Use of electrical resistivity tomography in delineating zones of groundwater potential in arid regions: a case study from Diriyah region of Saudi Arabia

A detailed geophysical investigation in the form of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out using the SYSCAL Pro Unit at two locations with a dipole?Cdipole configuration in one of the private farms in Diriyah area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia with the purpose of delineating the approximate depth of the water-bearing formations. The survey helped in delineating a superficial moist zone at the first site which was mainly due to the seepage from surface water pipes used for irrigating the date palms. At the second site, a potential water-bearing zone was detected starting from a depth of 23 to 46?m. However, an already existing bore well in close vicinity of the site of the second survey showed a water table depth of 85?m, indicating the presence of a layered aquifer. Finally, it was concluded that a shallow bore well drilled up to a depth of 50?C60?meters would be able to tap the water resources of shallow water-bearing horizon discovered at the second site during the survey; however, the yield of the bore well might not be sustainable over a longer period of time. The survey at the first site did not show any promising groundwater potential up to the investigated depth which was around 70?m. The study confirms the usage of ERT surveys for exploring sources of freshwater supplies in arid regions.     

Groundwater exploration and drilling problems encountered in basaltic and granitic terrain of Nanded district,Maharashtra

The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) constructed 72 bore wells down to a targeted depth of 208 m in Nanded district, Maharashtra which is mainly underlain by hard rocks, namely basalts and granites. The yield of these bore wells varies from 0.10 litres/second (l/s) to 25 l/s and depth of weathering varies from less than 1 m to 24 meters below ground level (m bgl). The shallowest and the deepest aquifer zones are encountered at 7 and 172 m bgl respectively and majority of the productive aquifer zones are encountered within 100 meter (m) depth. Most productive zones are fractured basalts, fractured and weathered granites and 31 % of the zones are encountered within 25 m, 36 % within 25–50 m, 24 % within 50–100 m, 8 % within 100–150 m and less than 1 % within 150–173 m depth ranges. Out of the three major sets of lineaments, the NE-SW trending lineaments are more productive, and a maximum of five fracture zones are encountered in all. Surface geophysical studies (profiling) reveal that wherever the ratio between high resistivity and low resistivity is high, the discharge is high, and where the ratio is low the discharge is low. The depth to water level in these bore wells are in the range of 1.5–47.5 m bgl (below ground level). The transmissivity (T) and Storativity (S) values of 21 wells range from 3 to 593 m²/day and 6.5 × 10^?6 to 7.32 × 10^?2 respectively. The groundwater from the area is mostly of Ca-Na-HCO₃-Cl, Ca-Na-HCO₃, Ca-HCO₃-Cl, Na-HCO₃, Na-HCO₃-Cl, Na-Cl, Ca-HCO₃ types in the descending order of dominance and a few are found to be unsuitable for drinking. At a few sites, drilling down to the targeted depth of 200 m couldn’t be completed due to highly fractured nature of formations, hydraulic backpressure, occurrences of saturated intertrappean beds and high magnetic nature of formations.     

Identification of water-bearing fractures in hard rock terrain by electrical conductivity logs, India

For the delineation of water-bearing fractures in hard rock areas, a new hydro-chemical technique has been developed which is based on electrical conductivity (EC) logs. The EC logs were carried out in experimental shallow bore wells (≈50 m) in three different parts of India. A sharp variation in EC was observed near water-bearing fractures in hard rock areas. To access applications of this technique, different locations in India were selected and experimental bore wells (≈50 m) were drilled. These were:

河西金矿综合找矿信息研究

通过系统研究矿床地质，地球化学及地球物理综合信息，地球物理电法可探深1000米，利用平行测深剖面，作成包含成矿构造破碎带的三维立体模型，指导找矿，取得较好效果。     

Identification of karst features using seismic P-wave tomography and resistivity anisotropy measurements

A football stadium with a capacity of a hundred thousand spectators is under construction over a karst terrain, 10 km west of the old town of Istanbul, Turkey. A large cavity of approximately 30 m³ was detected beneath the sports field through a number of boreholes so that a geophysical survey was required to further investigate a portion of the sports field. We utilized seismic refraction tomography and dc-electrical method with rotated Wenner array to delineate zones with solution voids and cavities. Total core recovery (TCR) was 5–15% from boreholes where zones with low velocities were identified through tomographic inversion, whereas TCR values were above 60% in zones with higher velocities. Both low velocity zones in the tomographic images and increasing resistivity anisotropy with depth appear to indicate that the cavity extends toward the west and south at a depth of approximately 8 m, although the southward and westward extension changes in character.     

DP6水平井φ311.15mm井眼侧钻技术探

DP6井是华北分公司在大牛地气田布置的一口长水平段水平井。该井设计造斜点井深2510.00 m,在φ311.15 mm井眼内以平均4.85°/30 m的增斜率增斜钻进至A靶点,增斜钻进至井深3033.05 m时钻穿目的层至下部煤层。为了实现钻井目标,避免煤层坍塌的风险,决定采取上调靶点垂深、填井侧钻的补救处理措施。文章结合老井眼实钻轨迹情况,对侧钻工艺、侧钻点的选择、侧钻井眼轨迹调整、高井斜侧钻技术难点及采取的相应技术措施等进行了分析,对侧钻钻具组合、侧钻施工情况等进行了介绍。该井的成功侧钻为以后同类大井眼侧钻提供了现场经验。     

综合物探技术探测平果铝厂赤泥堆场岩溶发育特征

为了预测和评价赤泥堆场建成后对地下水环境造成的污染,利用等偏移地震反射法、高密度电法为主,自然电场法为辅的综合物探技术来探查堆场地下岩溶的发育特征和管道的分布状况。经上述3种物探技术综合探测,确定出堆场各处覆盖层的厚度,确认了5个断层破碎带及其走向,圈定了14个物探异常区,并初步探明了岩溶管道的分布和地下水的流向。同时综合物探技术与钻探成果揭示了研究区岩溶发育的特点是以浅部垂直型为主,浅层岩溶的发育深度大约在地表下0～10 m,深部岩溶也有少量发育,其发育深度约在地面下40～50 m,超过此深度后岩溶发育变弱。      

中江19H井卡钻原因分析及预防技术措施

中江19H井是川西中江地区的一口长水平段水平井,设计井深3830 m,水平段长990 m。目的层为下沙溪庙组,是开发中江地区该层位的首口水平井,邻井参考资料少。中江地区地层裂缝发育,普遍存在井壁失稳现象,极易产生掉块,同时,该井设计二开裸眼段长,更恶化了井壁失稳,施工中产生大量掉块,掉块在井眼局部堆积形成砂桥造成该井水平段卡钻。仔细分析了该井卡钻原因,提出了优化钻井液性能、优选钻井工具、优化水平段钻具组合、加强井眼净化等相应预防技术措施,顺利完成了该井的后期侧钻施工。为川西中江地区下沙溪庙目的层的开发提供了宝贵施工经验。     

Late Pleistocene-Holocene Paleoclimatic History of the Southern Kerala Basin, Southwest India

The South Kerala Sedimentary Basin (SKSB) constitutes one of the most significant landward extensions of the southwest offshore sedimentary basins of India, and is situated between 8^o45^' and 10^o15^' N latitudes. With a maximum width of about 20 km and incorporating a 700 m thick sedimentary succession ranging in age from Early Miocene to Holocene, this belt lies almost entirely under water or alluvium-covered coastal plains. In this study, we use two continuously cored bore holes at Eruva (7.25m deep) and Muthukulam (3m deep) separated by a distance of about 7km to investigate the depositional environment as well as paleo ecology of the depocentre and climatic aspects during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Results from C¹⁴ dating of shell fragments from Eruva (depth zone: 2.10–6.64m) yielded ages in the range of 36.2 to 42.5 kyBP corresponding to the late Pleistocene. Wood fragments in the Muthukulam core sample (depth zone: 1.27–3.00m) gave C¹⁴ ages in the range of 3.7 to 7.2 kyBP indicating a Holocene history. The lower half of the Eruva bore hole indicates a marginal marine environment with an abundant supply of terrestrial carbonaceous debris probably corresponding to a period of abnormally high rainfall recorded in many parts of the globe covered by the Asian summer monsoon. The sediments in the upper part of this bore hole indicate a continuation of this environment but with much less input of terrestrial organic carbon. The lower part of the bore hole from this locality, corresponding to the Holocene transgression, is similar to the lower part of Eruva bore hole in the case of TOC. Deposition took place in water bodies with considerable marine influence but receiving high amounts of terrestrial plant debris-mostly in the form of finely divided particles mixed with mud. This transgressive sequence was also deposited during a time when the Asian summer monsoon was abnormally high in intensity as indicated by many examples in India, Africa, Madagascar and elsewhere. It is significant that during the deposition of this part, the sea level was probably the same as present or higher suggesting possible lowering of the stream velocities and resultant deposition of only muddy sediments laden with terrestrial organic material along the coast. The upper part of the section shows a progressively reduced rainfall pattern culminating in a period of very low precipitation with the development of a paleosol, which is traceable all over the SKSB where Late Holocene sediments are available. This period also witnessed aeolian activity modifying the sand ridges in the ridge-runnel systems formed by the Holocene regression.     

Combined ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity applications exploring groundwater potential zones in granitic terrain

Frequent failures of monsoons have forced to opt the groundwater as the only source of irrigation in non-command areas. Groundwater exploration in granitic terrain of dry land agriculture has been a major concern for farmers and water resource authorities. The hydrogeological complexities and lack of understanding of the aquifer systems have resulted in the failure of a majority of the borehole drillings in India. Hence, a combination of geophysical tools comprising ground-penetrating radar (GPR), multielectrode resistivity imaging (MERI), and vertical electrical sounding (VES) has been employed for pinpointing the groundwater potential zones in dry land agricultural of granitic terrain in India. Results obtained and verified with each other led to the detection of a saturated fracture within the environs. In GPR scanning, a 40-MHz antenna is used with specifications of 5 dielectric constant, 600 scans/nS, and 40 m depth. The anomalies acquired on GPR scans at various depths are confirmed with low-resistivity ranges of 27–50?Ω m at 23 and 27 m depths obtained from the MERI. Further, drilling with a down-the-hole hammer was carried out at two recommended sites down to 50–70 m depth, which were complimentary of VES results. The integrated geophysical anomalies have good agreement with the drilling lithologs validating the MERI and GPR data. The yields of these bore wells varied from 83 to 130 l/min. This approach is possible and can be replicated by water resource authorities in thrust areas of dry land environs of hard rock terrain around the world.     

不同埋置深度的山岭隧道地震响应分析

根据大量震害资料的调查分析发现,地下结构埋置深度对其地震破坏程度影响很大。通过有限元方法计算8种不同埋置深度条件下的山岭隧道地震响应,并对计算模型的地震输入方法进行了验证,证明地震波输入处理方式的合理性。讨论埋深对结构动力响应的影响,提取衬砌关键节点的竖直向和水平向加速度、位移峰值,分析随着埋深的增大,加速度和位移峰值的变化情况,并以拱顶为例,计算每个埋深变化段的加速度和位移峰值变化率,得到了一定的规律性,如埋置深度从5 m增大到50 m,衬砌结构动力响应峰值大小下降较快。此外,还分析了埋深增大对衬砌结构内力峰值的影响。最后,提出在高烈度地震区修建隧道时其埋置深度尽可能不小于50 m,这为相关工程的修建提供了参考依据。     

东秦岭南泥湖钼铅锌银多金属矿田地球物理场特征与深部找矿预测

南泥湖钼多金属矿田是中国重要的钼(钨)铅锌银多金属矿产地,已探明超大型钼(钨)矿床3处,大型钼(钨)矿床3处,中、大型铅锌银(金)矿床10余处。矿田具有优越的地质成矿条件,深部找矿潜力巨大。现有矿产勘查深度主要是500 m以浅范围,深部(500~2000 m)找矿工作基本为空白,需要使用综合地球物理方法研究深部成矿规律,预测新的矿产资源。文章通过研究该区地质、地球物理场特征和典型矿床物探异常特征,取得了有意义的研究成果。(1)确定了与成矿关系密切的隐伏岩体侵入模型:将全区隐伏岩体从南至北分为3个区,Ⅰ区隐伏岩体顶面深度0~800 m,分布面积约125 km~2;Ⅱ区隐伏岩体顶面深度0.8~1.5 km,分布面积约158 km~2;Ⅲ区隐伏岩体顶面深度1.5~3 km,分布面积约233 km~2。(2)建立了立体成矿模型(根据成矿空间位置的不同从地表向下分为4个空间成矿区)和综合地球物理找矿模型(包括隐伏岩体、隐伏岩体顶上带、岩钟和斑岩体、矿体和矿化体的地球物理场标志)。(3)指出隐伏岩体顶上带及其上方的岩钟、岩脉、岩枝和小斑岩体等是成矿有利部位。(4)预测了找矿潜力;总结了寻找钼钨铅锌银金矿产的勘查方法技术组合。研究成果对在该区和类似矿区进行深部找矿工作具有重要意义。     

Examination of the structural characteristics arising in gypsums by the GPR and MASW methods (Sivas,Turkey)

This study was performed at an area of 50?×?48 m² being defined as a new settlement in the northeast of Sivas. In the study, the discontinuities that are not deep and their geophysical characteristics were examined by the GPR and MASW methods. For interpretation, GPR cross sections were prepared as 2D–3D, and MASW cross sections were prepared as 2D. As for geophysical cross sections, about 10 m depth was examined. It was understood that the reflections observed in the form of hyperbolas in GPR cross sections correspond to areas having low S wave velocity (V_s) in MASW cross sections. It was understood that the S wave velocities are lower than 653 m/s, that the seismic velocities in between 653 and 275 m/s indicate partially deteriorated areas and that the S wave velocities of unweathered gypsums are higher than 1275 m/s at these low-velocity zones. Thus, it was thought that the fill material that may arise in the fracture, crack and deterioration areas arises from intercalation and clastic gypsum units, and that it plays a role in having low value S wave velocities. In all the geophysical cross sections, it was understood that the structures with gypsum are intense at the initial 5 m. And a fracture at the south of the study area, that it was estimated might be longer than 40 m, was determined as the largest gypsum structure. It was understood that this fracture starts from a depth of about 5 m in the west and that it slopes down to 7 m depth in the east. According to these results, it was understood that the damage amount arising in time in the gypsum structures from the effect of water may increase, the study area was defined as risky, and the required importance should be attached to these structures especially in foundation engineering.     

地面-坑道激电测深方法在山东玲珑断裂带深部找矿中的应用

在山东玲珑断裂带深部找矿中,考虑断裂带处在地电干扰和地形变化复杂地段,且深部地质体产状变化较大,仅依据半空间地面物探方法很难摸清地质体的展布形态,盲目布设钻孔会造成找矿成本的提高。为精确反演深部矿体的边界范围、走向及倾向,提高钻孔见矿率,降低找矿成本,在山东玲珑断裂带地面、坑道采用立体物探技术,试验通过布设多条方位不同的地-坑、坑-坑和地-地纵横激电中梯剖面和双向三极测深剖面,进行了二维电法剖面反演。在地面-坑道激电测深方法中,地面-坑道供电,坑道测量探测深度与坑道深度呈正相关,反映了深部巷道底板以下电阻率和极化率的分布状况,可以实现深地探测目的。由于地面-坑道供电,坑道测量装置处在半空间和全空间两个部分,需要采用"镜像法"和地下倾斜偶极源电流场特征对其装置系数k值重新推导,以反映坑道空间岩矿体真实电阻率的变化。坑道中梯剖面异常与单向三极剖面异常、双向三极电测深反演结果对应较好。经钻探验证,矿体分布与物探推断高极化体基本一致,为快速准确布设深部钻孔提供资料。     

地球物理探测技术在成都市浅表地质结构调查中的应用研究

【研究目的】 查明城市浅表地质结构特征,对于城市地下空间规划、开发区建设、地质灾害评价等有着重要的指导意义,而无损、抗干扰能力强的地球物理探测技术在提供城市地区地下地质信息方面可以发挥关键作用。【研究方法】 为了支撑成都市浅表的三维地质填图工作,本文应用11种新、老地球物理探测技术,开展了成都市浅表地质结构的探测研究。【研究结果】 研究结果表明：（1）地质雷达对于近地表的地层结构成像、建筑结构识别分辨率较高;（2）瞬态面波、混合源面波、三分量频率谐振法对50 m以浅的地质结构识别能力强,分辨率很高,但探测深度有限;（3）微动勘探法和高密度电阻率法对50 m以浅的地质结构分辨率较高,但深部分辨率一般;（4）等值反磁通瞬变电磁抗干扰能力强,施工效率高,50 m以浅分辨率较高,50~200 m深度范围内分辨率一般,对膏岩泥岩有较好的识别能力;（5）半航空瞬变电磁可弥补了常规物探方法无法进入特殊场地施工的不足;（6）浅层地震勘探对于浅地表50～300 m深度范围内的砂泥岩互层的变化特征和断层结构特征效果较好,配合自然伽马曲线,可有效识别砂泥岩的岩性界面;（7）音频大地电磁可有效识别成都平原深大断裂的空间分布形态。【结论】 综合各种地球物理方法的优缺点,建立了成都市浅表地质结构的地球物理组合探测技术方案,以期能为今后的城市浅表地质结构调查提供参考。     

双频激电法在山区复杂条件下的应用——以福建垄源金多金属矿区为例

双频激电法可同时得到低频和高频电位差,由其计算视幅频率可抵消相同的影响因素,抑制干扰,增强异常幅值,提高观测精度。根据垄源金多金属矿区物性参数可确定受构造控制的硫化多金属矿（脉）体多以充填形式产出,具有低阻高极化反映,随着埋深的不同,视幅频率（Fs）有相应的变化,幅值一般为4%～11%,与背景视幅频率（Fs）2%～4%有明显差别。该区野外工作采用SQ-3C双频激电仪器,测网布设测线6条,其中线距100m、点距10m、、测线长度为400m。根据Fs、ρs曲线形态及Fs等值线图解释该矿区存在一条破碎带,破碎带北部呈现矿体异常特征,推断矿体（脉）走向为北西—南东向。依据该物探成果结合地质资料,布置钻探验证孔,其中8-1孔于156m见导水断裂破碎断层,8-2孔于31m见高品位金多金属矿（脉）体,验证物探解释与地质钻探吻合。     

Groundwater contamination in the basement-complex area of Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria: A case study using the electrical-resistivity geophysical method

Hydrogeoenvironmental studies were carried out at the sewage-disposal site of Obafemi Awolowo University campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The objective of the survey was to determine the reliability of the electrical-resistivity method in mapping pollution plumes in a bedrock environment. Fifty stations were occupied with the ABEM SAS 300C Terrameter using the Wenner array. The electrical-resistivity data were interpreted by a computer-iteration technique. Water samples were collected at a depth of 5.0 m in 20 test pits and analyzed for quality. The concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu are moderately above the World Health Organization recommended guidelines. Plumes of contaminated water issuing from the sewage ponds were delineated. The geoelectric sections reveal four subsurface layers, with increasing depth, lateritic clay, clayey sand/sand, and weathered/fractured bedrock, and fresh bedrock. The deepest layers, 3 and 4, constitute the main aquifer, which has a thickness of 3.1–67.1 m. The distribution of the elements in the sewage effluent confirms a hydrological communication between the disposal ponds and groundwater. The groundwater is contaminated, as shown by sampling and the geophysical results. Thus, the results demonstrate the reliability of the direct-current electrical-resistivity geophysical method in sensing and mapping pollution plumes in a crystalline bedrock environment. Electronic Publication     

Low-frequency 3-D seismic survey of upper crustal magmatic intrusions in the northeastern Pannonian basin of Hungary

A specially designed 700-km² grid survey, deploying 1000 regularly distributed low-frequency seismic recording systems, successfully investigated one of the most complex geologic environments of the Pannonian basin. The wide-angle signals penetrated through over 1000 m of multi-phase igneous lithology and recognized, for the first time, the underlying enigmatic Permian to Early Triassic basement rocks. Tomographic inversion of the first arrival grid data resulted in determination of an accurate three-dimensional (3-D) velocity field, to a depth of 4 km. The anomalous changes of the spatial velocity data outline the regional extent of the Late Miocene magmatic intrusions, which are covered by over 2000 m of Mid-Miocene to Pleistocene clastics. Complex relationship was found between the surface potential data and the intrusive bodies. This multi-faceted geophysical data analysis established a functional technique for mapping a subsurface with intricate acoustic and structural complexity.     

偏压连拱隧道优化施工的研究

针对多数连拱隧道修建中存在浅埋地形偏压结构受力状况,结合金丽温高速公路二期工程20多座隧道实际情况,选取有一定代表性浅埋地形偏压覆土厚度,对不同坡度1：1～1：1.5情况下（Ⅱ类取7种、Ⅲ类取3种）偏压连拱隧道结构受力及围岩屈服破坏等进行了施工步骤优化研究。结果表明,一般情况下,连拱隧道施工存在两种偏压效应：一种是因地形偏压引起,称之为“地形偏压”;而另一种则因连拱隧道的分部施工所引起,称之为“施工偏压”。这两种偏压有明确作用方向,产生结果也不相同。对连拱隧道左右洞,按“先外后里”工序施工,能够利用“施工偏压”来部分程度地“抵消”因地形偏压产生的结构偏压受力的不利情况。因此,采用“先外后里”工序施工,实为浅埋偏压情况下连拱隧道最优施工工序。     

银额盆地哈日凹陷Y井天然气产层时代厘定及其意义

银额盆地哈日凹陷Y井钻遇多层天然气显示层,并对井深2946.0~2951.0m井段射孔压裂,获天然气9.15×104m3/d(无阻流量)。对浅层天然气显示层确定为白垩系银根组无异议,但获得工业气流的产层时代归属尚存争议。通过镜质体反射率(Ro)随深度的变化规律的研究,以及利用钻井岩心实验分析获得泥岩地球化学特征对沉积物源区沉积环境的判别,约束了二叠系与白垩系巴音戈壁组的不整合界面位于第9次取心(岩心底深2593.80m)与第10次取心(岩心顶深2909.60m)之间;地球物理测井自然伽马、电阻率等曲线在2792.0m出现突变,确定二叠系与白垩系巴音戈壁组的不整合界面为2792.0m。明确了Y井天然气产层为二叠系,指示了二叠系良好的油气资源前景,区内今后油气勘探应以二叠系为主要目的层。