衡阳盆地红土剖面元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义

为了揭示衡阳盆地红土剖面沉积的古环境信息,对高兴红土剖面进行电子自旋共振(ESR)测年和常量、微量元素测试分析。结果表明:(1)红土剖面常量元素氧化物组成以SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3为主,三者含量总和为89.63%。微量元素Rb、Sr、Ba、Cu含量分别与常量元素氧化物K_2O、MgO、Na_2O、Al_2O_3含量之间表现出显著的正相关性,Na_2O、MgO、K_2O、Al_2O_3含量之间呈显著正相关性,表明它们的活动性相似。(2)高兴剖面绝大多数常量元素氧化物在风化过程中表现为迁移淋失,Fe_2O_3、SiO_2则表现为轻度富集,常量元素的迁移能力大小顺序依次为:K_2ONa_2O MgO Al_2O_3SiO_2 Fe_2O_3。MgO、Na_2O、K_2O、Al_2O_3自剖面底部往上迁移程度逐渐减弱的变化趋势,表明沉积时期气候的湿热程度也逐渐减弱。(3) CIA值、Rb/Sr值从剖面顶部往下呈递增的趋势,而微量元素Rb含量、Sr含量、Sr/Cu值、Sr/Ba值呈现相反的变化趋势。CIA值、Rb/Sr值、Sr/Cu值、Sr/Ba值曲线共同印证了2.23 Ma以来的衡阳盆地气候演化特征,即为由炎热潮湿向温暖湿润方向的变化。     

九江下蜀黄土和红土的化学风化特征

南方下蜀黄土和红土为研究亚热带地区的古风化强度提供了良好的地质记录。对九江两个下蜀黄土和红土剖面(JJ3和JJ4)的色度、磁化率和常量元素组成进行了研究。JJ3和JJ4剖面沉积物的磁化率和红度(a*)变化趋势较一致。与上地壳相比,九江下蜀黄土与红土的Ca、Na重度亏损,K轻度亏损。九江下蜀黄土的CIA值小于80,而红土的CIA值大于80。Rb/Sr比值和CIA值显著正相关(R2为0.95),二者可有效指示下蜀黄土和红土的化学风化程度。     

内蒙古黄旗海不同粒级湖泊沉积物Rb、Sr组成与环境变化

内蒙古黄旗海湖泊沉积物剖面层次结构清晰完整,通过对该剖面全样、77 μm~20 μm和小于20 μm三个不同粒级Rb、Sr含量和磁化率的系统测定,结果表明,湖泊沉积物中小于20 μm粒级成分的Rb、Sr含量和Rb/Sr值变化阶段明显,Rb/Sr值与磁化率分布曲线十分吻合,因此,小于20 μm粒级成分的Rb/Sr值与磁化率包含更加真实的古气候环境信息。Rb/Sr值反映了风化的强度,因而可以作为指示夏季风环流强度的代用指标。黄旗海湖泊沉积物的地球化学Rb、Sr元素含量和Rb/Sr值以及磁化率值波动特征具有深刻的环境演变背景,由此揭示的环境特征在一定程度上反映了全新世气候千百年尺度的波动变化,与全球气候波动有关。     

庐山JL剖面红土磁化率特征及古环境记录

江西九江庐山地区JL剖面红土磁化率测试结果表明:1.典型网纹红土的磁化率远小于弱网纹红土和棕黄色黄土-古土壤,数值上,棕黄色黄土-古土壤是网纹红土的2.33倍.剖面各层段频率磁化率均值变化于10.09％～ 13.71％,且与磁化率显著正相关,表明风化成土作用中形成的超顺磁性颗粒对红土磁性增强具有重要贡献.2.湿润气候和土壤渍水的假潜育环境下铁磁性矿物易于分解、转化、淋失,这可能是导致网纹红土磁化率异常偏小的主因.从而在剖面上磁化率与CIA变化趋势相反,两者峰谷波动又基本一致.3.结合ESR年代,JL红土磁化率沿剖面自下而上分为4个波动式增大的阶段,可与早更新世以来季风环流演变过程中的几个重要转折期对应,记录了大尺度内的古环境变化信息.早更新世以来该区环境湿润程度波动式减弱,气候自中更新世以来由湿热向干冷转变.     

渭河上游地区樊家城黄土-古土壤剖面Rb、Sr、Ba存留特征及意义

选择渭河上游樊家城全新世黄土-古土壤剖面为研究对象,对该剖面元素Rb、Sr、Ba含量和磁化率、粒度、CaCO₃进行了测定。结果表明：Rb、Sr、Ba含量及Rb/Sr、Ba/Sr比值与磁化率、粒度、CaCO₃含量显著相关,能够指示渭河上游地区全新世的气候变化。剖面中古土壤层的磁化率、黏粒、Rb/Sr、Ba/Sr以及元素Rb、Ba含量高于黄土层,CaCO₃、Sr含量小于黄土层,指示渭河上游地区古土壤层（S₀）形成时期主要受夏季风影响,气候温暖湿润,淋溶作用强,风化成壤作用强;而黄土层形成时期主要受冬季风影响,气候相对冷干,淋溶作用弱,风化成壤作用弱。在全新世中期,古土壤层S₀¹与S₀²之间的黄土夹层,反映了渭河上游地区在全新世大暖期的6 000~5 000 a BP期间气候显著恶化。     

天堂寨泥炭地层的磁化率、Rb/Sr值及其反映的古气候意义

天堂寨泥炭地层记录了大别山北亚热带地区全新世中晚期以来气候变化。通过对地层剖面磁化率、Rb/Sr值测定和分析,结合¹⁴C测年,结果表明:大别山北亚热带地区中晚期以来气候变化可划分5个阶段:(1)5 700~5 050 cal.a B.P.,气候暖湿为主;(2)5 050~4 300 cal.a B.P.,以暖干为主,期间气候波动剧烈,气温出现过短暂而急剧的下降;(3)4 300~2 500 cal.a B.P.,气候总体上处于相对冷湿状态,波动不大;(4)2 500~1 400cal.a B.P.,气温有所回升;(5)1 400 cal.a B.P.至今,气候冷干;至现代,气候又有所回升。磁化率和Rb/Sr比值可作为泥炭恢复古气候古环境的代用指标,但与黄土剖面中所指示的环境意义正好相反,即低磁化率和Rb/Sr比值指示气候湿热,高磁化率和Rb/Sr比值指示气候干冷。     

岩溶盆地红土风化剖面的元素地球化学研究

选取云南石林红土剖面作为研究对象,探讨在岩溶盆地这一独特地貌单元中主量、稀土元素的地球化学特征。研究表明：① 云南石林土壤中主量和稀土元素的组成具有较好的一致性;② 通过对化学蚀变指数（CIA）与Na/K比值关系图以及A-CN-K（Al₂O₃-CaO*+Na₂O-K₂O）三角图分析发现：石林地区2个剖面均经历了温暖湿润环境下的强烈化学风化作用;石林地区土壤中稀土元素含量较高,其稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布模式表现出高度相似性,且继承了基岩的特征,两者均表现为Eu处负异常,但剖面CK在Ce处表现为负异常,而剖面KP在Ce处无明显变化;③ 2个剖面元素组成及含量变化基本保持一致,表明此地土壤受外来物质影响程度较小,2个剖面的元素地球化学特征与基岩存在一定相似性。     

甜水沟全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化程度及意义

对大荔人遗址的甜水沟剖面(TSG)全新世黄土-古土壤序列中常量元素含量、磁化率和Rb/Sr比值进行了研究和比对。结果表明:在TSG剖面发育过程中,Ca、Mg、Na表现为迁移淋失,Si、K呈现弱富集特征,Fe的迁移不明显;磁化率、钾钠比、硅铝铁率、SiO2/(MgO+CaO)(、CaO+K2O+Na2O)/Al2O3的分布随地层的变化而同步变化。上述变化指示古土壤S0形成时期,化学风化程度强烈和气候温暖湿润,黄土L0和Lt堆积时期,风化成壤作用较弱和气候相对干旱,而全新世晚期可能曾出现过一次较为暖湿的次级气候变化。     

安徽宣城向阳剖面第四纪红土常量元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

安徽宣城向阳剖面是我国南方第四纪红土标准剖面,蕴含着丰富的古环境与古气候信息,对其进行常量元素地球化学特征及古气候的研究,对深刻理解该区红土风化成壤强度与古气候演化、充实中国南方第四纪红土的高分辨率研究具有一定意义。本文基于野外地质地貌、岩性调查与加密采样,运用ZSX PrimusIV型X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF),对该剖面进行常量元素测定,并采用地球化学风化参数指标CIA与BA、元素迁移率等分析方法,结合前人的年代数据,探讨了该剖面红土风化特征及古气候意义。研究表明:(1)向阳剖面常量元素以Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、SiO_2为主,具有显著的富硅铝铁化特征,约916 ka以来红土堆积处于相对暖湿的古气候背景下,但是气候总体有向干凉方向变化的趋势;(2)约916 ka以来研究区古气候大致存在7次相对暖湿与相对干凉期的旋回变化;其中,阶段I至阶段II暖湿程度与风化强度较大,气候向暖湿方向发展,阶段III暖湿程度与风化强度均有所降低,阶段IV暖湿程度与风化强度达到最大,是最稳定的时期,阶段V至阶段VII气候一直向干凉方向变化;(3)在6.2 m(约534 ka前)以下部分,红土成土沉积动力强度较大,干湿变化比较强烈,沉积环境不稳定,而此后红土成土沉积动力减弱,沉积环境相对稳定。     

陕西省丹凤县茶房村黄土古土壤剖面风化程度及对气候变化的响应

对陕西丹凤县茶房村黄土剖面的地层学、沉积学特征以及常量元素、磁化率、粒度等进行了研究。结果表明：茶房村剖面具有表土（MS）→全新世黄土（L₀）→古土壤（S₀）→过渡黄土（L_t）→马兰黄土（L₁）的地层序列;化学风化过程中元素Ca、Na、Mg、K和Si表现为迁移特征,Fe则相对富集,呈现Na>Si>Mg>K>Ca>Al>Fe的迁移序列;剖面总体风化程度处于初等向中等过渡的阶段,不同地层的风化强弱顺序为S₀>L_t>L₁>L₀。化学风化强度的变化表明该区自晚更新世以来气候经历了气候干冷→气候回暖→温暖湿润→气候转凉的变化过程。     

内蒙古黄旗海不同粒级湖泊沉积物Rb、Sr组成与环境变化

Based on the geochemical elements Rb and Sr in sediments with three different grain size fractions from profile H3 on the northern lacustrine bottomland 13 m above the Huangqihai Lake surface in 1986,the paper investigates the record of palaeolake stand state, sedimentary environmental evolution,and winter monsoon change.First,these samples are separated into three different grain size fractions,i.e.,total sediments,77-20μm and〈20μm. Second,the chemical elements-Rb and Sr-of the grain size separation were tested and analyzed systematically in this paper.Then the elements compositions of these samples are measured using VP-320 mode fluorescence spectrum instrument,respectively.The magnetic susceptibility of these samples is measured using Kappabridge KLY-3 mode instrument made in Czech AGICO Company.The results showed the elements and the ratios varied regularly with the grain size.But the ratio of Rb/Sr in the sediments〈20μm correlates positively with the magnetic susceptibility of these samples.Therefore,the ratio of Rb/Sr in the fraction〈20 μm from the lake sediments reflected the strengthening of the weathering in the deposition sites.It is a good indicator of the summer monsoon-induced weathering and pedogenesis fluctuations and can be used to reconstruct the conditions of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment.     

Environmental change inferred from Rb and Sr of lacustrine sediments in Huangqihai Lake, Inner Mongolia

Based on the geochemical elements Rb and Sr in sediments with three different grain size fractions from profile H3 on the northern lacustrine bottomland 13 m above the Huangqihai Lake surface in 1986, the paper investigates the record of palaeolake stand state, sedimentary environmental evolution, and winter monsoon change. First, these samples are separated into three different grain size fractions, i.e., total sediments, 77–20 μm and <20 μm. Second, the chemical elements—Rb and Sr—of the grain size separation were tested and analyzed systematically in this paper. Then the elements compositions of these samples are measured using VP-320 mode fluorescence spectrum instrument, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility of these samples is measured using Kappabridge KLY-3 mode instrument made in Czech AGICO Company. The results showed the elements and the ratios varied regularly with the grain size. But the ratio of Rb/Sr in the sediments <20 μm correlates positively with the magnetic susceptibility of these samples. Therefore, the ratio of Rb/Sr in the fraction <20 μm from the lake sediments reflected the strengthening of the weathering in the deposition sites. It is a good indicator of the summer monsoon-induced weathering and pedogenesis fluctuations and can be used to reconstruct the conditions of the paleoclimate and paleoen-vironment.     

镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征

对镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度及元素迁移特征进行了研究, 结合与黄土高原第四纪黄土、古土壤、晚第三纪红粘土以及安徽宣城风成红土等典型风成堆积剖面的对比分析, 得出如下结论: (1) 镇江下蜀土剖面经历了中等强度的化学风化, 明显强于洛川黄土以及古土壤, 显著弱于宣城风成红土, 而与西峰晚第三纪红粘土非常接近。下蜀土的化学风化过程及 其与其他风成堆积剖面风化强度的差异主要受气候条件的控制, 气候条件通过年平均温度和年降水量对化学风化的地球化学环境起重要的影响, 其中降水因素在化学风化过程中可能起着更为重要的制约作用。(2) 镇江下蜀土剖面风化过程中, 绝大部分常量元素的地球化学行为 表现为迁移淋失, 仅Fe 和Ti 轻微富集, 元素的活动性由强至弱依次为: P > Na > Ca > Mg > K > Fe²⁺ > Si > Mn > Al > Ti > Fe³⁺; 常量元素的迁移特征揭示下蜀土的化学风化已经完成初级阶段的去Ca、Na 过程, 并初步进入到去K 风化的中级阶段; 微量元素除Sr、Ga 迁移淋 失外, Th、Ba、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、V 等均表现出富集特征, 这可能与下蜀土风化成壤过 程中的生物地球化学过程以及粘粒、有机质对微量元素的吸附作用有关。(3) 元素迁移在剖面 中的变化特征揭示, 在0.24 Ma 之前的中更新世早、中期, 该区气候较为暖湿, 兼有干湿交替的特征; 中更新世晚期气候偏干凉, 风化淋溶最弱; 至晚更新世早期则又出现一段明显暖湿的成壤时期, 形成下蜀土剖面中的S1 古土壤层。总之, 中更新世以来本区气候整体上向干凉的方向发展。     

镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper.（1）The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering.It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering.（2）The major elements such as Si,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Mn and P were migrated and leached,while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched.The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na,and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K.Except the elements Sr and Ga,other trace elements such as Th,Ba,Cu,Zn,Co,Ni,Cr and V were enriched.It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials.（3）The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene.At the end of the middle Pleistocene,it became dry and cool.At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene,the paleoclimate became warm and wet again.As a whole,the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.     

Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper. (1) The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering. It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering. (2) The major elements such as Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn and P were migrated and leached, while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched. The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na, and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K. Except the elements Sr and Ga, other trace elements such as Th, Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr and V were enriched. It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials. (3) The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, it became dry and cool. At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene, the paleoclimate became warm and wet again. As a whole, the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.     

柳夼剖面末次冰期层段Rb/Sr的不稳定变化及其揭示的气候特征

位于山东半岛北部成山头附近的末次冰期地层,被称为“柳夼红层”。在野外调查的基础上,选择柳夼剖面进行工作,其末次冰期地层主要由沙丘砂与古土壤或湖积层叠覆堆积组成,地质时代为13.1―78.9 ka BP。根据铷、锶、Rb/Sr和矿物组成的分析结果,得出结论如下：1）不稳定矿物尤其是钾长石和斜长石等分解释放出铷、锶,释放量随着风化作用加强而增加。地球化学行为的差异使铷在风化过程中被吸附而锶淋失,导致铷的质量分数在沉积相中表现为沙丘砂＜砂质古土壤＜湖积层＜粉砂质古土壤,锶则表现为沙丘砂＞湖积层＞砂质古土壤＞粉砂质古土壤。2）铷、锶和Rb/Sr在层段上呈现出明显的峰谷变化,将末次冰期的气候波动特征呈现为LKS4、LKS2的寒冷期和LKS3的温暖期,LKS3又可划分为LKS3b的寒冷期和LKS3c、LKS3a的温暖期,体现了万年尺度的气候波动特征。这些暖阶段同步于中国季风区葫芦洞石笋记录的夏季风强盛期和65°N 7月份天文辐射总量的高峰,冷阶段对应于夏季风减弱期和天文辐射总量低谷,表明柳夼剖面末次冰期的气候变化是太阳辐射量和东亚夏季风格局共同影响下的结果。