月尺度气温可预报性对资料长度的依赖及可信度

利用全国518个站1960—2011年逐日气温观测资料和160个站1983—2012年月尺度气温客观预测数据,基于非线性局部Lyapunov指数和非线性误差增长理论,研究中国区域月尺度气温可预报性期限对资料序列长度的依赖性。结果表明:气温可预报性期限对资料序列的长度有一定程度的依赖性,在西北、东北及华中地区尤为明显。平均而言,45年的资料序列长度才能够得到稳定合理的可预报性期限。为了验证气温可预报期限计算结果的可信度,将月尺度气温的可预报性期限与客观气候预测方法的预报评分技巧进行对比,发现两者结果非常一致。其中,由观测资料得到的1月气温的可预报性期限明显低于7月,1月客观气候预测方法的预报评分技巧也明显低于7月,且1月 (7月) 预报评分的空间分布型与1月 (7月) 气温可预报性期限的空间分布型较为一致。因此,利用非线性局部Lyapunov指数和台站逐日观测资料分析气温的可预报性期限结果是可信的。     

中国区域月平均温度和降水的模式可预报性分析

基于中国台站降水和温度观测资料、中国气象局国家气候中心月动力延伸预报的回算和预测结果讨论了中国区域月平均温度和降水模式可预报性的时空变化特征。文中以持续性预报来表征中国区域月平均温度和降水受外强迫影响下的可预报性,持续性预报技巧存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;春末夏初和秋季预报评分相对偏低;在中国区域气候变暖和平均降水强度极值增加的背景下,温度的持续性预报评分有明显提高,降水的持续性预报略有下降。月动力延伸预报对月降水和温度的预报能力也存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;与持续性预报相比,月动力延伸温度预报总体优于持续性预报,降水预报在初春略差,温度预报在8月相对最低。近20余年,月动力延伸预报相对于持续性预报的温度和降水的均方根误差技巧均大于零,其年际变化表现为模式对降水的预测略有提高。两种预报评估结果的空间分布分析表明月动力延伸预报达到显著性水平的正相关区域总体上比持续性预报的范围大,并基本涵盖了持续性预报的高相关区。原因是可预测信息部分来源于外强迫异常的影响,部分来源于对大气内部动力过程的模拟。     

用典型相关分析作副高的统计动力预报模式可预报性研究

本文提出一个关于西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）的统计动力预报模式，利用它和典型相关分析方法对冬、春和夏季逐月副高预报的可行性进行研究。结果表明，模式的可预报性依赖于预报量场和因子场所提取的分量数，模式的差分形式及预报落后步长。对逐月和不同步长所作的可预报性分析发现步长为1个月有较高的可预报性，不同月份可预报性有所不同，一般夏季较冬季和春季要差。虽然如此，用该模式作夏季副高预报还是具有一定的可能性。在独立样本中所作的预报试验表明，月际预报符号相关系数一般均接近或超过0.60。     

暴雨站数预报在暴雨落点预报中的应用

采用暴雨站数预报与站点降水量预报相结合的方法预报暴雨落点,在１９９８年７月￣８月的暴雨落点预报中,ＴＳ评分达到２２．４％,超过了ＨＬＡＦＳ和主观预报。进一步的研究的分析表明：这种方法可充分利用降水量预报的空间分布信息,预报准确率还在较大的可提高空间,是一种较为有效的暴雨落点客观预报方法。     

模式大气月尺度可预报性的对比研究

首先采用方差分析方法，研究了实际大气500 hPa高度场的月尺度可预报性，并进一步分析了不同空间尺度大气运动的可预报性及其对大气整体运动可预报性的影响；对ECMWF和国家气候中心T63谱模式分别模拟和预报的500 hPa高度场，也用同样的方法进行了研究。结果表明，欧洲中心和我国T63模式大气的可预报性均比实际大气可预报性小，特别是在对整体运动可预报性影响最大的0～3波部分，差异较大，说明改进模式对0～3波部分的预报能力，必将提高模式性能。     

有效位能和冷空气活动与台风暴雨增幅的研究

以昆明近百年月雨量时间序列为样本,进行了月雨量的可预报性试验,通过估算和１２年共１４４次的独立预报试验,我们得出：在适当的预报精度的要求下,月雨量的可预报时间尺度约为５个月,于适当嵌入的相空间维数ｍ和在一定的提前预报时间尺度Ｔ内,对月雨量的距平符号预报准确率可达６０％,对于雨季（５－１０月）则可达到６５％。     

月平均环流的长期数值预报

本文对当前月平均环流的长期数值预报状况做了总结,用大气环流模式做月平均500hPa高度预报,相关系数约0.4。对两类集合预报,即蒙特卡罗预报与落后平均预报的优缺点进行了比较。最后讨论了月平均环流预报的可预报性,指出有可能做6—11个月的预报,但预报准确率因受气候噪声影响而有一定限度。     

2008年汛期国家精细化温度指导预报在河南区域的检验

对国家气象中心2008年6-8月下发的精细化温度指导预报在河南区域的绝对平均误差和分级预报准确率进行了分析,结果发现:总体上24-96 h预报效果好于120-168 h;各月最低温度的预报效果均好于最高温度;7、8月份最高、最低温度预报效果好于6月;平原的预报效果好于山区.与河南省气象台温度指导预报结果对比发现:最高气温预报评分普遍比省台低6～13分.最低气温预报评分6月份的0-24 h和24-48 h比省台低2～3分,48-72 h比省台高2分以上;7月份预报评分均比省台高6分以上;8月份预报评分比省台低6分以上.     

暴雨站数预报在暴雨落点预报中的应用

采用暴雨站数预报与站点降水量预报相结合的方法预报暴雨落点,在１９９８年７～８月的暴雨落点预报中,ＴＳ评分达到２２．４％,超过了ＨＬＡＦＳ和主观预报。进一步的研究分析表明：这种方法可充分利用降水量预报的空间分布信息,预报准确率还存在较大的可提高空间,是一种较为有效的暴雨落点客观预报方法     

ECMWF集合预报统计量产品在重庆降水预报中的检验与分析

利用ECMWF集合预报降水资料和重庆市自动站降水资料,运用晴雨、TS评分、预报偏差等检验方法对重庆地区2014—2016年ECMWF集合预报降水产品在短期时效的预报性能进行检验分析。结果表明:最小值的晴雨预报准确率最高。对于TS评分检验,小雨量级可优先参考最小值、10%分位数和融合产品,中雨量级参考平均数和概率匹配平均,大雨和暴雨量级分别参考75%分位数和90%分位数。对于预报偏差检验,小雨量级可优先参考最小值、Mode,中雨量级参考融合产品、中位数,大雨量级参考控制预报、融合产品,暴雨量级参考90%分位数。对于百分位值预报产品和概率预报产品,小雨量级可参考5%～10%分位数和80%～90%概率预报产品,中雨量级可参考45%～55%分位数和40%概率预报产品,大雨量级可参考70%～80%分位数和20%概率预报产品,暴雨量级可参考90%～95%分位数和10%概率预报产品。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.