防雷设计新规范实施初期防雷图纸审核应对措施探讨

文章深入分析了新颁布的《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057-2010实施后,在防雷图纸审核工作中遇到的若干问题,阐述了新规范对防雷图纸审核工作带来的影响,探讨了新规范实施初期防雷图纸审核应对举措。     

浅谈新《地面气象观测规范》学习和使用体会

对新《地面气象观测规范》中关于观测项目及数据记录应注意的问题进行了介绍,并对新规范中异常记录的处理进行了分析。     

读者与编者

编辑同志:你们将新规范学习讨论会集体整理的“新《地面气象观测规范》增改内容摘要”,及时刊登在《陕西气象》第八期上,对我们学习新规范很有帮助。但是,也发现几处有错误,如:26页右栏第5行勾卷层云,应为匀卷层云     

关于“参加新《地面气象观测规范》编写随感”一文的两点质疑

编辑同志:今年《陕西气象》第一期,发表了任国拣同志写的“参加新《地面气象观测规范》编写随感”一文,对我们学好规范很有启示和帮助,希望多发表这类文章,以推动我们对新规范的学习和执行。在任国栋同志的文章中,有两个问题     

新《地面气象观测规范》的学习应用

中国气象局颁发了新《地面气象观测规范》(下称新《规范》),并于2004年1月1日执行,如何与原《地面气象观测规范》(下称原《规范》)对照应用,保证新《规范》的正确实施。本文结合青海地面气象测报和自动气象站业务工作实际,比较详细地叙述了《地面气象观测规范》主要的异同之处,供同行们在实际工作中参考。     

我是怎样学习《地面气象观测规范》的

中央气象局制定的新的《地面气象观测规范》(下称新规范),一九八○年一月一日起在全国气象台站正式执行了。新规范是气象台站从事地面气象观测工作的业务规则和技术规定,我们观测员应认真学习掌握规范规定,才能在今后工作中更好地执行新规范,获取具有代表性、准确性、比较性的气象记录资料,为实现四化作出贡献。我是一九七六年底才参加工作的新观测员,没有经过正规训练,几年来,在老同志的帮助下,我认真学习规范,熟悉各种技术规定,在值班中做到正确执行,细心校对,业务质量达到自治区、地区的要求,取得了较好的成绩。一九七八年错情率为0.2％,一九七九年错情率为0.3％。新规范下发后,从台领导到组里对学习新规范都抓得较紧,自己积极参加学习,地区台组织考试时,我的成绩为九十点九分,自治区统一进行测验成绩为九十三点四分。我     

高空业务新规范和新质量考核办法意义的延伸

通过新、旧规范和质量考核办法的比较,发现新规范和新质量考核办法的变更重点．联系高空业务现状．通过分析,探讨其意义的延伸。     

参加新《地面气象观测规范》编写随感

新《地面气象观测规范》(以下简称新《规范》,于一九八○年元月一日起,在全国正式执行。在新《规范》开始执行之际,回忆参加新《规范》改编情况,有不少感想。气象观测是素取第一性气象资料的工作,是整个气象工作的基础之一,也是每个气象台站的基本任务之一。我国气象观测规范开始是照抄苏联的,以后结合我国     

《地面气象观测规范》(征求意见稿)审查讨论会

《地面气象观测规范》(征求意见稿)(下称新规范)于1977年7月下发全国各级气象部门普遍征求意见,并在60个台站试行了一个月。各级气象部门对新规范的试行和征求意见的工作都十分重视,分别召开了不同类型的座谈会,广泛收集意见,并进行了综合整理。在此基础上,中央气象局规范改革小组于1977年第四季度先后在四川成都、湖南韶山、山东太安分片召开了新规范审查讨论会。与会代表共162人,来自全国29个省、市、自治区,其中半数来自基层气象台站。     

学习新“规范”一些问题的解答

在省新《地面气象观测规范》学习讨论会中,与会同志提出的一些问题,我们以新“规范”有关技术规定为依据,经过讨论,初步统一了认识,现将有关问题综述于后,供学习、执行新“规范”时参考。这些认识不一定完全正确,主要还应以新“规范”及今后中央气象局和省局的正式文件为准。     

康乐气象站迁移前后地温同期观测资料对比分析及订正

为了消除城市化进程对旧站地温的影响,运用数理统计方法对康乐县新旧地面气象观测站2012年1-12月同期0-20 cm地温平均值、方差及相关性进行F、T、t检验,对新旧2站数据差异显著的地温,利用最小二乘法进行最佳线性拟合,建立2站地温订正方程。结果表明：整体而言,新站与旧站0-20 cm地温均存在负温差,旧站地温较新站的偏高,大多数月份差值较小,资料连续性较好,但2站地温差值变幅较大。地温差异显著的1月和10月2站地温资料呈显著线性相关,经订正后的新旧站资料基本重合。     

FY-4A卫星云导风观测误差优化及同化效果影响研究

为了推进FY-4A卫星资料在数值模式中的实际应用,本研究选择云导风产品作为研究对象,首先统计了FY-4A高层水汽通道和红外通道云导风的观测误差,进一步基于WRFDA(Weather Research and Forecasting model Data Assimilation system)系统,利用默认观测误差和新...     

省级新一代气象通信系统传输流程的设计与实现

新一代国内气象通信系统是继“9210工程”之后,国内气象通信系统的升级,建立了国家级和省级数据传输、通信数据处理和系统监视的统一管理平台。按照全国气象宽带网建设计划,新一代国内气象通信系统将取代现行气象通信系统。目前正与现行业务并行,这既是新一代国内气象通信系统测试系统及软件功能的需要,也是省级信息传输部门进行本地化配置、流程整理的需要。辽宁在分类流程梳理的基础上,建立了与现行通信系统并行的新一代气象通信系统传输业务流程,并投入业务试运行。雷达产品和基数据通过PUP软件、自动站资料、风能资料等由中心站软件实现向新一代通信系统传输,其他资料由9210通信服务器和雷达传输服务器转发到新一代通信系统。结果表明：在不影响现行业务的前提下,实现了省内所有气象信息通过新一代通信系统向国家气象信息中心传输,满足了新一代通信系统的测试和本地化应用的需要。流程设计合理,可满足气象信息传输质量考核要求。最后,介绍了现行通信系统传输流程、新一代通信系统传输流程设计目标、设计原则、设计方案及运行效果。     

Atmospheric nuclei in the remote free-troposphere

During May-June of 1990 an extensive flight series to survey aerosol present in the upper-troposphere was undertaken aboard the NASA DC-8 as part of the CLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE). About 50,000 km were characterized between 8–12 km altitude and between 70°N and 58°S. Aerosol with diameters greater than 3nm were counted and sized with a combination of condensation nuclei counters and optical particle counters. Aerosol number and mass concentrations were separately identified with regard to both refractory and volatile components. Regions of the free-troposphere with the lowest mass concentrations were generally found to have the highest number concentrations and appeared to be effective regions for new particle production. These new particle concentrations appear inversely related to available aerosol surface area and their volatility suggests a sulfuric acid composition. The long lifetime of these new particles aloft can result in their growth to sizes effective as CN and CCN that can be mixed throughout the troposphere.     

Improvement of the Surface Pressure Operator in GRAPES and Its Application in Precipitation Forecasting in South China

In this study we investigated the problems involved in assimilating surface pressure in the current global and regional assimilation and prediction system, GRAPES. A new scheme of assimilating surface pressure was proposed, including a new interpolation scheme and a refreshed background covariance. The new scheme takes account of the differences between station elevation and model topography, and it especially deals with stations located at elevations below that of the first model level. Contrast experiments were conducted using both the original and the new assimilation schemes. The influence of the new interpolation scheme and the updated background covariance were investigated. Our results show that the new interpolation scheme utilized more observations and improved the quality of the mass analysis. The background covariance was refreshed using statistics resulting from the technique proposed by Parrish and Derber in 1992. Experiments show that the updated vertical covariance may have a positive influence on the analysis at higher levels of the atmosphere when assimilating surface pressure. This influence may be more significant if the quality of the background field at high levels is poor. A series of assimilation experiments were performed to test the validity of the new scheme. The corresponding simulation experiments were conducted using the analysis of both schemes as initial conditions. The results indicated that the new scheme leads to better forecasting of sea level pressure and precipitation in South China, especially the forecast of moderate and heavy rain.     

基于WRF的积云对流参数化方案对中国夏季降水预报的影响研究

为了研究WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)中尺度模式中积云对流参数化方案对夏季降水预报的影响,基于水平分辨率为9 km的WRF模式,采用Kain-Fritsch(KF)、尺度适应的KF、Tiedtke、new Tiedtke和尺度适应的new Tiedtke方案等5种积云对流参数...     

A correction of the recent air-temperature record at the historical meteorological station of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) due to instrument change

Two discontinuities were detected in the air-temperature time series at the meteorological station of the National Observatory of Athens. The first discontinuity reflects the instrumental change, which took place in June 1995 and the second discontinuity (and most pronounced) the application of a correction factor to the temperature values (in January 1997), after a calibration of the new thermometers. As a result, a cooling bias was observed after June 1995 and a warming bias after January 1997. The magnitude of bias exhibited a seasonal variability being more pronounced and reaching up to 0.67°C during the warm period of the year. The common period of operation of the ‘old’ and ‘new’ instrumentation was used for the estimation of monthly correction factors and the removal of the bias. The application of the new correction factors, restore the continuity in the air temperature record after June 1995.     

辽宁省近10年短期气候预测质量评估检验

参考了现阶段国内外的短期气候预测质量评估办法，根据短期气候预测业务的发展需要，提出了一种新的短期气候预测质量评估办法，并对近10年（1994年以结果表明：新办法的指导思想、评分原理以及预报评分规则和标准等方面均优于来）辽宁省短期气候预测资料进行客观评定，把原办法的评定结论与之对比分析。原办法，更符合实际，客观性更强，突出了气候预测的趋势性，提高了异常事件趋势的预测能力，能更好地反映当前短期气候预测业务水平。在绝大多数情况下，新办法评定的月、季、年尺度气候预测质量较原办法有明显提高，其中，全年降水预测质量平均提高4％，平均气温预测质量平均提高9％，所以新办法客观地评定更有利于促进短期气候预测质量和服务水平的提高。     

"2005.5.30"庆阳特大冰雹新一代天气雷达回波资料分析

通过对2005年5月30日庆阳市区域性冰雹天气西峰新一代天气雷达回波资料的分析,得到了冰雹云在新一代天气雷达强度回波、速度回波和物理量产品中的特征,揭示了这次区域性冰雹是低涡底部切变线造成的,庆阳市区的特大冰雹并不是带状冰雹云系移动到当地产生的,而是飑线移动中在庆阳市区产生超级单体风暴造成的。     

Experiments with the Improved Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast Model for Landfalling Typhoon Precipitation over South China

In recent work, three physical factors of the Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast Model for Landfalling Typhoon Precipitation (DSAEF_LTP model) have been introduced, namely, tropical cyclone (TC) track, TC landfall season, and TC intensity. In the present study, we set out to test the forecasting performance of the improved model with new similarity regions and ensemble forecast schemes added. Four experiments associated with the prediction of accumulated precipitation were conducted based on 47 landfalling TCs that occurred over South China during 2004-2018. The first experiment was designed as the DSAEF_LTP model with TC track, TC landfall season, and intensity (DSAEF_LTP-1). The other three experiments were based on the first experiment, but with new ensemble forecast schemes added (DSAEF_LTP-2), new similarity regions added (DSAEF_LTP-3), and both added (DSAEF_LTP- 4), respectively. Results showed that, after new similarity regions added into the model (DSAEF_LTP-3), the forecasting performance of the DSAEF_LTP model for heavy rainfall (accumulated precipitation ≥250 mm and ≥100 mm) improved, and the sum of the threat score (TS250 + TS100) increased by 4.44%. Although the forecasting performance of DSAEF_LTP-2 was the same as that of DSAEF_LTP-1, the forecasting performance was significantly improved and better than that of DSAEF_LTP-3 when the new ensemble schemes and similarity regions were added simultaneously (DSAEF_LTP-4), with the TS increasing by 25.36%. Moreover, the forecasting performance of the four experiments was compared with four operational numerical weather prediction models, and the comparison indicated that the DSAEF_LTP model showed advantages in predicting heavy rainfall. Finally, some issues associated with the experimental results and future improvements of the DSAEF_LTP model were discussed.