西湖凹陷平北缓坡带盖层特征及封堵性评价

盖层是西湖凹陷平湖构造带平北缓坡带的主要控藏因素之一。为厘清平北缓坡带优质盖层分布及控藏规律,利用该区满覆盖1 200 km²三维地震和23口探井资料,运用井约束地震反演技术,分析了盖层发育规律及封堵效果。结果发现,平北缓坡带平上段存在一套平均孔隙度1.5%的泥岩区域盖层S1,致使平湖组烃源岩生成的油气能够绝大部分滞留于平湖组内部。选取T₃¹界面上下50 ms时窗制作了S1盖层时间厚度图,较为客观地展现了这套盖层的全貌及分布特征,并指出L1、W4、B2等钻井失利是由于局部封堵性变差所致。考虑到断层对盖层封堵性的影响,认为当泥质涂抹因子<1.8时才对油气具有良好封堵性。综合考虑盖层厚度、泥质含量、断裂等因素,将平北缓坡带划分为完全封盖区、部分封盖区、无能力封盖区,以期有助于该区的油气勘探。     

中国叠合盆地深部海相地层油气保存条件剖析

中国叠合盆地的形成演化主要经历了海相盆地形成和盆地叠加改造两大构造期,发生了多期构造变动下的多期油气成藏及后期不同程度的改造和破坏。构造运动决定了叠合盆地海相层系成藏条件与油气保存的差异性,盆地及其周缘造山带构成的盆山结构决定了中国西部叠合盆地油气保存条件的优劣。膏盐岩和泥页岩是叠合盆地中最主要的两类盖层,多期构造变动背景下盖层的封盖有效性是油气保存的重要条件。岩浆活动时间与油气生成、运移时间的先后配置关系同油气保存密切相关。地下水水文和古流体地球化学特征可作为油气保存条件的判识性指标来指示油气运移、聚集及破坏。油气的聚集和散失量模拟提供了一种油气保存条件定量研究的新思路。油气保存单元和保存系统的概念及相关评价体系能够很好地反映油气保存条件的分割性。以构造演化为主线,全面分析油气保存条件各影响因素的多维时空配置关系,多角度系统评价叠合盆地海相地层油气保存条件将成为重要研究方向,对于圈闭评价优选及海相油气勘探部署具有重要的参考指导意义。     

番禺4地区断裂发育期次与油气藏形成的关系

随着勘探程度的深入,断层的封堵性研究,已成为番禺4地区针对浅层勘探研究的必要内容。常用的方法是Allan(1980)的剖面分析法和Yielding等(1993)的泥岩涂抹系数法。认为在高角度断裂地区,断裂发育期次是油气藏形成的关键因素。粤海组沉积初期是油气大量运移时期,此时处于静止期的断裂具有垂向封闭性,断裂所控制的构造有利于油藏的聚集保存;相反此时活动增强的断裂具有开启性,不利于油藏的保存。     

南海北缘白云凹陷北坡裂后断裂活动特征及构造沉积响应

为深入理解被动大陆边缘凹陷斜坡断裂的构造特征和演化机制,利用最新的三维地震资料分析珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡带的断裂发育特征,应用断层生长指数研究断裂的活动期次,结合断裂活动期间的沉积响应特点,分析断层发育演化机制。结果显示,白云凹陷北坡断裂走向以NWW向为主,发育部分NEE至近E—W向小断裂;断层倾角较陡,单条断层剖面形态主要为板式断层,组合构造样式主要呈阶梯状和"X"形断裂组合样式;裂后阶段主要有23.03~21Ma和19.1~15.97Ma和10~2.59Ma三期活动,其中10Ma后断层活动强度显著增大。断裂走向研究表明新生代区域伸展应力场由近N—S向向NNE向顺时针偏转,偏转角度约为8°。相对于陆架凹陷发育的断裂,位于陆坡深水区白云凹陷断裂体系特点主要是断裂活动时间较长且活动强度多变。研究表明,白云凹陷北坡裂后断裂的发育演化主控因素是主凹持续强烈的热沉降,南海扩张对北缘的弱挤压作用也是重要的影响因素,南海块体和西菲律宾海板块的汇聚活动则对断裂构造活化有重要影响。白云北坡的沉积发育对构造活动具有较为明显的响应,尤其是裂后第三期的构造活化期,受东沙运动影响,表现为一系列水道下切、深水沉积滑塌和削截抬升,根据其变形特点,推测东沙运动的构造应力主要来自东侧。     

济阳坳陷桩海地区的古潜山断裂

桩海地区位于渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷北部,由于其处于多个潜山的结合带,有些部位研究力度不够。利用大量最新地震剖面和钻井资料,绘制出该区古生界及中生界沉积残留厚度图,分析了12条断裂的构造特征及其演化。这12条断裂控制了研究区古潜山的构造格局,并对潜山储集性能起着良好的改造作用,使储层沿断裂呈带状分布。桩海地区的构造演化大致经历了印支-早燕山期、晚燕山期和喜山期3个阶段,并于喜山期定型。通过分析认为桩海地区断层多为变换断层,NE向断裂下降盘的古潜山没有油气,而上升盘一侧的构造高点有较好的油气藏,内幕构造圈闭和岩性油气藏也有广阔的前景。     

东海西湖凹陷平湖构造带异常压力与油气成藏

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖构造带深部普遍发育异常高压,对研究区的异常压力的分布特征、主导成因及其对油气成藏的影响进行了系统研究。平湖构造带深部储层和泥岩现今普遍发育超压,且不同区带超压主导成因不同;超压对有机质的热演化和烃类的生成无明显影响,对储集层物性有保存和改善作用,对油气运聚先起动力作用促进再运移,后起封堵作用形成聚集,对深部泥质盖层起超压封盖作用。     

珠江口盆地惠州凹陷西南部地区古近纪构造特征及其演化模式

研究区位于珠江口盆地惠州凹陷西南部,毗邻西江凹陷,属于NEE走向和NE走向两组构造体系的转换部位。该地区古近系主要发育近EW走向、NW走向和NE走向的3组断裂,剖面上总体呈平直和铲状两种形态。3组断裂共同控制了研究区古近系不同时期的断陷结构特征。断层活动性和构造沉降分析表明,文昌组沉积期研究区东部北倾断层和西部南倾断层活动强烈,沉降量和沉降速率均较大;恩平组沉积期,受南海扩张影响,总体呈现南倾断层,即向海倾断层活动明显增强,沉降量和沉降速率显著增大的特点;至珠海组沉积期断层活动总体较弱。构造格局及其演化明显控制沉积物充填。快速生长断层因两盘差异沉降显著,其下降盘往往地层厚度大,以发育扇三角洲沉积体系为特征;慢速生长断层下降盘的地层厚度相对较薄,以发育沿断层转换带延伸的辫状河三角洲沉积体系为主。研究区古近纪的构造演化并非简单继承,而是重大转换(T80面是重要的构造变革面),且这种转换是被动大陆边缘近端带对南海扩张作用远程响应的结果。     

基底继承性断层在地中海西部阿尔沃兰岛周围内陆架现代断裂体系中的作用

古断层的再复活是脆性地壳的一个常见的变形机制,主要取决于新的不同应力场的活动和断层的方向、倾角和强度。在强烈变形的地区,断层再复活可能会导致盆地倒转或拉裂盆地（或拉张盆地）的发育（De Graciansky等,1989;Williams等,1989）;在弱变形的克拉通内部地区,断层再复活能够导致基底的上覆盖岩单元破碎。由基底深层断层再复活导致的表层断裂模式取决于断层的运动学性质（即走滑、正或逆断层）：在走滑断层R的情况下,R’和T断裂形成于表层盖层之中（Riedel,1929;Tchalenko,1970）,     

东海陆架盆地南部生长断层活动特征

生长断层是在伸展和走滑盆地中一种重要且广泛存在的构造样式。通过地震资料定性识别出东海陆架盆地南部地区18条生长断层;根据断裂对研究区各级构造单元控制作用和纵向切穿地层情况,将其划分为一级控盆断裂、二级控凹断裂、三级控带断裂和盖层断裂;通过断裂平面分布特征研究认为研究区的断裂以NE、NNE延伸为主,少数为NEE方向;利用地震剖面在研究区识别出阶梯状组合断层带、“Y”字型组合断层、多米诺式断层带、地堑、地垒等多种断裂组合样式;又结合生长指数和断层落差两种方法对研究区生长断层的运动学特征进行了定量统计分析,发现研究区生长断层在古近纪时期活动强度具有自西向东逐渐递减趋势,区内断层活动期次自西向东逐渐变新,整个研究区内生长断层在古近纪盆地裂陷—断陷期活动强度最大,中新世后断裂活动趋于稳定。认为晚中生代以来太平洋板块西缘俯冲后撤和印度板块向亚欧板块俯冲碰撞在东海陆架盆地形成的远程蠕散效应,使东海陆架盆地形成了拉张伸展应力场环境,是研究区发育大量生长断层的首要原因。同时,加强对研究区生长断层伴生构造如滚动背斜和缓坡带阶梯状断裂组合封堵形成的岩性圈闭研究,有利于推动东海陆架中新生代盆地资源勘探可持续发展。     

南堡凹陷4号构造带蛤坨断层特征与油气成藏关系

南堡凹陷4号构造带断裂发育,既发育沟通烃源岩的深断裂,也发育沟通浅层圈闭的次级断裂。综合利用地震、测井、岩性等资料分析断层的空间展布,计算蛤坨断层的生长指数和断层泥比率（SGR）,分析断层的活动性、封堵性,评价其输导性能,并结合其与烃源岩生排烃期的匹配关系研究断裂与油气运移、聚集的关系及控制规律。在典型油气藏剖面解剖的基础上,建立了4号构造带油气运聚成藏模式。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.