利用小震震源机制解研究太行山断裂带东南缘地区构造应力场

利用P波初动和垂直向记录Pg、Sg振幅比方法,计算得到在太行山断裂带东南缘地区68个中小地震的震源机制解。通过统计方法、系统聚类分析方法分析震源机制解参数,并利用力轴张量计算方法求取区域平均应力场。结果表明,研究区68个中小地震震源机制解走滑类占总数的57%,正断类与逆断类也都存在;最大、最小应力轴倾角都较小,接近水平。该区现今构造应力场的主要特征表现为北东东-南西西向的水平挤压与北北西-南南东向的水平拉伸。     

空气中声波在井下地震计记录强度的特征分析

基于理论地震图,分别探讨台站埋深、S波速度以及衰减结构对井下地震计噪声强度的影响,发现当台站深度小于参考深度即S波速度与声波速度相等的深度时,声波转换波/P波振幅比随深度变化较小;而当台站深度大于参考深度时,声波转换波/P波振幅比随深度指数下降。利用2015年天津爆炸事件在井下地震计记录的波形,分析井下地震计噪声强度的变化特征,其结果与基于理论地震图的结果一致。     

福建水口库区次级断裂的应力分析和活动特征研究

为了解水口水库地区次级断裂的受力性质和活动特征,选用库区15个P波初动清晰可靠的地震震源机制解,采用力轴张量计算法推算了该区构造应力场的主轴方向,进而对断裂进行了应力分析。结果表明,湾口断裂受力性质为压性,其余为张性。根据库区布设的6个跨断层短水准场地观测资料,通过线性拟合方法,发现西瓜洲断裂为正断活动,其余为逆断活动。最后对两种方法得到的结果进行了比较。     

用地震仪准确标定钻孔应变仪

通过共同观测远震面波,可以用地震仪标定钻孔应变仪。其基本思路是先用勒夫波标定剪应变灵敏系数B值,再用瑞利波标定面应变灵敏系数A值。但用不同远震的面波标定出的B值和A值差别较大。为此,引入效度来表示所用地震的面波能够准确地标定出B值和A值的程度,用效度最高的标定值作为最终标定值。用该方法标定仁和地震台的钻孔应变仪,得到A=0.36,效度为-0.71;B=0.73,效度为-0.92。     

利用CAP方法分析2019-12-05拜城MS4.9地震震源机制解

选取新疆测震台网17个宽频带数字台站记录仪的地震波形数据,采用CAP方法反演2019-12-05拜城MS4.9地震震源机制解。结果显示,节面Ⅰ走向302°、倾角36°、滑动角124°,节面Ⅱ走向83°、倾角61°、滑动角68°,最佳深度解为18 km。同时,采用P波初动方法计算2018-11以来与该事件震中相近的5次MS≥3.0地震,结合以往地质资料分析认为,节面Ⅰ为断层错动面,断层类型为逆冲断层。     

巴东地区现今构造应力场分析

利用P波初动方法对巴东地区2009~2016年发生的M>2.0地震进行震源机制解计算,进而应用网格搜索法获得该地区地壳应力状态。结果表明,巴东地区反演所得的S1轴方向为108°~109°,S3轴方向为263°~264°,揭示了该区域现今地壳运动主要受到西部印度板块和青藏高原构造作用影响,外加区域地壳内部存在低速层或速度转折界面,导致研究区构造应力场总体上以NW-SE向的挤压运动为主。     

三峡工程水库重点监视区不同蓄水阶段地震波Q值分析

利用2001～2015年三峡数字遥测地震台网记录到的数字地震观测资料,结合三峡工程水库蓄水情况,采用Atkinson方法分析该地区的地震波衰减特征,得到不同蓄水阶段、不同库段的非弹性衰减结果。结果显示,Q值与频率变化的线性关系较好,各频点在拟合线附近波动;3个库段在不同蓄水阶段均具有较小的Q0值和中等的η值,表明三峡工程水库重点监视区构造复杂,且介质的均匀程度较低;仙女山-九畹溪断裂附近地区Q值较大,表明该地区构造运动比较稳定;巴东高桥断裂附近地区Q值较小,表明该地区构造运动比较强烈;泄滩地区随着水位的升高,Q0值增大,表明该地区介质均匀程度有所提高。     

首都圈及邻区均衡重力异常研究

利用首都圈地区的高精度高程数据,通过Airy均衡补偿模型计算出莫霍面的深度,进一步运用Parker公式计算出地壳所产生的重力异常值。然后从实际布格重力异常观测值中减去均衡校正值,得到该地区的均衡异常值。通过对首都圈地区的均衡重力异常进行分析,讨论了该地区的均衡状态。研究结果表明,首都圈大部分地区基本处于重力均衡状态,非均衡区域多集中在首都圈的西部和北部山区。     

九江-瑞昌地震震源机制和应力场特征

利用九江-瑞昌5.7级地震后震区地震波形资料,采用Snoke发展的基于P波、SV波、SH波初动和振幅比联合计算震源机制解的方法(FOCMEC),分两个时段反演得到176个ML≥1.0地震的震源机制解。结果显示,MS5.7主震发震断层是在近EW向的区域应力场挤压作用下产生的带有逆断性质的左旋走滑断层,余震也以走滑型运动为主,NW向洋鸡山-武山-通江岭隐伏断裂为主震的发震构造。地震节面走向主要集中在NEE和NWW两个方向,与余震分布优势方向、震区构造大体一致。两个时段的震源机制解P轴优势方向均为近EW向,与主震P轴方向接近,也与江西北部地区的构造应力场分布特征相一致。应力场反演结果与震源机制参数统计结果整体一致,表现为近EW向挤压和近NS向拉张作用。     

三峡库首区最小一维速度模型研究

根据三峡台网2001～2006年记录的490个地震事件中的7 330条P波和3 524条S波到时资料,利用Kissling方法得到了三峡库区最小一维P波和S波速度模型以及台站校正值,并应用于地震的精定位.重新定位后地震走时残差均方根从原来的0.56 s下降到0.41 s,地震定位精度在经度、纬度、深度方向上有了较大提高.     

Numerical modeling of neotectonic movements and state of stresses in the central Seismic Gap region,Garhwal Himalaya

This paper presents finite element modeling （FEM） to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust. Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region： the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression, whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension. Correspondingly, thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front. Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front. The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern fiat of Main Himalayan Thrust （MHT） implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya, which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake （M 〉 8）. The comparison between our modeled stress field, faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events, focal mechanism solutions, active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.     

压力及温度对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特征的影响实验

碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值,系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩,开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验,分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明：饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中,声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内,随着温度逐渐升高,饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时,通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度,当差应力较高时,结论相反。相同差应力条件下,声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大,孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降,随着围压增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均...     

渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区地震活动的深部背景

利用西安数字地震遥测台网记录的数字地震资料，采用P初动半周期方法，得到了渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区的Q值分布，探讨了该区域地震活动性与地壳内速度分布、Q值分布及地质构造的关系。结果表明：①Q值分布有两个地区存在较强烈地横向不均匀性，其一是淳化、耀县高Q值区和相邻的西安、富平低Q值区，其二是陕晋交界处的韩城高Q值区和相邻的澄城低Q值区，它们都位于不同构造单元交界、差异运动显著、新老地层交错的地区；②历史强震震中主要分布在Q值分布高、低值间的过渡带上；③Q值分布与20km深度P波速度分布有较好地一致性。上述结果表明，该区域的地震活动性有深部构造背景，与区域速度场、介质品质因子分布密切相关。     

Topography and human disturbances are major controlling factors in treeline pattern at Barun and Manang area in the Nepal Himalaya

The alpine treeline ecotone is an important component of mountain ecosystems of the Nepal Himalaya; it plays a vital role in the livelihood of indigenous people, and provides ecosystem services. However, the region faces a problem of paucity of data on treeline characteristics at the regional and landscape scales. Therefore, we used Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information Science (GIS) approaches to investigate cross-scale interactions in the treeline ecotone. Additionally, European Space Agency land cover map, International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) land cover map, ecological map of Nepal, and United States Geological Survey Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-Digital Elevation Model were used to analyze treeline pattern at the regional scale. Digital Globe high-resolution satellite imagery of Barun (eastern Nepal) and Manang (central Nepal) were used to study treeline patterns at the landscape scale. Treeline elevation ranges from 3300-4300 m above sea level. Abies spectabilis, Betula utilis, and Pinus wallichiana are the main treeline-forming species in the Nepal Himalaya. There is an east to west treeline elevation gradient at the regional scale. No slope exposure is observed at the regional scale; however, at the landscape scale, slope exposure is present only in a disturbed area (Manang). Topography and human disturbance are the main treeline controlling factor in Barun and Manang respectively.     

山东省东平县大洪顶山地区岩溶洞穴景观资源评价

东平县大洪顶山岩溶地貌类型属岩溶山地地貌单元,山坡顶部及陡峭坡段岩石裸露,岩溶裂隙发育,岩体切割破碎,边坡陡立。区内岩溶洞穴发育,岩溶景观资源众多。目前已发现的溶洞有6处,大洪顶山南坡3处,北坡3处,溶洞口出露位置呈NWW向展布,北部九仙洞已探测长度1 862 m,南部神仙洞已探测长度2 052.50 m,溶洞内岩溶景观发育不均匀,发育有石笋、石钟乳、石幔、石帽、边石等。区内岩溶洞穴发育规模宏大,景观资源丰富,属鲁西地区发育规模最大的溶洞,在北方地区具代表性、典型性、稀有性,属我国北方地区不可多得的地质自然遗产,具有良好的开发前景及旅游价值。     

Discontinuous slope failures and pore-water pressure variation

Field experiments were conducted under artificial rainfalls to investigate the processes of soil failures on slope. It is found that the failures were temporally discontinuous and spatially discrete, with a wide range of magnitudes, accompanied by variations of soil moisture and pore-water pressure. Specifically, the experiments indicate that soil failures are more likely to occur on slope with high content of fine particles; the pore-pressure varies in response to soil failures in that the failures evidently affect the pore of the underlying soil. Migration of fine particles from upper to lower part of the slope also impacts the pore-water pressure variations in the slope profile. It is concluded that soil heterogeneity has a significant effect on variation in pore-water pressure, and fine particles transportation influences the building of pore-water pressure, as well as the mass depth, initial porosity, which is key to understanding the spatial characteristics of slope failures.     

Geotechnical investigations and remediation design for failure of tunnel portal section: a case study in northern Turkey

Mass movements are very common problems in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey due to its climate conditions, geological, and geomorphological characteristics. High slope angle, weathering, dense rainfalls, and anthropogenic impacts are generally reported as the most important triggering factors in the region. Following the portal slope excavations in the entrance section of Cankurtaran tunnel, located in the region, where the highly weathered andesitic tuff crops out, a circular toe failure occurred. The main target of the present study is to investigate the causes and occurrence mechanism of this failure and to determine the feasible remedial measures against it using finite element method (FEM) in four stages. These stages are slope stability analyses for pre- and postexcavation cases, and remediation design assessments for slope and tunnel. The results of the FEM-SSR analyses indicated that the insufficient initial support design and weathering of the andesitic tuffs are the main factors that caused the portal failure. After installing a rock retaining wall with jet grout columns and reinforced slope benching applications, the factor of safety increased from 0.83 to 2.80. In addition to slope stability evaluation, the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q) and New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) systems were also utilized as empirical methods to characterize the tunnel ground and to determine the tunnel support design. The performance of the suggested empirical support design, induced stress distributions and deformations were analyzed by means of numerical modelling. Finally, it was concluded that the recommended stabilization technique was essential for the dynamic long-term stability and prevents the effects of failure. Additionally, the FEM method gives useful and reasonably reliable results in evaluating the stability of cut slopes and tunnels excavated both in continuous and discontinuous rock masses.     

Shaking table test of seismic responses of anchor cable and lattice beam reinforced slope

As a combined supporting structure,the anchor cable and lattice beam have a complex interaction with the slope body.In order to investigate the seismic behaviors of the slope reinforced by anchor cable and lattice beam,a largescale shaking table test was carried out on a slope model(geometric scale of 1:20)by applying recorded and artificial seismic waves with different amplitudes.The acceleration and displacement of the slope,the displacement of lattice beam and the axial force of anchor cable were obtained to study the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure.The test results show that:(1)the acceleration responses of the slope at different relative elevations display obvious nonlinear characteristics with increasing of the peak ground acceleration(PGA)of the inputted seismic waves,and the weak intercalated layer has a stronger effect on acceleration amplification at the upper part of the slope than that at the lower part of the slope;(2)the frequency component near the second dominant frequency is significantly magnified by the interaction between the slope and the supporting structure;(3)the anchor cables at the upper part of the slope have larger peak and residual axial forces than that at the lower part of the slope,and the prestress loss of the anchor cable first occurs at the top of the slope and then passes down;(4)the peak and residual displacements inside the slope and on the lattice beam increase with the increase of relative elevation.When the inputted PGA is not greater than 0.5 g,the combined effect of anchor cable and lattice beam is remarkable for stabilizing the middle and lower parts of the potential sliding body.The research results can provide a reference for the seismic design of such slope and the optimization of supporting structure.     

规则格网DEM局地坡面凸凹性精度分析

DEM地表形态精度分析理论与方法的建立,对DEM数据的生产和广泛应用具有重要意义。本文从局地坡面形态的凸凹性角度,剖析规则格网DEM格网点位置、格网分辨率对DEM局地坡面凸凹性的影响,以期进一步完善和发展DEM质量分析的理论与方法。论文首先阐述了DEM局地坡面凸凹性的基本概念,研究建立了规则格网DEM的局地坡面凸凹性量化分析方法,并以黄土丘陵5、10、15、25、……、155 m DEM为例,采用比较分析方法研究了局地坡面凸凹性随DEM格网点位置和格网分辨率的变化特征。研究表明:对于本研究中的1:5万DEM,10 m(跃变率≤0.3%)是其最佳的格网分辨率阈值,当DEM实际格网分辨率高于该阈值时,实际DEM与最佳格网分辨率DEM具有近乎相同的局地坡面凸凹性,主要在正地形与负地形的过渡区域会发生不同程度的坡面凸凹性变化;当DEM实际格网分辨率低于该阈值时,实际DEM的局地坡面凸凹性,会随着DEM格网点布设位置和DEM格网分辨率发生较大的不确定性变化。     

A Simulating Experiment in the Process of Soil Erosion on Bare Land in Mt. Tanakami

In order to understand the process of surface erosion and acquire basic data of conditions on hillslope without vege tation, a sprinkling experiment is conducted on a bare slope in Mt. Tanakami in the central part of Japan. Based on the mea surements of runoff, mean soil erosion depth, and sediment yield, etc. , the results suggest the following characteristics in the process of surface erosion in the experimental area. (1) The occurrence of sediment discharge is interrupted; (2) Surface runoff is a saturated overland flow; (3) The mean soil erosion depth is thick compared with other areas in Mt. Tanakami;(4) Sediment discharge process is detachment- limited.