岩体质量进行分级。按照分维所划分的岩体质量分级,北山花岗岩属于裂隙较发育、岩体质量等级一般的岩体     

测井数据分维计算及其应用条件研究

分形几何已成功地应用于储层表征,分维是储层一征和随机建模的控制参数,为了准确表征储层,必须精确地估计分维值。本文介绍了利用测井数据计算储层分维值的三种方法：变尺度分析法（Ｒ／Ｓ分析）,变异函数分析法、功率谱分析法,研究发现分维计算中对数据的分级处理实际上就是对数据进行灰色累加生成。研究表明影响分维估计精度的主要因素有四种：数据点数、数据概率分布、数据平稳性,无标度区,研究认为,现有的３种方法不能用     

断层泥粒度成分的分形研究

用分形理论分析了断层泥粒度成分的分形结构特征，其分维在２～３之间，平均值为２．８左右。分维可作为定量描述断层泥粒度成分的参数，分维值高的断层泥，自组织程度高，其形成演化处于高级阶段。探讨了断层泥的分维及其物理力学性质指标和断层运动特征的关系     

云南地区强震前时空强分维特征

本文以标度变换法、相关函数法、最小二乘法分别计算时间分维D_t、空间分维D_s、强度分维D_m(b值),系统清理了云南地区1976年以来6级以上强震前时空强分维的变化特征,表明强震前的降维现象是普遍存在的,但各次强震前的异常三要素又表现出复杂的多样性。结果还表明,强震前小震活动在时间分布上的明显不均匀性主要表现在强震孕育地区,而在空间分布上的明显不均匀性却主要表现在强震孕育的外围地区。     

宇宙分维构造及其数学基础

探讨了宇宙分维构造的形式,给出了分维微积分及分形测度的数学基础,包括分维导数及分维微积分的表述形式、分维微分方程的规整空间积分解、分形测度的分维微积分定义及自相似分形的测度计算方程．作为诠释,探讨了原子核内中子与质子的趋势关系方程,以及其周期解和原子序数极限值。     

祁连山与龙首山断层的分维特征

本文利用分维几何学方法对祁连山和龙首山断层进行了定量性研究。结果表明,分维数可以表征断层的不均匀性、不规则性和复杂性等,但是,与地震活动无明显的相关关系。分维数的大小与断层分枝数、断层迹线的展布面积有一定关系。     

Fractal Dimension of the Channel Network Structure of Selenga River Delta

Specific features of the geomorphology and hydrology of Selenga River delta are considered. Fractal theory is used to evaluate the fractal dimension of the river delta as a branched structure. The fractal dimension of the planar pattern of the Selenga and Volga deltas are evaluated for the first time using three independent methods. The obtained values are 1.38 and 1.72, respectively.     

山西及邻区水系与黄土冲沟的分形几何学分析结果及其与构造活动的关系

本文用分形几何理论,对山西及邻区水系与黄土冲沟作了分析,发现水系与冲沟分维值的大小反映了该区构造活动性的强弱,分维值的分布定量地反映了区域构造活动的背景及各区域构造活动性的差异,在构造活动强的区域,分维值高,反之则低。按分维值的大小山西断陷带分成南中北三段,以中段介休-临汾一带的分维值及反映的构造活动性最强。该区分维值的分布及反映的构造活动性有从四周向中间增强的特点,增强区与强震的发生有关     

高温后灰岩单轴压缩的分形特征研究

温度是影响岩石物理力学性质的重要因素,对不同温度作用后灰岩单轴压缩的碎块进行统计分析,结果表明灰岩的块度分布是个分形,分形维数D是反映高温后灰岩破碎程度恰当的特征统计量,同时D表现出随温度的增大而减小的性质。在此基础上,通过扫描电镜分析,获得温度对岩石力学性质的影响主要与组成岩石矿物性质和内部微观结构有关,而不同温度的作用会影响岩石矿物组成成分和岩石的晶格结构,在灰岩的扫描电镜结果对比中已发现微观形貌特征的差异,这可从内在机制方面解释不同温度下灰岩分维值变化特征。     

岩石构造对声发射统计特征的影响

利用一套最新型的全波形、宽动态声发射观测系统,对两种不同构造的花岗岩在三轴压缩变形实验中的声发射活动进行了对比研究。二者在声发射空间分布,声发射与体积扩容的对应关系,声发射频谱特征及频度能级统计参数等方面均有明显差异。这表明,岩石构造对声发射的基本统计特征有显著的控制作用。其原因在于岩石构造的差异造成变形方式和变形过程的不同     

Stress-induced crack path in Aji granite under tensile stress

The double-torsion test using Aji granite was carried out to investigate the interaction between stress-induced crack path and mineral grains. Crack velocities were controlled at range 10^–7 m/s to 10^–1 m/s. After the stressed specimens were dyed, we checked the crack path by thin section analysis, using an optical microscope. The stress-induced crack path was divided into two types, transgranular and intergranular cracks, and each path was subdivided with respect to mineral grains. In spite of the extensive range of crack velocities, the ratios between the transgranular and intergranular crack lengths did not change. The crack paths were all jagged, and often showed detour around the grain boundary when faced with obstacles like hard grains or preexisting cracks. That is to say, quartz grain played an important role as an obstacle. Feldspar grain could change the crack path because of its cleavage plane. Biolite grain had a serious effect on the path even if its constitution ratio is very small. Fractal dimensions of the crack paths were calculated by three methods, as indicators of surface roughness. The fractal dimensions were shown in a slight trend with the change of crack velocity. This trend can be explained from the point of limited cracking rate in stress corrosion.     

Fractal research of fault gouge

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Fractal interrelationships between topography and structure

Factal interrelationships between topography and structure are investigated in two areas of the North American central Appalachian Mountains: one in the intensely deformed Valley and Ridge province and the other in the relatively undeformed foreland area of the Appalachian Plateau province. In the Valley and Ridge province the fractal dimensions of topographic and structural relief vary systematically along the strike of major folds following a second-order polynominal trend. Cross-correlation of the fractal dimensions of topography to structure indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between the two. Fractal analysis of topography in the relatively undeformed foreland area of the Appalachian Plateau revealed no significant variation in the fractal characteristics of topography across the study area, consistent with the lack of near-surface structure. However, fractal analysis of deeper structures beneath the Plateau area undertaken using reflection seismic data revealed step-wise increases in fractal dimension from the deeply buried Precambrian basement to the near-surface. These vertical changes in fractal dimension can be related to the tectonic history of the area. Taken together, these studies indicate that fractal analysis provides a means to quantify and compare the influence of near-surface structure on topographic development and lateral and vertical structural variability. Fractal analysis provides a means to characterize the systematic changes in the complex patterns formed by topography and structure and the interrelationships between them. Similarity in their fractal characteristics implies similarity in the relative amplitude and abundance of different wavelength features in the topographic or structural profile. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两类三轴实验花岗岩的微破裂对比研究

用显微镜对三轴实验后,稻田花岗岩样品内部的微破裂进行了观测.对比了两类三轴实验的微破裂,一种是常规三轴实验(1>2=3),另一种是真三轴实验(1>2>3).观测表明,茂木清夫在真三轴实验中发现的脆性岩石体积膨胀的各向异性效应是由微破裂的各向异性引起的,从而阐明了这一效应的微观机制,并对中等主应力引起的膨胀和微破裂的各向异性效应在地震研究中的意义进行了初步探讨.      

Detection of seismic reflections from seismic attributes through fractal analysis

The concept of fractals is used here for the identification of seismic reflectors with special emphasis on thin‐bed delineation, which is generally overlooked during standard data processing. A new fractal analysis scheme is applied to both synthetic and real field seismic data. The fractal dimensions of the three seismic attributes – amplitude, phase, and instantaneous frequency – have been analysed and evaluated. A change in fractal dimension is found to occur whenever there is a reflection. However, the resolution in the delineation of reflectors varies, depending on the attribute under consideration and the method of fractal dimension estimation used. Fractal analysis is performed on both noise‐free and noisy synthetic data to establish the noise tolerance limit for both the ‘divider method’ and the ‘Hurst method’. It is then tested with different peak frequencies of the source wavelet to establish the criteria for using the divider method and the Hurst method. The divider method is found to be suitable for high peak frequency source wavelets (> 25 Hz), while the Hurst method is best suited for low peak frequency source wavelets (< 25 Hz). Finally, when applied to the digitally processed and migrated field seismic data, it could even delineate reflectors which otherwise went undetected on the migrated time section.     

含V形构造花岗岩块体破坏过程中的声发射特征

试样采用 2 0 0mm× 2 0 0mm× 15mm云南大理产粗粒花岗岩 ,其上切割出雁列式断层组成的V形块体边界 ,切缝以石膏填充。按构造特征 ,把样品分为几个区 ,其中A区为断层交汇区 ;B区为左行左列岩桥区 ;C区为右行左列岩桥区。采用双轴加压。文中详细讨论了岩样受压破坏过程中的声发射特征。微破裂定位表明 ,声发射有区域群发性和成群的迁移性。微破裂从A区向B区迁移最后到C区。在迁移初期 ,声发射在原发生地与迁移地两处交替发生。相对较大的声发射 ,每个时期每个区域均有发生 ,但C区即最后发生地相对集中 ,该处岩桥区断裂后试样崩溃。定点应变结果也出现了 3次突跳 ,与声发射A ,B ,C区的声发射移动特征相吻合。用“累计频度 -能级”关系对局部b值的分析显示 :主破裂前 ,C区b值明显减小。从构造特征上看 ,三区为不同构造的相交处 ,为事件发生敏感地段 ,这就导致了不同的破裂顺序 ,甚至产生不同的破裂前兆现象     

Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Pulverized Tejon Lookout Granite Adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock Faults: Implications for Earthquake Physics

We present new detailed analyses of samples of pulverized Tejon Lookout granite collected from sections adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock faults in southern California. The Tejon Lookout granite is pulverized in all exposures within about 100 m from both faults. Chemical analyses indicate no or little weathering in the collected samples, although XRD analysis shows the presence of smectite, illite, and minor kaolinite in the clay-size fraction. Weathering products may dominate in the less than 1 micron fraction. The average grain size in all samples of pulverized Tejon Lookout granite ranges between 26 and 208 microns (silt to fine sand), with the particle size distribution in part a function of proximity to the primary slip zone. The San Andreas fault samples that we studied are generally finer grained than those collected from adjacent to the Garlock fault. The particle size distribution for each studied sample from both faults follows a pseudo-power law with a continuously changing exponent, which suggests that pulverization is not simply a consequence of direct shear. The average particle size that we determined for our samples is considerably coarser than reported in previous investigations, which we attribute to possible measurement errors in the prior work. Our data and observations suggest that dynamic fracturing in the wall rock of the San Andreas and Garlock faults only accounts for about 1% or less of the earthquake energy budget.     

用分形理论研究海南岛的活动断裂

在编制海南岛及其邻近地区地震构造图的基础上，利用数盒子法计算了海南岛的活动断裂的分形维数，并从分形理论的角度讨论了活动断裂和地震活动性之间的关系，认为活动断裂的分形维数和地震活动性的分形维数是相等的。从活动断裂的分形维数和地震活动性的分形维数的一致性来看，区域性的地震活动可能受到该地区活动断裂空间分布的制约和作用。     

中等主应力变化引起的岩石破坏与地震

用真三轴试验机对福田花岗岩和山口大理岩进行了实验研究.表明,如果从一定的应力状态开始,保持最大主应力和最小主应力不变,单独改变中等主应力可以引起岩石的破坏.在这种情况下破坏前声发射率急剧增长的前兆比由最大主应力增加引起岩石破坏时的声发射前兆出现晚得多.联系这一现象对中等主应力变化引起地震的可能性进行了探讨.