铁白云石矿物学特征及原生次生成因机制

长期以来,铁白云石的命名划分标准混乱,一直被当成高温及次生的产物.综述了国内外铁白云石的研究进展,详细探讨了铁白云石的矿物学特征,特别在其成因中加入了微生物因素,运用地质微生物学探讨原生铁白云石的成因机制.研究认为:（1）铁白云石命名划分依据应遵照国际矿物学会的原则,以铁是否替代白云石晶格中半数镁的位置为标准,分为白云石和铁白云石;（2）详述铁白云石矿物学及其晶体特征;（3）铁白云石成因分为原生沉淀及次生两种,微生物介导形成原生白云石的过程中,有助于铁进入到白云石晶格中,增加晶格中铁的含量.      

湖相原生白云石的微生物成因机理探讨*

近年来,随着对微生物白云石模式研究的不断深入,为解释“白云石问题”提供了新思路。前人对微生物白云石成因研究侧重于微生物对未固结沉积物的改造,即有机准同生白云石化作用,这与实验室中以微生物为媒介形成的“有机原生白云石”在成因机理上存在差异。笔者将微生物白云石机理引入湖相原生白云石成因解释中,认为在湖水—沉积物交界处也会发生微生物成因的原生白云石沉淀,即有机原生白云石。湖水与沉积物交界处的微环境存在明显区别,总体可分为有氧和缺氧2种亚环境,不同亚环境中生活有不同的微生物群落。根据湖泊亚环境特性和微生物种类及其在白云石形成过程中所发挥的作用,可以区分出细菌有氧氧化模式、硫酸盐还原模式和产甲烷模式3种微生物白云石模式。不同模式对应于不同的湖泊环境: 细菌有氧氧化模式主要发生于有氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;硫酸盐还原模式主要发生于缺氧、高Mg/Ca值的咸水/盐湖环境;产甲烷模式主要发生于缺氧、低Mg/Ca值的淡水/咸水湖环境。另外,还探讨了pH值变化、SO42-的存在和硫化物对镁水合物脱水的影响以及微生物白云石沉淀的环境因子。对微生物成因的原生白云石模式的深入认识,将为湖相白云石成因研究提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

塔里木盆地和田1井中寒武统膏岩层段发现原生白云石

岩石学与地球化学研究表明,塔里木盆地和田1井中寒武统膏岩层中白云石为原生白云石。岩石学特征上,白云石晶体微小,属隐晶—微晶(5μm),呈他形—次圆形,并且不含灰质前驱物。白云石与自生石膏有密切联系,根据其与石膏的关系及岩石学特征,可以将其分为两类:A类原生白云石,包裹在石膏内,晶体较大,一般大于3μm;B类原生白云石,石膏分散在其中,具有极好的长柱状晶形,白云石晶体较小,一般小于3μm。地球化学特征上,两类白云石差别也较明显。A类白云石具有高的n(Mg)/n(Ca)比,平均为0.96,接近化学计量白云石。Na_2O,Sr O,Fe O,Mn O平均含量分别为160μg/g,270μg/g,2250μg/g,120μg/g。δ~(13)C(PDB)与δ~(18)O(SMOW)平均值分别为0.3‰,24.6‰;与A类原生白云石相比,B类原生白云石n(Mg)/n(Ca)比较低,平均值为0.90。具有较高的Na_2O,Fe O,Mn O含量与稍低的Sr O含量,平均值分别为290μg/g,2540μg/g,200μg/g,200μg/g。δ~(13)C(PDB)与δ~(18)O(SMOW)变化不大,δ~(13)C稍低,平均值为-0.3‰,δ~(18)O值较高,平均值为25.2‰。研究表明,文中白云石为原生沉淀,而非交代前驱物灰岩形成,Mg的来源为强烈蒸发形成的高盐度咸水。微生物可能参与了白云石沉淀过程。     

沉积白云石形成条件的试验研究

经过大量试验研究工作，总结出在常温常压条件下，全成碳酸盐矿物的控制因素和形成条件，合成出原白云石（无序白云）等一系列碳酸盐矿物.原白云石经加温加压，在100℃或150℃转化为白云石（有序白云石）.     

火山岩中交代岩和铁矿的实验研究

本文作者在火山岩地区的新疆磁海、雅满苏和内蒙黄岗梁三个铁矿床进行野外工作的基础上,模拟火山气热液与次火山岩-火山岩(辉绿岩、安山质凝灰岩、安山岩和凝灰质砂岩)相互作用。实验结果证明了在380—700℃和(250—800)x105Pa的温度和压力下形成了与上述三个矿床相似的交代岩的矿物共生组合,并且从次火山岩-火山岩中萃取出TFe(11.89—3881.89mg/1)。由此可见,晚期火山气热液继续沿构造断裂上升,作用于沿途所经过的早先形成的次火山岩-火山岩,从中萃取出大量的铁,并在适宜的温度和压力等物理化学条件下形成了磁海、雅满苏和黄岗梁(西段)铁矿床。     

白云石循环法生产氧化镁新工艺的研究

介绍了用循环法从白云石中制取氧化镁的新工艺,制得的工业氧化镁达到了ＨＧ／Ｔ２５７３－９４的质量要求。     

黄土微结构区域变化规律及与湿陷性相关性研究

黄土中的微结构是影响黄土湿陷的重要因素。本文运用扫描电子显微镜对黄土微结构进行观察并对统计数据进行了分析，结果表明黄土微结构在区域上存在一定的变化规律。即，由西北的粒状、支架接触式结构，逐渐过渡到东南的凝块、镶嵌胶结式结构。通过对黄土矿物颗粒接触关系和孔隙与湿陷性的关系的分析，并根据非饱和土粒间吸力理论分析，认为支架结构孔隙为黄土湿陷变形提供了空间条件，而黄土微结构吸力空间分布的不均匀性是引起黄土湿陷的根本原因。     

白云石的微化反应与有序度

试验证实白云石的微化反应特征明显受有序度的影响，白云石粉末在稀盐酸中的起泡程度随有序度的降低而加剧，在茜素红溶液中的染色程度和速度随有序度的降低而增强。低有序度白云石或完全无序的原白云石，其微化反应与方解石极为相似，反之，高有序度白云石与菱镁矿相似。另外还讨论白云石微化反应的机理。     

黄土微结构的试验研究

本文通过电镜扫描分析手段,对Q3黄土试验场地土样微结构特征的各项指标进行了比较和分析,旨在找出其规律性。同时,本文还介绍了黄土微结构的研究方法和要求。结合室内实验,对所获得的一系列黄土特性量化指标进行了分析对比,揭示了微结构与黄土液化之间的内在联系。研究结果表明,由统计值变异系数,能达到对黄土场地液化势起到相当程度确定性的目的,验证了利用微结构研究黄土结构变化的可行性。     

长江中下游地区的矽卡岩交代柱特征与深部找矿

长江中下游地区是中国东部重要的铁、铜多金属成矿带,主要有矽卡岩型、层控矽卡岩型、斑岩型、矿浆型、玢岩型的铁、铜多金属矿床.在绝大多数金属矿床中广泛分布有钙质矽卡岩,根据矽卡岩交代柱特征可以把矽卡岩交代柱的形成分为三个阶段:首先是岩浆期-矽卡岩阶段,主要由钙铁石榴子石、辉石等矿物组成,其中含有熔融包裹体,均一法平均温度950~1 300℃.因为在熔融包裹体中见有石榴子石、辉石、方解石、硅灰石、石英、钙长石及玻璃和碳酸盐熔体等残留物,成分复杂多变,而且熔融包裹体中辉石和玻璃的化学成分,与邻区的火山岩中的辉石及玻璃相比HgO、CaO高得多,而K2O、Na2O少,两者明显不同,故仍应属于矽卡岩的矿物.该阶段常伴有磁铁矿化及富铁矿浆,形成矿浆型铁矿床.其次为早期碱性交代-矽卡岩阶段和酸性淋滤-矽卡岩阶段,主要为液相包裹体,亦含流-熔融包裹体,均一温度为1 50~580℃之间,根据液相包裹体分析成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CO2型,成矿作用与沸腾关系密切,此阶段为本区铜、金多金属矿物沉淀期.总体分析,本区金属矿床应属透岩浆流体成矿体系.冬瓜山矽卡岩-斑岩型铜矿床和安庆铜矿床的成矿深度分别已达1 km以上和2.7 km(估算).现今应重视矽卡岩和碱质蚀变(钾化和钠化)的广度和强度,可作为重要的深部找矿标志.     

川东北下三叠统飞仙关组白云岩的地球化学特征

四川盆地川东北部下三叠统飞仙关组是我国重要的天然气储集层,白云石化的鲕粒滩为主要的油气储集层,鲕粒滩主要发育在川东北碳酸盐台地的边缘,台地内主要为泥晶碳酸盐岩夹蒸发岩。鲕粒滩在不同程度上发生白云石化并形成鲕粒白云岩,一些研究者把它们看成近地表混合水白云岩,但飞仙关组鲕粒白云岩的微量元素铁和锰、白云石的阴极发光、白云岩的稳定同位素C和O值、87Sr/86Sr比值等特征表明这些白云岩具有埋藏成因的证据。下三叠统飞仙关组白云岩具有暗红色阴极发光,微量元素Fe为600×10-6~1000×10-6,Mn为14×10-6~78×10-6,稳定同位素氧组分为-6.73~-3.65‰（PDB）,（平均值为-4.89‰PDB）,稳定同位素锶（87Sr/86Sr）为0.707 35~0.708 00。薄片下可以看到白云石沿着裂缝交代,上述的特征表明白云岩在埋藏条件下形成的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下奥陶统马家沟组马五段白云岩的地球化学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组马五段属于浅海碳酸盐层系,间夹蒸发岩层。盆地中东部通常含有白云岩,它们是主要油气储集层。一些研究者把它们看成近地表回流白云岩。然而白云岩的岩石学和地球化学表明这些白云岩具有埋藏成因的证据。〓〓马家沟组白云岩（马五段）具有暗红色阴极发光,微量元素Fe为5 500×10-6～6 200×10-6,Mn为170×10-6~210×10-6,稳定同位素氧组分为-7.093‰～-9.932‰PDB,（平均值为-8.671‰PDB）,稳定同位素锶（87Sr/86Sr）为0.709 766～0.708 65（有硅质碎屑物的放射性87Sr的影响）。薄片下可以看到白云石沿着裂缝交代,上述特征表明白云岩可能在埋藏条件下形成。〓〓白云岩稀土元素的分布模式与海水的稀土元素分布有明显的差别,缺少Ce和Eu的负异常,表明交代流体不会是海水或蒸发海水。包裹体的均一化温度为160~220℃,盐度为5wt%～25wt%,暗示白云石化作用温度高,压力大,交代流体为卤水。〓〓密西西比谷型（MVT）矿化作用（方铅矿和闪锌矿）以及共生的低温热液矿物——钾长石、萤石、石英、黄铁矿等表明白云岩具有区域热液特征。     

华北寒武纪—奥陶纪豹皮状碳酸盐岩系生物扰动成因

华北地区寒武系和奥陶系发育了大量的生物扰动白云岩/生物扰动灰岩,选择两个代表性剖面——河南登封寒武系剖面和山西兴县奥陶系剖面进行碳酸盐岩系生物扰动成因研究。河南登封寒武系第二统朱砂洞组中的遗迹化石较单一,主要为Thalassinoides、含有少量Planolites;山西兴县中奥陶统马家沟组五5亚段中遗迹化石较丰富,识别出的遗迹化石共7个遗迹属,分别为Arenicolites、Cylindricum、Helminthopsis、Lorenzinia、Planolites、Teichichnus、Thalassinoides,其中Thalassinoides占主导地位。朱砂洞组主要为滨岸碳酸盐潮坪相,中奥陶统马家沟组五5亚段主要为局限台地相。通过野外地质考察及室内相关实验手段及方法,利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜对生物潜穴及围岩进行了宏观和微观结构分析,发现生物潜穴内部主要为白云石,基质围岩主要为方解石,生物潜穴在野外露头上表现为颜色不一的斑块状。两个剖面大量发育遗迹化石Thalassinoides(海生迹),Thalassinoides的三维潜穴系统为白云石化流体提供了良好的运移通道,为回流渗透作用提供了有利条件,促进潜穴充填物白云石化,从而形成了大量豹皮状的生物扰动白云岩。     

Chemical and Isotopic Constraints for Recrystallization of Sedimentary Dolomites from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Mississippian shoal carbonates of Western CanadaSedimentary Basin are important hydrocarbon hosts.Dolomitization plays a major role in the evolution ofreservoir porosity in these carbonates. This processvaries across the basin and reflects, in part, divergentsources and chemistry of pore fluids. Dolomites fromseveral petroleum reservoirs were analyzed formineralogical, geochemical and isotopic variation. Thedata clearly demonstrate the progressive and complexrecrystallization of dolomite during shallow and deepburial in modified marine, meteoric and burial fluids.These data include: change in crystal size,stoichiometry, cathodoluminscence characteristics,stable oxygen and carbon isotopic shifts and changesin radiogenic Sr isotopic composition. However,regional geology, tectonic history and fluid flowevolution play important roles in the diageneticimprints and the degree of recrystallization.Early microcrystalline dolomite formed in normalmarine and evaporative conditions in Mississippiancarbonates from Western Canada Sedimentary Basinhave undergone variable degrees of recrystallization, frompristine dolomite akin to Holocene sabkha dolomitewith preserved mineralogical and chemical attributesto highly recrystallized mesodolomite, however stillnonstoichiometric, but with highly altered chemicalsignatures. Careful attention should be made to localgeology, hydrodynamics and fluid flow when investigatingdolomite recrystallization in sedimentary basins.     

强夯置换深度估算的拟静力法

总结了估算强夯置换深度的现有方法及其存在的问题，提出了置换深度估算的拟静力分析模型。并且根据收集的若干工程实例，对模型的特定参数进行了拟合并对所得结果进行了初步验证。     

REE Compositions of Lower Ordovician Dolomites in Central and North Tarim Basin, NW China： A Potential REE Proxy for Ancient Seawater

Rare earth element compositions of Lower Ordovician dolomites in the Central and Northern Tarim Basin are studied. Most dolomite samples are more or less contaminated by clay minerals. Their rare earth element compositions have been consequently changed, showing both seawater-like and non-seawater-like features. The clay contamination should be disposed before the REE data are used. Through ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, the REE features are well documented. The clay contamination is quantitatively determined by microscopic investigation, trace elements and REE contents. The dolomites, at least in the Tarim Basin, are thought to be pure when their total LREE contents are less than 3×10^-6. Through comparison, the pure dolomites show similarities in REE patterns but differences in REE contents with co-existing pure limestone, which indicates that dolomitization may slightly change the REE compositions. Nevertheless, whatever the change is, the pure dolomites may act as a potential REE proxy for Ordovician seawater, which would be significant for ancient massive dolomite strata that lack limestone.     

REE Compositions of Lower Ordovician Dolomites in Central and North Tarim Basin, NW China: A Potential REE Proxy for Ancient Seawater

Rare earth dement compositions of Lower Ordovician dolomites in the Central and Northern Tarim Basin are studied. Most dolomite samples are more or less contaminated by clay minerals. Their rare earth element compositions have been consequently changed, showing both seawater-like and non-seawater-like features. The clay contamination should be disposed before the REE data are used. Through ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, the REE features are well documented. The clay contamination is quantitatively determined by microscopic investigation, trace elements and REE contents. The dolomites, at least in the Tarim Basin, are thought to be pure when their total LREE contents are less than 3x10-6. Through comparison, the pure dolomites show similarities in REE patterns but differences in REE contents with co-existing pure limestone, which indicates that dolomitization may slightly change the REE compositions. Nevertheless, whatever the change is, the pure dolomites may act as a potential REE proxy for Ordovician seawater, which would be significant for ancient massive dolomite strata that lack limestone.     

羌塘盆地中央隆起带南侧隆额尼-昂达尔错布曲组古油藏白云岩特征及成因机制

以系统的剖面测制及室内综合研究为基础,系统总结了隆额尼—昂达而错古油藏白云岩的矿物学、晶体学、岩石组构、沉积相、碳和氧同位素及流体包裹体等特征,在该区白云岩中发现了完整的交代鲕粒结构。该区白云岩的典型组构为交代残余结构、雾心亮边结构、等厚环边胶结及世代生长结构,白云岩化集中在台地边缘浅滩、潮坪及台地边缘藻丘礁;白云石晶体有序度总体较高,白云岩δ13C和δ18O值较伴生灰岩偏高,白云岩形成时盐度低于正常海水盐度,温度t高于地表平均温度;白云岩中包裹体含量少而小,均一温度均从白云岩中后期充填方解石脉中获取,其均一温度的两个区间与该区两次大的构造运动及油气生成、运聚过程吻合,白云岩形成于油气注入之前。各种特征均反映出该区白云岩为混合水交代成因,研究丰富了对该古油藏白云岩特征及白云岩成因机制的认识。     

Syn-sedimentary hydrothermal dolomites in a lacustrine rift basin: Petrographic and geochemical evidence from the lower Cretaceous Erlian Basin,Northern China

Dolomites occur extensively in the lower Cretaceous along syn-sedimentary fault zones of the Baiyinchagan Sag, westernmost Erlian Basin, within a predominantly fluvial–lacustrine sedimentary sequence. Four types of dolomite are identified, associated with hydrothermal minerals such as natrolite, analcime and Fe-bearing magnesite. The finely-crystalline dolomites consist of anhedral to subhedral crystals (2 to 10 μm), evenly commixed with terrigenous sediments that occur either as matrix-supporting grains (Fd1) or as massive argillaceous dolostone (Fd2). Medium-crystalline (Md) dolomites are composed of subhedral to euhedral crystals aggregates (50 to 250 μm) and occur in syn-sedimentary deformation laminae/bands. Coarse-crystalline (Cd) dolomites consist of non-planar crystals (mean size >1 mm), and occur as fracture infills cross-cutting the other dolomite types. The Fd1, Md and Cd dolomites have similar values of δ¹⁸O (−20·5 to −11·0‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite) and δ¹³C (+1·4 to +4·5‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite), but Fd2 dolomites are isotopically distinct (δ¹⁸O −8·5 to −2·3‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite; δ¹³C +1·4 to +8·6‰ Vienna PeeDee Belemnite). Samples define three groups which differ in light rare-earth elements versus high rare-earth elements enrichment/depletion and significance of Tb, Yb and Dy anomalies. Medium-crystalline dolomites have signatures that indicate formation from brines at very high temperature, with salinities of 11·8 to 23·2 eq. wt. % NaCl and T_h values of 167 to 283°C. The calculated temperatures of Fd1 and Cd dolomites extend to slightly lower values (141 to 282°C), while Fd2 dolomites are distinctly cooler (81 to 124°C). These results suggest that the dolomites formed from hydrothermal fluid during and/or penecontemporaneous with sediment deposition. Faults and fractures bounding the basin were important conduits through which high-temperature Mg-rich fluids discharged, driven by an abnormally high heat flux associated with local volcanism. It is thought that differing amounts of cooling and degassing of these hydrothermal fluids, and of mixing with lake waters, facilitated the precipitation of dolomite and associated minerals, and resulted in the petrographic and geochemical differences between the dolomites.     

置换深度估算的一维波动方程法

强夯置换的应用已逐渐广泛，但其设计是高度经验性的。强夯置换的理论研究较为肤浅，特别是置换深度的计算尚无较好的方法。为此，提出了模拟夯击过程的一维波动方程理论模型；初步建议了模型中有关参数的取值并用工程实例进行了验证；用所提出的模型探讨了置换体形成与扩展的基本规律；给出了应用的简化形式。结果表明，一维波动方程法及其简化形式与实际吻合较好，可应用于强夯置换的置换深度估算。