Re-Os同位素体系理论及其应用

由于Ｒｅ,Ｏｓ独特的地球化学性质,Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ同位素体系可以用来确定特定矿床的形成年龄,特别为金属矿床形成时代的研究开辟了新的途径,同时,由于Ｒｅ,Ｏｓ的元素相容性不同,导致不同地球化学储源库具有不同的Ｏｓ同位素特征,特别是地壳和地幔具有截然不同的Ｏｓ同位素特征,据此可以用来讨论不同类型矿产质和岩浆的来源。     

Re—Os同位素体系在金属矿床研究中的应用

Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ法能够对金属硫化物矿物直接进行同位素定年,并可以根据矿物的Ｏｓ同位素初始比值探讨成矿物来源。它的研究对象还包括黑色页岩和洋底含金属沉积物等。普通Ｏｓ法可以用于铂族元素矿的定年和成矿物源区的讨论。近年由常规Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ法衍生的Ｏｓ－Ｏｓ法有可能避免前者在定年技术方面的一些困难。Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ同位素体系为成矿年代学研究提供了广阔的前景。     

铼—锇同位素体系在基性—超基性岩中应用现状的综述

综述了该同位素体系晚侏罗世以来，尤其是现代地幔岩石的研究成果表明，地幔在晚侏罗世以来在１８７Ｏｓ／１８７Ｏｓ比值方面显示出非均一性，其比值从０．９０－１．２６，但此类岩石的１８７Ｏｓ／１８６Ｏｓ比值分别与各个不同研究者所确定的地幔演化线相到致；来自较古老正常地幔或贫化地幔的岩石，在锇同位素方面体现为１８７Ｏｓ／１８６Ｏｓ初始比值接或低于Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ同位素体系地幔演化线值。在此类岩石中，Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ同位     

铼—饿同位素体系,铂—饿同位素体系及二者的联合体系

本文对铼－饿同位素体系的基础原理进行了介绍，并提出了铂－饿同位素体系及其与铼－饿同位素体系进行联合应用的设想。在铼－饿和铂－饿的联合体系中，地幔作用过程及地壳－地幔之间的相互作用，将由＾１８７Ｏｓ／＾１８８Ｏｓ及＾１８６Ｏｓ／＾１８８Ｏｓ比值及其相应的γ＾ＴＵＭＲ（＾１８７Ｏｓ）和γ＾ＴＵＭＲ（＾１８６Ｏｓ）参数来进行描述，这一对比值和参数对地幔作用过程及壳－地幔之间相互作用的描述。将会比目前所采     

Os—Os同位素年代学方法简介

本文介绍了国际上９０年代最新发展的Ｏｓ－Ｏｓ同位素年代学方法的基本原理，实验方法；讨论了棒特点，应用范围，应用前景、发展方向及需要解决的问题。     

铂族矿物中锇同位素比值的地质意义

铂族矿物中锇同位素比值的地质意义谢智（中国科技大学地球和空间科学系,合肥２３００２６）关键词锇同位素比值铂族矿物地幔地壳Ｏｓ元素是中等相容性元素,Ｒｅ是不相容性元素。在壳幔分异过程中,Ｒｅ／Ｏｓ分异很大,Ｏｓ倾向于存留在地幔中,而地壳中Ｏｓ的含量很低...     

186锇和188锇双同位素稀释法在辉钼矿铼—锇测年中的应用

以经过负离子热表面电离质谱仪准确标定的＾１８６Ｏｓ和＾１８８Ｏｓ双同位素作为稀释剂,利用＾１８６Ｏｓ和＾１８８Ｏｓ计算＾１８７Ｏｓ的含量,能有效地减少用等离子体质谱仪测定＾１８７Ｏｓ时由于仪器本身的不稳定性及质量歧视效应所产生的误差,使测量准确度比用单同位素作为稀释剂有明显提高。方法应用于辉钼矿Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ年龄标准参考物及样品的测定,结果与参考值一致,５份试样测定的ＲＳＤ〈３％。     

华北地台南缘中元古代官道口群热水沉积硅质岩的…

在简要介绍了硅质岩基本地质特征的基础上，详细讨论了该套硅质岩的常量元素，微量元素以及氧同位素化学成分及组成，研究表明，该套硅质岩富集了与热水成因有关的Ａｇ，Ａｓ，Ｃｓ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｂ，Ｓｂ等微量元素和ＣａＯ，ＦｅＯ，Ｆｅ２Ｏ３等氧化物中常量元素，贫化了ＴｉＯ２，Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＭｎＯ等氧化物中的常量元素，氧同位素组成及利用氧同位素估算的硅质岩的形成温度，均反映了热水沉积的成因的特点。     

铼－锇同位素体系在基性—超基性岩中应用现状的综述

综述了该同位素体系晚侏罗世以来，尤其是现代地幔岩石的研究成表明，地幔在晚侏罗世以来在１８７Ｏｓ／１８６Ｏｓ比值方面显示出非均一性，其比值从０．９０～１．２６，但此类岩石的１８７Ｏｓ／１８６Ｏｓ比值分别与各个不同研究者所确定的地幔演化线相一致；来自较古老正常地幔或贫化地幔的岩石，在锇同位素方面体现为１８７Ｏｓ／１８６Ｏｓ初始比值接近或低于Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ同位素体系地幔演化线值。在此类岩石中，Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ同位素体系与Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ同位素体系之间存在着三种可能的关系：①正相关关系；②负相关关系；③无相关关系。据认为，第一种关系是由羽状地幔端元和富集亲石元素而且贫铼之次大陆型岩石圈地幔端元混合而成；第二种关系则是由羽状地幔端元与地壳物质混合而成；第三种关系则是锇同位素成分相同但钕同位素成分明显不同的两端元物质混合而成。在第三方面，有古老俯冲大洋壳物质参与之基性－超基性岩石具有高于地幔演化线的初始１８７Ｏｓ／１８６Ｏｓ比值。具有此种锇同位素成分特征的岩石包括大洋岛弧玄武岩（ＯＩＢ）、洋中脊玄武岩（ＭＯＲＢ）以及榴辉岩。①     

辉钼矿铼－锇同位素年代学研究简介

辉钼矿铼－锇同位素年代学测定依据该矿物中含有由１８７Ｒｅ通过β－衰变而形成的放射性成因１８７Ｏｓ。这一同位素年代学方法由于８０年代以来微量铼、锇同位素质谱技术的成熟而逐渐应用于研究中，获得了具有地质意义的年龄值。对辉钼矿年龄测定的成功与否，选择适当的样品至关重要。一般而言，红外透光性（ｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄｔｒａｎｓｐａｒｅｎｃｙ）大于３．５的辉钼矿样品适合于铼－锇同位素年代学研究，其辉钼矿的铼－锇同位素年龄值十分接近于围岩的钾－氩或其它常规同位素方法的年龄值。     

海洋环境中的锇同位素研究现状

由于锇同位素示踪和定年具有较高的灵敏度，能提供其它同位素无法给出的重要信息，在海洋环境中应用具有独特的优越性，因此锇同位素在海洋环境中的的研究和应用引起了人们的广泛关注。近年来，国内外学者对海洋环境中的锇同位素研究取得了较大的成果，主要体现在以下几个方面：①对富钴结壳、海底铁锰结核、富有机质沉积物、富金属碳酸盐和深海远洋粘土中的锇同位素组成进行了较多研究；②对海水中锇的浓度、滞留时间，以及现代海水的锇同位素组成进行了精确测定；③初步建立了过去80Ma以来海水锇同位素组成的演化曲线；④对深海橄榄岩、大洋玄武岩、俯冲带岩石和大洋中脊喷出的热液流体的锇同位素组成进行了研究；⑤探讨了海洋环境中影响海水锇同位素组成变化的制约因素，初步揭示了海洋环境中的锇同位素组成对古海洋、古气候和古地理的指示意义。较系统地总结近年来锇同位素在海洋环境中的研究现状，对于指导以后的研究工作有着重要的意义。     

Os同位素在花岗岩物质来源示踪中的初步研究:以湖南骑田岭岩体为例

Re-Os同位素在基性-超基性岩物质来源示踪方面已得到较广泛应用,但在酸性岩方面尚属少见。与其它同位素体系不同,Re、Os均为高亲铁元素,在岩浆分异演化过程中,Re属于中等不相容元素,Os属于强相容元素,地壳和地幔两端员Os同位素组成差别较大,因此,Re-Os同位素是研究花岗岩中是否存在幔源物质贡献的灵敏示踪剂。通过采自湖南骑田岭复式岩体三个阶段15件花岗岩全岩样品Re-Os同位素的分析,这些样品中Re、Os含量极低(Re含量0.0053～0.4539ng/g,Os含量0.0011～0.0328ng/g),Os同位素初始比值为0.3543～1.728,波动较大,显示骑田岭岩体成岩物质具有壳幔混合来源的特征。其中,早阶段与新田岭钨成矿关系密切的中粗粒似斑状角闪石黑云母花岗岩中壳源物质贡献更多一些,而晚阶段与芙蓉锡矿关系密切的细粒黑云母花岗岩幔源物质相对更多一些。Re-Os同位素的研究,不仅能够为花岗岩物质来源与成因机制的研究提供新的手段,而且,对于获取南岭重点矿集区深部成矿的地球化学信息、探索南岭矿集区壳幔相互作用过程以及幔源岩浆在不同类型矿化花岗岩形成过程中的作用也具有重要意义。     

Re-Os同位素在沉积地层精确定年及古环境反演中的应用进展

Re-Os同位素亲有机质的性质,使得富有机质沉积岩在沉积的过程中能够吸附富集海水中的Re、Os,沉积岩的沉积压实过程也是其中Re-Os同位素体系封闭计时的过程,沉积岩Re-Os同位素等时线年龄代表地层沉积时代,Os同位素初始比值187Os/188Os反映沉积时海水的Os同位素比值。Re-Os同位素体系在富有机质沉积岩中的成功应用,能够直接确定地层沉积时代,从而对地层界线进行直接厘定,并且能够对一些沉积矿床形成时代、冰川事件发生时代进行厘定和限制。通过沉积岩Re-Os同位素特征,可以对古环境进行反演,有助于了解全球大气海洋的演化,气候的变化,对研究生物灭绝等重大地质事件发生的时限和机制以及金属矿床的成矿物质来源具有重要意义。文章阐述了Re-Os同位素在富有机质沉积岩中应用的原理,并列举了Re-Os同位素在沉积地层精确定年及古环境反演中应用实例,说明了富有机质沉积岩Re-Os同位素分析精度及其影响因素,以使Re-Os同位素体系作为一种强有力的工具,解决更多的沉积地层时代问题以及更好地对古环境进行反演。     

上地幔Os同位素组成的演化

Re-Os同位素体系为研究地幔的成分-结构-演化提供了新的地球化学示踪和定年的工具.上地幔Os同位素组成演化的球粒陨石模型是Re-Os体系用于地幔物质定年的基础, 尤其在采用Re亏损模式年龄和Os同位素代理等时线年龄时.综合了铁陨石和各类球粒陨石、地幔橄榄岩包体和蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿的Re-Os同位素体系研究的近期成果, 为认识对流上地幔Os同位素组成的演化提供了制约.对河北遵化蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿岩的研究, 获得新太古代(2.5 Ga)时形成豆荚状铬铁矿的对流上地幔的187Os/188Os=0.110 2, 与球粒陨石型模式的一致.文献中常用的球粒陨石模式的参数如下: 地球形成时(4.558 Ga)初始值187Os/186Os为0.095 31, 现代值分别采用碳质球粒陨石的187Os/186Os比值为0.127 0和原始上地幔(PUM)的187Os/186Os比值为0.129 6, PUM与普通球粒陨石和顽火球粒陨石的187Os/186Os比值接近.      

The role of mantle-hybridization and crustal contamination in the petrogenesis of lithospheric mantle-derived alkaline rocks: constraints from Os and Hf isotopes

The Rhön area as part of the Central European Volcanic Province (CEVP) hosts an unusual suite of Tertiary 24-Ma old hornblende-bearing alkaline basalts that provide insights into melting and fractionation processes within the lithospheric mantle. These chemically primitive to slightly evolved and isotopically (Sr, Nd, Pb) depleted basalts have slightly lower Hf isotopic compositions than respective other CEVP basalts and Os isotope compositions more radiogenic than commonly observed for continental intraplate alkaline basalts. These highly radiogenic initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios (0.268–0.892) together with their respective Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions are unlikely to result from crustal contamination alone, although a lack of Os data for lower crustal rocks from the area and limited data for CEVP basalts or mantle xenoliths preclude a detailed evaluation. Similarly, melting of the same metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle as inferred for other CEVP basalts alone is also unlikely, based on only moderately radiogenic Os isotope compositions obtained for upper mantle xenoliths from elsewhere in the province. Another explanation for the combined Nd, Sr and Os isotope data is that the lavas gained their highly radiogenic Os isotope composition through a mantle “hybridization”, metasomatism process. This model involves a mafic lithospheric component, such as an intrusion of a sublithospheric primary alkaline melt or a melt derived from subducted oceanic material, sometime in the past into the lithospheric mantle where it metasomatized the ambient mantle. Later at 24 Ma, thermal perturbations during rifting forced the isotopically evolved parts of the mantle together with the peridotitic ambient mantle to melt. This yielded a package of melts with highly correlated Re/Os ratios and radiogenic Os isotope compositions. Subsequent movement through the crust may have further altered the Os isotope composition although this effect is probably minor for the majority of the samples based on radiogenic Nd and unradiogenic Sr isotope composition of the lavas. If the radiogenic Os isotope composition can be explained by a mantle-hybridization and metasomatism model, the isotopic compositions of the hornblende basalts can be satisfied by ca. 5–25% addition of the mafic lithospheric component to an asthenospheric alkaline magma. Although a lack of isotope data for all required endmembers make this model somewhat speculative, the results show that the Re–Os isotope system in continental basalts is able to distinguish between crustal contamination and derivation of continental alkaline lavas from isotopically evolved peridotitic lithosphere that was contaminated by mafic material in the past and later remelted during rifting. The Hf isotopic compositions are slightly less radiogenic than in other alkaline basalts from the province and indicate the derivation of the lavas from low Lu–Hf parts of the lithospheric mantle. The new Os and Hf isotope data constrain a new light of the nature of such metasomatizing agents, at least for these particular rocks, which represent within the particular volcanic complex the first product of the volcanism.     

沥青Re-Os同位素年龄地质意义解读

Re、Os亲有机质的特性使得Re-Os同位素在富有机质地质样品中得到了广泛应用;沥青由大量重组分有机质组成,对Re、Os具有较强的富集能力,并且沥青样品中Re-Os同位素封闭性较好,因此沥青Re-Os同位素已经成为当今国际上研究的一个热点。然而,沥青Re-Os同位素年龄究竟是代表烃源岩的沉积时代、油气成藏时代、还是油气藏破坏后油气运移时代,至今还没有明确的定论。本文对新疆乌尔禾沥青矿、四川矿山梁沥青矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素分析,结果显示,乌尔禾沥青矿Re-Os同位素年龄为269±9Ma,老于周围白垩系砂岩地层沉积时代,Os同位素初始比值¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os（Os_i）为0.367±0.028,小于二叠纪海水的Os_i同位素比值,表明得到的乌尔禾沥青Re-Os同位素年龄反映的是乌尔禾油气藏的成藏时代。矿山梁沥青矿Re-Os同位素年龄为537.3±5.2Ma,老于围岩（寒武系、奥陶系、志留系地层）沉积时代,Os同位素初始比值为0.716±0.028,与早寒武世海水的Os_i同位素比值一致,表明得到的矿山梁沥青Re-Os同位素年龄代表烃源岩的沉积时代。结合前人发表的沥青Re-Os同位素数据,沥青Re-Os同位素等时线年龄可能反映烃源岩的沉积时代,也可能代表油气藏的形成时代,这主要取决于油气成藏过程中,具有不同Re-Os同位素特征的原油是否能够混合均匀。沥青Re-Os同位素年龄能否反映油气藏遭受破坏而发生运移的时代,主要取决于沥青的热演化程度以及油气藏破坏过程中原油的混合程度。沥青Re-Os同位素研究不仅能够为油气成藏时代的厘定提供了一种有力的工具,而且对于油气烃源岩的判别以及油气成因研究都具有十分重要的意义。

     

Evaluation of Simultaneous Analyte Leaching/Vapour Phase Introduction for Direct Osmium Isotope Ratio Measurements in Solid Samples by Double-Focusing Sector Field ICP-MS

The analytical performance of a method for Os isotope ratio measurement by double‐focusing, sector field ICP‐MS (ICP‐SFMS) was evaluated. The method is based on several optimised, concurrent processes: Os extraction from samples in hot concentrated nitric acid; separation of Os from the digest solution by the formation of volatile osmium tetroxide accelerated by continuous hydrogen peroxide addition; transport of analyte vapour by an oxygen flow into the ICP; and isotopic determination by ICP‐SFMS. Due to the very efficient utilisation of analyte (approaching 0.5‰), Os isotope ratio measurement could be performed at low pg levels. Combined with an ability to process sample sizes up to 2 g (up to 50 g if the organic matrix of biological or botanical samples is eliminated by ashing), materials with Os concentrations in the low, or even sub pg g^?1 range could be determined by this method. Given that two complete digestion/distillation systems were available for interchangeable use, throughputs of up to fifteen samples per 8 hour shift could be achieved. The method precision, evaluated as the long‐term reproducibility of ¹⁸⁷ Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio measurements in a commercial Os reference sample containing 0.5 ng Os, was 0.16% relative standard deviation (RSD, 1s). The method has been applied to perform replicate ¹⁸⁷ Os/¹⁸⁸ Os ratio measurements on a suite of fifty reference materials of various origins and matrix compositions, with Os concentrations varying from < 0.1 pg g^?1 to > 100 ng g^?1, yielding an average precision of 3% RSD. Though none of the materials tested are certified for Os content or Os isotope composition, comparison of the obtained data with published Os isotope information for similar sample types revealed close agreement between the two. The method can also be used for the simultaneous, semi‐quantitative determination of Os concentrations.     

A Method for Rapid Determination of Re and Os Isotope Compositions Using ID‐MC‐ICP‐MS Combined with the Sparging Method

A simple, rapid method for the determination of Re and Os concentrations and isotope compositions using isotope dilution multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ID‐MC‐ICP‐MS) combined with Carius tube digestion and sparging introduction of Os was developed. For Os measurement, four channeltron ion counters to detect different Os isotopes were used simultaneously, which led to a drastic reduction in the measurement time. Rhenium isotopes were measured by means of eight Faraday cups with solution nebulisation and an ultrasonic membrane desolvator. The representative ¹⁸⁸Os count rate of an Os standard solution containing 50 pg of total Os was approximately 110000–120000 cps at the onset of measurement; the Re intensity of our in‐house 10 pg g^?1 standard solution reached 1820 V/μg g^?1 with a sample uptake rate of 95–99 μl min^?1. These values indicate that the sensitivity of the method was sufficient even for samples with low Re and Os concentrations, such as chert. As the temporal variations of the amplification efficiency of the ion counters differed from one another, we adopted a sample‐calibrator bracketing method to correct the measured Re and Os isotope ratios. The Re and Os concentrations via the isotope dilution method and the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of two sedimentary rock reference materials (JMS‐2 and JCh‐1) on the basis of the isotope ratios determined by the MC‐ICP‐MS and by negative thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS) were comparable within their ranges. Based on Os isotope measurement of the IAG reference material [Durham Romil Os (DROsS)], the average difference from the recommended value and precision of Os isotope measurements by the sparging method in combination with multi‐ion‐counters were 0.72% and 0.76% [1RSD (%), n = 29], respectively. The precisions in the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios [1RSD (%)] of JMS‐2, JCh‐1 and DROsS were 0.35–0.71, 1.56–3.31 and 0.99–1.28%, respectively, which depended on their Os ion intensities. No systematic difference was observed between the Re and Os geochemical compositions of JCh‐1 and JMS‐2 obtained by means of digestion with inverse aqua regia and CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ solutions, suggesting that either acid solution can be used for the sparging method of sedimentary rock samples. As CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ solution is believed to liberate predominantly the hydrogenous Re and Os fraction from organic‐rich sediment, the sparging method combined with CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ digestion and multi‐ion‐counters in the mass spectrometry is expected to be a powerful tool for reconstructing the secular change in marine Os isotope compositions with high sample throughput.     

镁铁-超镁铁岩铼-锇同位素体系分析方法

通过试验建立了镁铁-超镁铁岩Re-Os同位素体系分析方法，包括Re-Os的化学分离纯化流程，Re同位素比值的电感耦合等离子体质谱测量方法和Os同位素比值的负离子热电离质谱测量方法。化学流程包括Carius管溶样，小型蒸馏分离Os，微蒸馏纯化Os，阴离子交换法分离、纯化Re。用该流程测定了汉诺坝幔源橄榄岩、辉石岩捕虏体和大别山饶拔寨超镁铁岩样品的Re、Os含量和Os同位素比值。     

Os isotopes in mantle xenoliths from the Eifel volcanic field and the Vogelsberg (Germany): age constraints on the lithospheric mantle

The effects of mantle metasomatism on the sulfide phase in mantle xenoliths in general, and on the Os isotopic system in particular, have received increased attention in recent years. Here, we report on Os isotopic systematics of metasomatized mantle xenoliths from the late Quaternary Eifel (Dreiser Weiher and Meerfelder Maar) and neighboring Vogelsberg volcanic fields, which provide insight into the effects of melt extraction and metasomatism on Os isotopes and place constraints on the evolution of the lithospheric mantle component beneath central Europe. Sixteen harzburgite, lherzolite, and pyroxenite xenoliths from the Eifel and two lherzolite xenoliths from the Vogelsberg were analyzed for Os isotopes. Samples from the anhydrous peridotite suite (Ib) are highly variable in their Os isotopes, ranging from subchondritic values (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os=0.1236) to suprachondritic values (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os=0.1420), indicating that some of these samples have been overprinted by the addition of radiogenic Os and have lost the primary mantle Os that was presumably present. The suprachondritic values suggest a source for this Os in a reservoir with a time-integrated Re/Os ratio greater than that of the bulk Earth. Eifel samples with Os contents >1.5 ng/g from the hydrous suite (Ia) have relatively unradiogenic Os isotope compositions (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os=0.1208-0.1237) and Al₂O₃-Os isotopic systematics consistent with ancient melt depletion and isolation from the convecting asthenospheric mantle for time periods similar to the age of the overlying crust (~1.5 Ga) as well with results from peridotite massifs in the European region. The LREE-metasomatism and the enrichment of Os (up to 6.47 ng/g) and As (sulfide metasomatism?) in the hydrous suite is strongly inversely correlated with the Os isotope ratios, demonstrating that mantle processes such as metasomatism can significantly modify the Os isotope chemistry of mantle xenoliths.