氨基三乙酸对污染土壤中镉活化迁移的影响

为了探究氨基三乙酸（ＮＴＡ）对污染土壤中镉活化迁移的影 响,采用批实验研究了淋洗前后镉形态的变化、土壤有机质含量的变化以及镉的活化量与 ＮＴＡ 浓度和ｐＨ 值的关系。通过傅立叶红外光谱仪（ＦＴＩＲ）分析了淋洗前后土壤颗粒官能团的组成,并采用ＳＥＭ 对淋洗前后土壤颗粒表面进行了表征。结果表明镉的活化量主要受到 ＮＴＡ 浓度和淋洗液ｐＨ 值的影响。一方面镉的活化量随着 ＮＴＡ 的输入浓度增大而增大,且与土壤实际结合 ＮＴＡ 量变化趋势一致,土壤颗粒由淋洗前的羟基官能团变为淋洗后的酯基官能团,进而降低了土壤颗粒对镉的固定;另一方面淋洗过程中通过 Ｈ＋ 与镉之间的交换反应,导致镉的活化,同时交换反应消耗质子会使得淋洗液ｐＨ 值升高,在较高的ｐＨ 值条件下镉会形成 Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２ 沉淀而被部分固定。      

长江三角洲典型地区土壤-水稻系统中Cd的分布及其迁移制约因素

为了弄清楚长江三角洲土壤-水稻系统中Cd污染和迁移制约因素,采集了典型地区的水稻土壤、秸秆、籽实等样品共66组,测试了这些样品中重金属元素和常量元素的含量、土壤pH值和总有机碳含量等参数指标,并对这些参数进行相关性分析,评估水稻土壤与籽实中的Cd污染,探讨Cd空间分布,讨论土壤中pH值和有机质以及其他金属元素对Cd在水...     

原子吸收分光光度法测定废水中的镉

镉（Cd）不是人体的必需元素,Cd的毒性很大在人体主要积蓄在肾脏,引起泌尿系统的功能变化引发多种疾病。当水中Cd质量浓度为0．1mg／L时,可轻度抑制地表水的自净作用。用Cd质量浓度为0．04mg／L的污水进行农田灌溉时,土壤和稻米明显受到污染。Cd的主要污染源有电镀、采矿、冶炼、染料、电池及其它工业等排放的废水,这些废水排放到水体中引起水质污染。因此,对水中有害重金属元素进行检测就显得很重要。     

某硫铁矿尾矿库区土壤对Mn2+ 、Fex+ 、Cu2+ 的吸附性研究

尾矿库区土壤金属污染严重影响了库区的生态环境,而金属离子在土壤中的危害性大小取决于其进入土壤之后的吸附
-解吸、形态转化、迁移等。为了进一步预测和防治土壤金属污染,取某硫铁矿尾矿库区土壤进行室内批淋滤实验,结果表明:淋
滤液中金属离子初始浓度越大,越有利于土壤对金属离子的吸附;淋滤液的pH 越小,越不利于土壤对金属离子的吸附。土壤对
Mn2+ 的吸附规律更符合双常数方程,对Fex+ 、Cu2+ 的吸附规律更符合Elovich吸附速率方程。假设土壤中金属离子可全部溶
出,在1∶25土液比的实验条件下金属离子Mn2+ 、Fex+ 、Cu2+ 的持续溶出时间分别为3.28,284.5,1.224d,实际中造成的污染
将更加严重。吸附量、吸附速率及分配系数均与淋滤液中金属离子初始浓度及土壤中背景浓度呈正相关关系,土壤中金属溶出时
间则与土壤中金属元素背景值呈正相关关系。      

基于土壤重金属含量指数变化的冠层光谱遥感分析

为提高水稻冠层光谱反演水稻田土壤重金属含量的精度,针对实测土壤重金属含量进行信息提取研究,对其分别进行了对数变换、最大值变换和Box-cox变换。在实验分析中,为得到土壤重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd)反演模型,将土壤重金属及其变换数据与冠层光谱及其变换后的数据进行偏最小二乘回归分析,并分析所得模型精度和稳定性。分析结果表明,对测定重金属数据进行变换能够普遍提高模型的精度与稳定性;对属重度污染重金属Pb和中度污染重金属Cd有较好的预测结果,而对未形成污染的Cu则难以形成有效的预测分析。其成果对耕地土壤重金属含量监测评价具有重要的参考价值。     

重金属Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对凸加夫蛤的急性毒性效应

采用静水法,对凸加夫蛤(Gafrarium tumidum)进行Hg2+、Cd2+的单一和联合急性毒性实验。在单一毒性实验中,直线回归分析法计算结果,Hg2+和Cd2+对凸加夫蛤96h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.945mg.L-1和13.367mg.L-1,安全浓度(SC)分别为0.0095mg·L-1和0.1337mg·L-1,Hg2+的毒性大于Cd2+;联合毒性实验表明,Hg2+和Cd2+对凸加夫蛤的联合毒性效应为相加作用;凸加夫蛤对Hg2+和Cd2+均具有较强的耐受性,容易造成重金属富集。     

近江牡蛎富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学及其与体内金属硫蛋白的相关性研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型,在50、100、200μg/L 3种质量浓度条件下分两个阶段室内模拟近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学过程,研究其体内金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)浓度变化与该过程的相关性,得到近江牡蛎富集和排出的吸收速率常数k1、排出速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数。结果表明:相同暴露浓度下,近江牡蛎对Cd的富集量和BCF显著大于Pb(p<0.05),因而对Cd的富集能力大于Pb;富集平衡状态下生物体内金属含量Cmax与Pb、Cd暴露浓度成良好的线性关系,说明近江牡蛎是比较理想的重金属Pb、Cd污染的指示生物;在Pb、Cd的富集实验中,MT含量均随时间变化呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而MT对Cd污染反应比Pb更敏感,效应时间更短;排出实验中,Pb、Cd实验组的MT含量随时间呈相反的趋势波动变化;金属暴露浓度梯度与近江牡蛎体内的MT含量变化没有"剂量—效应"关系,MT不能作为Pb、Cd对水环境污染的定量标志物。     

重金属Hg2+、Cd2+对凸加夫蛤的急性毒性效应

采用静水法,对凸加夫蛤(Gafrarium tumidum)进行Hg2+、Cd2+的单一和联合急性毒性实验。在单一毒性实验中,直线回归分析法计算结果,Hg2+和Cd2+对凸加夫蛤96h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.945mg.L-1和13.367mg.L-1,安全浓度(SC)分别为0.0095mg·L-1和0.1337mg·L-1,Hg2+的毒性大于Cd2+;联合毒性实验表明,Hg2+和Cd2+对凸加夫蛤的联合毒性效应为相加作用;凸加夫蛤对Hg2+和Cd2+均具有较强的耐受性,容易造成重金属富集。     

贵港城区土壤重金属的空间分布特征及来源解析

文章在对贵港市城区土壤进行系统采样分析,测定了表层土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg含量的基础上,利用GIS技术和多元地统计结合的方法,研究了上述8种重金属的空间分布特征和来源。.结果表明:8种重金属元素含量平均值均高于玉林地区土壤背景值,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn分别是背景值的2.7、21.5、2.7、2.4、2.5、3.3、1.9和4.3倍,说明随着贵港城市化进程的快速发展,土壤中重金属呈现积累趋势。贵港城区土壤中8种重金属元素来源被分成3个类别,即农业交通源因子类别(Cd、Zn)、自然因子类别(Cr、Ni)和燃煤因子类别(As)。Pb、Cu和Hg的来源受3个因子的控制。     

硫对地球表层生态系统中镉迁移转化影响的研究进展:以土壤-植物系统为例

硫作为植物体内蛋白质、多种酶和其他生理活性物质的重要组成成分,具有不可替代性,是作物生长必需营养元素。由于硫元素的化学特征及其特殊的生理功能,使得硫在地表生态系统的迁移转化过程中与重金属元素镉的生态环境效应产生一定的耦合作用,并直接或间接影响镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移和累积。在一定土壤环境条件下,硫通过价态变化直接与重金属元素镉发生作用,影响镉的生物有效性; 另外,硫可通过影响植物根表铁锰胶膜的形成改变镉在土壤中的迁移性; 其次,借助植物体内有机硫化合物的合成间接影响镉在植物体内不同部位的迁移与积累。目前硫对土壤-植物系统中镉迁移积累影响的研究结果不尽一致,两种元素的相互作用存在多向性和复杂性,这可能与土壤环境条件、植物根际微域差异等因素有关,且相关综述性的工作较少。因此,本研究综合国内外相关研究,介绍了硫与镉在土壤-植物系统中的交互作用,并分析了硫影响下镉在土壤-植物系统中迁移累积的相关机制及成因,为硫素及其化合物应用于重金属镉污染农用地土壤的治理及其安全利用提供参考。      

威海市土壤元素地球化学分布及其意义

在威海市开展了多目标区域地球化学调查,获取了表层土壤和深层土壤地球化学数据,通过对地球化学参数进行统计分析,确定了威海市土壤地球化学基准值和背景值,对比区内土壤地球化学基准值与背景值变化,认为区内大部分元素或指标在表层土壤中的含量继承了土壤母质,后期人类活动对其影响较小,但C,Cd,Hg,N,P,Corg等元素或指标在表层土壤中已明显富集,表明表生作用和人类活动等因素已对这些元素或指标的含量变化与分布分配产生明显影响。该成果将为地方政府进行农业区划、环境保护和国土资源管理提供了基础地球化学资料和科学依据。     

Responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to effective microorganism treatments in Da Hinggan Mountains, China

Microorganisms are nutritious resources for various soil fauna.Although soil fauna grazing affects microorganism composition and decomposition rate,the responses of soil fauna and leaf litter decomposition to added microorganism is little understood.In this study,in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tahe County in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China,three sampling sites(each has an area of 10 m2) were selected.The first two sites were sprinkled with 250 times(EM1) and 1000 times(EM2) diluted effective microorganism(EM) preparations evenly,and the third site was sprinkled with the same volume of water as a control site.The responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to EM treatment were conducted during three years.The results revealed that EM treatment resulted in significant increase of soil organic matter.The number of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites increased by 12.88% and 2.23% compared to the control site,and among them springtails and mites showed the highest increase.However,the groups of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites decreased by 6 and 9,respectively.And the changes in the diversity and evenness index were relatively complicated.EM treatment slowed the decomposition of broad-leaved litter,but accelerated the decomposition of coniferous litter.However,the decomposition rate of broad-leaved litter was still higher than that of coniferous litter.The results of this study suggested that the added microorganisms could help individual growth of soil fauna,and this method led to a change in the process of leaf litter decomposition.This paper did not analyze the activity of soil microorganisms,thus it is difficult to clearly explain the complex relationships among litter type,soil fauna and soil microorganisms.Further research on this subject is needed.     

Responses of Dodonaea viscosa growth and soil biological properties to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Yuanmou dry-hot valley

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are limited nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, and their limitation patterns are being changed by the increase in N deposition. However, little information concerns the plant growth and the soil biological responses to N and P additions among different soils simultaneously, and these responses may contribute to understand plant-soil interaction and predict plant performance under global change. Thus, this study aimed to explore how N and P limitation changes in different soil types, and reveal the relationship between plant and soil biological responses to nutrient additions. We planted Dodonaea viscosa, a globally distributed species in three soil types(Lixisols, Regosols and Luvisols) in Yuanmou dry-hot valley in Southwest China and fertilized them factorially with N and P. The growth and biomass characters of D. viscosa, soil organic matter, available N, P contents and soil carbon(C), N, P-related enzyme activities were quantified. N addition promoted the growth and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa in Lixisols; N limitation in Lixisols was demonstrated by lower soil available N with higher urease activity. P addition promoted the growth and leaf P concentration of D. viscosa in Luvisols; severe P limitation in Luvisols was demonstrated by a higher soil available N: P ratio with higher phosphatase activity. Urease activity was negatively correlated with soil available N in Nlimited Lixisols, and phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil available P in P-limited Luvisols. Besides, the aboveground biomass and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa were positively correlated with soil available N in Lixisols, but the aboveground biomass was negatively correlated with soil available P. Our results show similar nutrient limitation patterns between plant and soil microorganism in the condition of enough C, and the nutrient limitations differ across soil types. With the continued N deposition, N limitation of the Lixisols in dry hot valleys is expected to be alleviated, while P limitation of the Luvisols in the mountaintop may be worse in the future, which should be considered when restoring vegetation.     

Responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dodonaea viscosa</Emphasis> growth and soil biological properties to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in Yuanmou dry-hot valley

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are limited nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems, and their limitation patterns are being changed by the increase in N deposition. However, little information concerns the plant growth and the soil biological responses to N and P additions among different soils simultaneously, and these responses may contribute to understand plant-soil interaction and predict plant performance under global change. Thus, this study aimed to explore how N and P limitation changes in different soil types, and reveal the relationship between plant and soil biological responses to nutrient additions. We planted Dodonaea viscosa, a globally distributed species in three soil types (Lixisols, Regosols and Luvisols) in Yuanmou dry-hot valley in Southwest China and fertilized them factorially with N and P. The growth and biomass characters of D. viscosa, soil organic matter, available N, P contents and soil carbon (C), N, P-related enzyme activities were quantified. N addition promoted the growth and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa in Lixisols; N limitation in Lixisols was demonstrated by lower soil available N with higher urease activity. P addition promoted the growth and leaf P concentration of D. viscosa in Luvisols; severe P limitation in Luvisols was demonstrated by a higher soil available N: P ratio with higher phosphatase activity. Urease activity was negatively correlated with soil available N in Nlimited Lixisols, and phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil available P in P-limited Luvisols. Besides, the aboveground biomass and leaf N concentration of D. viscosa were positively correlated with soil available N in Lixisols, but the aboveground biomass was negatively correlated with soil available P. Our results show similar nutrient limitation patterns between plant and soil microorganism in the condition of enough C, and the nutrient limitations differ across soil types. With the continued N deposition, N limitation of the Lixisols in dry hot valleys is expected to be alleviated, while P limitation of the Luvisols in the mountaintop may be worse in the future, which should be considered when restoring vegetation.     

Ecotoxicity of Cadmium to Maize and Soybean Seedling in Black Soil

Ecotoxicity and bioavailability of cadmium(Cd)to the maize(Zea mays L.)and the soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)were investigated by acute toxicity experiment in the laboratory with black soil.Ecotoxicity and bioavailability of Cd were quantified by calculating the median effective concentration(EC50)and bioaccumulation factor(BAF).The measurement endpoints used were seed germination and seedling growth(shoot and root).The results showed that concentrations of Cd in the soil had adverse effect on the growth of roots and shoots.Seed germination was not the sensitive indicator for the ecotoxicity of Cd in the soil,while the growth of roots was the most sensitive measurement endpoint.Absorbability and transport of Cd in plants depended on the test crop species and Cd concentrations in the soil.The maize retains more Cd in its roots,while the soybean transports more Cd to the shoots from roots.     

日照市土壤地球化学元素分布规律及成因探讨

在日照市开展多目标区域地球化学调查,获取了表层土壤和深层土壤地球化学数据,通过对获得的地球化学参数进行统计分析,确定了日照市土壤地球化学基准值和背景值,认为日照市除部分元素或指标外,大部分元素或指标土壤地球化学基准值和背景值与全省土壤地球化学基准值和背景值接近。研究发现,日照市As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,Zn等8种重金属元素背景值含量低于国家土壤环境质量标准的土壤一级标准限值,日照市土壤质量基本保持自然背景水平;而受工业化生产和城市化建设等后期人为活动影响,日照市表层土壤中Cd,C,Hg,N,P,S,Se,Corg等元素或指标出现明显富集,应引起重视。     

表面活性剂在土壤污染治理中的应用

环境问题日益严重,污染土壤修复的要求便越来越迫切,应用表面活性剂治理污染土壤也得以广泛研究。对于以淋洗为主的表面活性剂治理土壤污染法,表面活性剂的吸脱附行为、增溶能力和毒性是淋洗工艺取得优良效果的关键。文中重点阐述了离子型、非离子型、复配表面活性剂体系和生物表面活性剂在土壤重金属污染、有机污染和土壤-重金属复合污染治理中的应用。概述了影响表面活性剂治理效果的因素,讨论了此类方法的缺陷并从污染物的迁移转化和降解规律、治理工艺与组合治理技术3方面对未来的工作进行了展望。     

山东黄河下游地区局部生态地球化学评价方法与技术

山东黄河下游地区局部生态地球化学评价是在多目标区域地球化学调查和区域生态地球化学评价基础上,选特色农产品产地,绿色无公害蔬菜生产基地,地方病分布区及小清河沿岸、东营油气开采污染区等局部生态地球化学环境区。按一定的方法和采样密度采集土壤、浅层地下水、土壤溶液、植物根系土、籽实、土壤生物、微生物和种子库样品,分析As,Cd等重金属元素、N,B等有益营养元素、六六六、DDT等有机物和土壤微生物类群、功能、结构多样性,研究有益营养元素、重金属元素、有毒有机污染物的分布规律、赋存状态、来源及它们在土壤、水体及生物体中的迁移、转化、累积规律与生态效应,探讨对重金属元素污染的生物修复。提出特色农产品基地布局规划建议和地方病防治、重金属污染的治理措施。     

DISTRIBUTIVE TENDENCY OF ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN LIMESTONE SOILS IN EASTERN CHINA

ＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＶＥＴＥＮＤＥＮＣＹＯＦＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＣＯＮＣＥＮＴＲＡＴＩＯＮＳＩＮＬＩＭＥＳＴＯＮＥＳＯＩＬＳＩＮＥＡＳＴＥＲＮＣＨＩＮＡＷｅｎＹａｎｍａｏ（温琰茂）；ＺｅｎｇＳｈｕｉｑｕａｎ（曾水泉）；ＰａｎＳｈｕｒｏｎｇ（潘树荣）；Ｌｕｏ...     

山东曹县地区土壤地球化学特征

山东省曹县地区土壤地球化学调查是按浅层土壤样品1点/4 km~2,深层土壤样品1点/16 km~2。测试N,P,K,Cu,Zn,B,Mo,Mn,F,As,Hg,Pb,Cr,Cd等14种指标。在统计这些指标的表层、深层土壤地球化学特征参数的基础上,对其与世界、全省同类参数的差异进行了分析,并分析了区内表层、深层土壤元素含量的相关性,认为该区表层土壤元素含量的显著特征是高F而低P,Zn,Mo。大部分元素在表层土壤中的含量继承了土壤母质的成分特征,但N,P,F,Hg等受人为活动和污染源的作用在表层土壤中明显富集。