利用气体吸附法和压汞法研究烃源岩孔隙分布特征

烃源岩中微观孔隙空间是油气初次运移的重要通道,同时也是残留烃主要的储集空间。本文对烃源岩中不同尺度的孔隙分别使用气体吸附法和压汞法进行测定,进而对孔隙分布进行系统分析。实验结果表明,青山口组一段烃源岩孔隙度较低,分布于12%～387%之间,平均为217%,主要以微孔和介孔为主,孔容分布于18～30 mL/mg之间,平均为949 mL/mg;比表面积分布于091～3102m2/g之间,平均为702 m2/g。同时本文探讨了不同岩石组成对烃源岩内孔隙发育与分布的影响,发现有机质、伊利石及黄铁矿含量与孔容之间具有较好的正相关关系,孔隙的大小及数量随其含量的增高而增加,而粘土矿物中的绿泥石以及非粘土矿物中石英、方解石、斜长石含量与孔容之间呈负相关关系,烃源岩中的孔隙可能会随其含量的增高而减少,高岭石含量与孔容之间相关性较差,表明烃源岩孔隙可能不受其影响。此外,烃源岩中孔隙发育及分布还受有机质类型、丰度、热演化程度、粘土矿物排列形式、非粘土矿物的次生变化等因素的影响     

渤海莱州湾凹陷不同类型烃源岩活化能影响因素分析

选取不同干酪根类型的低熟烃源岩作为剖析对象,从干酪根类型、干酪根中有机硫含量、可溶有机质和黏土矿物对烃源岩活化能的影响进行研究,结果表明:Ⅱ₁和Ⅰ干酪根活化能分布范围窄,Ⅱ₂和Ⅲ干酪根活化能分布范围宽,干酪根平均活化能Ⅲ>Ⅱ₂>Ⅰ>Ⅱ₁;有机硫含量高的干酪根平均活化能低,有机硫对烃源岩生烃起催化作用;可溶有机质的存在影响烃源岩平均活化能的大小和分布特征,可溶有机质分布在活化能低值区间,对烃源岩生烃起催化作用;烃源岩黏土矿物中伊/蒙混层含量高,平均活化能高;伊利石含量高,平均活化能低,伊利石对烃源岩生烃起催化作用。      

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统长7段泥页岩储集性能

页岩气的成功勘探开发引发了全球海相页岩研究的热潮, 然而对处于生油窗内的陆相页岩储集性能的研究尚需加强.基于光学薄片、场发射扫描电镜、环境扫描电镜、纳米CT、图像分析、GRI物性、气体吸附等方法对长7段泥页岩储集性能进行系统研究.结果表明: 长7段泥页岩形成于陆相半深湖-深湖环境, 面积为10×104 km2, TOC＞2%, R_o=0.8%~1.0%, HI=124~480 mg/g, 生烃潜力高; 脆性矿物含量为45%~59%, 孔隙度为0.6%~3.8%, 渗透率为0.000 72×10-3~0.002 30×10-3 μm2; 主要发育粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔, 以伊蒙混层等粘土矿物粒内孔为主, 有机质孔较少; 孔隙直径为30~200 nm, 孔喉系统连通性中等, 具备储集能力; 伊蒙混层等粘土矿物含量与比孔容相关性优于热演化程度与烃指数等, 表明长7页岩微观孔隙主要受控于成岩作用, 有机质生烃作用对储集空间贡献相对较小; 滞留烃主要以吸附态和游离态存在于黄铁矿晶间孔、伊蒙混层粒内孔、伊利石粒内孔与长石粒间孔.      

自生粘土矿物对文昌A凹陷深部储层的制约

目前关于自生粘土矿物对深层孔隙结构及油气运聚的影响方面的研究十分薄弱.综合利用铸体薄片、全岩XRD、扫描电镜、恒速压汞等测试手段,分析自生粘土矿物对孔隙连通性、孔喉直径及其分布的影响,并结合埋藏史和生烃史探讨了低渗透砂岩不同孔隙结构类型的油气差异富集条件.珠海组深部储层压实作用较强,自生粘土矿物含量较高.碎屑颗粒以线接触-凹凸接触为主,识别出"孔隙+粗喉道"和"喉道主控"2种孔隙结构类型,前者孔隙体积和粗喉道占比较高,后者主要以细喉道为主;自生粘土矿物分割占据大量孔喉空间,自生伊利石主要为孔喉充填型,自生绿泥石主要为颗粒包壳型;珠海组储层与下渐新统恩平组烃源岩不整合接触形成纵向"下生上储"、横向连续分布的有利源储组合,烃源岩持续生烃.珠海组是典型的深埋藏碎屑岩低渗储层,仍具备良好的储集条件,储层发育受机械压实作用和自生粘土矿物共同控制;压实作用是原生孔隙损失的初始因素,以绿泥石和伊利石为代表的自生粘土矿物高度发育是制约优质储层发育的关键因素.      

四川盆地北部中二叠统茅口组孤峰段优质烃源岩特征及其油气地质意义

二叠系是四川盆地海相烃源岩发育的重要层系,对天然气勘探具有重要意义.基于钻井、测井与露头剖面资料综合分析,厘定了四川盆地北部重点钻井中二叠统与上二叠统界线,证实在盆地北部广泛发育茅口组孤峰段薄层状碳硅泥岩,揭示了孤峰段优质烃源岩分布、地球化学特征与发育环境,评价了其生烃潜力及成藏贡献.结果表明:①四川盆地北部孤峰段优质烃源岩厚度在5～40 m,呈北西-南东向带状展布,存在4个厚值区;②孤峰段烃源岩TOC整体极高、变化范围大,分布在0.5％～31.04％,均值5.08％,为一套优质烃源岩,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型,有机质成熟度处于成熟—过成熟阶段;③拉张构造背景下形成的台内裂陷深水沉积环境、强还原条件与高古生产力共同控制了孤峰段优质烃源岩发育与分布;④孤峰段优质烃源岩生烃潜力较大,生烃强度主要在5×108～25×108m3/km2,对研究区内海相常规天然气和页岩气勘探均具有重要意义.     

鄂尔多斯盆地盐池-定边地区长7烃源岩有机地球化学特征及沉积环境研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地盐池-定边地区长7段烃源岩的分析,研究区长7段烃源岩有机碳平均含量为3.22%,生烃潜量均值为12.8 mg/g,氯仿沥青“A”均值为0.55%,可以划分为较好-好的烃源岩,具有良好的生烃潜力。利用有机岩石学分析、热解分析,并结合饱和烃生物标志物分析,发现研究区长7段烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ₁型和Ⅱ₂型为主,有机质以菌藻类生源为主,并伴有部分高等植物生源。烃源岩有机质成熟度R_o值介于0.42%~0.76%之间,并且热解T_max也主要集中在440~455 ℃之间,并且正构烷烃分布特征及甾、藿烷异构化参数说明烃源岩有机质处于低熟-成熟度阶段。根据饱和烃中甾藿烷参数、三环萜烷参数、伽马蜡烷指数、β-胡萝卜烷相对含量以及姥植比参数特征,研究区长7段烃源岩沉积环境为湖相淡水弱氧化-弱还原环境。     

粘土矿物对有机质生烃的催化作用

烃源岩的有机质主要以有机粘土复合体的形式存在。有机质生烃是一种有机粘土化学反应。反应过程中,有机质与粘土之间存在质子和电子迁移,粘土通过对水分子的吸附和离解为有机质加氢裂解提供H+,而有机质生成的有机酸激活了粘土的催化活性,也为蒙皂石伊利石化反应创造了条件。烃源岩不同粘土矿物的选择性催化特征是影响油气组成的最重要因素。粘土的催化活性大小和发育时间是决定烃源岩生烃潜力大小的因素。由于烃源岩在蒙皂石伊利石化阶段具有最大的催化活性,而且与有机质生烃反应同步,因此富含伊$蒙混合层的烃源岩是世界含油气盆地的最有利烃源岩。不同地质时期的烃类地质储量与烃源岩膨胀性粘土的丰度有密切关系。     

松辽盆地北部青山口组烃源岩含油性分析

对松辽盆地青山口组烃源岩钻井岩芯样品的岩石热解参数和可溶有机质含量等实测数据开展了研究,结果如下:(1)统计结果表明,烃源岩自由烃S_1含量在0.86~2.9 mg/g之间(平均值为1.6 mg/g),可溶有机质含量在6.6~14 mg/g之间(平均值为9.5 mg/g),显示较高的含油率;(2)相关关系研究表明,自由烃S_1含量和可溶有机质含量两项指标,总体上受有机质丰度、成熟度和排烃作用的影响,随有机碳含量TOC和成熟度的增加,含油率呈现一定的增加趋势,排烃作用使含油率明显下降,但不改变含油率随深度不断增加的总趋势;(3)综合评价结果表明,若以热解参数S_1(0.79 mg/g)作为页岩含油率的下限参数值来评价该区页岩油资源潜力,松辽盆地晚白垩世青二三段底部及青一段都具备一定的页岩油资源潜力。     

广西北部湾北缘晚古生代一新生代油气资源潜力探讨

通过野外地质剖面调查、丈量和室内烃源岩样品的有机地球化学测试,完成了广西北部湾北缘烃源岩岩石类型、地层厚度、分布的勘查、烃源岩的有机地球化学特征分析和综合评价。研究表明：广西北部湾北缘烃源包括了海相沉积的碳酸盐岩和湖相沉积的泥页岩两大类,海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC含量分布范围为5．26％～0．001％,平均含量为0．41％,有机质类型以I型为主,少量为II型;母质来源为海洋低等浮游生物,藻类。艮（％）分布范围1．32％～4．78％之间,有机质热演化大多处于过成熟阶段,极少数为高成熟阶段。湖相泥页岩烃源岩主要分布古近系中,TOC含量分布范围为14．82％～0．07％,平均值为4．04％。有机质类型为III型和I型,艮分布范围为0.37％～0．41％,有机质热演化处于未成熟阶段。古近系那读组、二叠系合山组和石炭系寺门组为北部湾北缘最具生烃潜力的地层。     

内蒙古锡林浩特—阿鲁科尔沁地区上二叠统 林西组烃源岩有机地球化学特征

内蒙古锡林浩特—阿鲁科尔沁地区上二叠统林西组烃源岩以暗色泥岩、板岩为主.借助油气有机地球化学分析测试手段,从有机碳含量、热解参数、干酪根类型、干酪根C同位素等资料,综合分析了该地区上二叠统林西组的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,并对其进行了综合评价.研究认为,本地区上二叠统林西组烃源岩TOC含量主要分布于0.6％～0.8％之间;分层统计显示,烃源岩TOC大于0.4％的地层厚度为1827m,TOC大于1.0％的优质烃源岩地层统计厚度为469.7m.有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型,有机质热演化程度高,样品R.大部分高于2.0％,达到高成熟—过成熟演化阶段.评价研究区内具有代表性的必鲁特(BL)、翟家沟官地(GD)剖面,认为本区是有利烃源岩发育区域,具备生产高熟天然气、凝析气和非常规能源页岩气的能力.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the