基于图像分割的油膜厚度计算及其光谱相关性分析

以渤海原油为油样,利用ASD地物光谱仪开展油膜光谱测量,针对油膜光谱实验过程中油膜厚度难以控制的问题,改进布设油膜的方式,利用定量滴定和图像分割方法完成油膜厚度计算,并开展油膜光谱特性及其与油膜厚度的相关性分析。研究表明,油膜厚度计算方法可信度较高,能够较真实地计算出油膜厚度;油膜光谱在350~900nm范围内较为平滑,油膜厚度及其光谱在可见光波段具有较高的相关性,900nm之前具有较好的相关性且为正相关,在600~800nm之间相关性达到最高,波长在900nm之后油膜厚度与其光谱无明显相关性;油膜光谱在761nm处有峰值存在,此处可以作为判断油膜存在以及油膜厚度反演的敏感波段;利用645nm以及761nm波段建立油膜厚度与反射光谱的相关模型,能够清晰地显示油膜厚度与其光谱在可见光波段具有较强的相关性,分析结果能够为后续遥感方法溢油量反演提供可信的参考。     

东印度洋南部海域遥感反射率光谱特征研究:不同观测方法及数据处理方法的对比

利用2016年秋季现场观测数据,开展了东印度洋南部海域水体遥感反射率光谱特征研究,分析了不同方法(剖面法、水面之上法)测量结果之间的差异,以及两种水面之上数据处理方法结果的差异。研究发现:(1)东印度洋南部海域的遥感反射率随波长单调下降,具备清洁大洋水体的典型光谱特征,在光谱形状和量值等方面均与研究区历史观测数据具有较好的一致性;(2)与剖面法得到的遥感反射率光谱相比,水面之上法的测量结果总体偏大,二者的相对偏差在离水辐射较强的蓝光波段(412~490 nm)为15%~25%,在离水辐射较弱的绿光波段(555 nm)为47%~61%;(3)不同的水面之上数据处理方法引起的遥感反射率相对偏差在蓝光波段是4%~7%,在绿光波段是11%。分析了不同测量方法、数据处理方法所得结果存在差异的原因。     

基于高光谱传感器的长江口表层悬浮泥沙质量浓度光谱曲线特征研究#br#

悬浮泥沙质量浓度（SSC）是我国河口水体研究的重要水质参数之一,遥感测定SSC是一种重要的方法。为了研究遥感光谱数据和表层悬浮泥沙质量浓度（SSSC）之间的定量梯度关系,本文采集了长江口南汇嘴附近的表层沉积物,定量设计了SSSC的梯度变化值,利用ASD高光谱仪对不同质量浓度含沙水体进行了光学特性测量。结果表明,随着SSSC的增加,水体的光谱反射率曲线具有相似的形态,但也存在一定的差异。当SSSC<36.59 mg/L时,光谱曲线仅在560～580 nm之间有1个反射峰;当SSSC>52.69 mg/L时,光谱曲线第一反射峰位于570～710 nm,并在近红外波段780～820 nm处出现第二反射峰。光谱曲线第一峰值区间存在明显的“红移”现象,且波长的“红移”变化与SSSC的线性拟合R²达到0.91,说明两者呈较强的线性相关性。在400～900 nm光谱范围内,600～860 nm波段对0～200 mg/L范围内的SSSC变化较敏感且比较稳定,740～900 nm波段对>200 mg/L的SSSC的变化具有更强的响应能力。     

渤海和北黄海水色光谱的特征分析

我国的主要海域包括渤海、黄海、东海的大部分和南海的近岸部分都属于二类水体,这些海域的光学特征极为复杂。针对不同海域的海洋光学特征进行研究,对于反演二类水体叶绿素、悬浮泥沙和黄色物质的浓度具有非常重要的意义。本文利用渤海和北黄海海域2002年11月至2003年8月的水色调查数据,对调查海区的水色光谱的特征进行了研究和分析。结果显示调查海区的水色光谱类型主要分为4个类型：类型的主要特点是光谱峰值位于570nm,谱峰比较窄,随波长远离谱峰波段,遥感反射率迅速减小,主要分布海域为渤海湾、莱州湾及辽东湾。类型2的光谱峰值位于550nm左右,谱峰比较宽,随波长增大,遥感反射率迅速减小,主要分布在渤海中部海区。类型3光谱峰值位于500—550nm范围内,440nm存在极小值,主要分布在渤海海峡和渤海中北部的一块海域。类型4类似于大洋一类水体的水色光谱,其特点是在可见光波段内,随波长增大,遥感反射率逐渐减小,主要分布在渤海海峡以外、远离海岸的北黄海海域。     

台湾海峡及周边海域水色光谱特性分析

利用2006—2007年4次908计划ST06区块海洋光学调查的数据和MODIS水色遥感数据,对台湾海峡及周边海域的水色光谱特性进行了研究和分析。结果显示该海域的水色光谱主要有4个类型:类型1光谱峰值出现在580 nm附近,谱峰两侧遥感反射率随波长变化迅速减小,主要分布在紧靠中国大陆的海域;类型2光谱峰值出现在540～560 nm之间,具有谱峰宽的特点,主要分布在台湾海峡靠近大陆的一侧;类型3光谱与大洋水体光谱类似,主要分布在台湾西南的南海区域和吕宋海峡区域;类型4光谱在.450 nm附近出现极小值,在500～600 nm之间出现峰值,主要出现在台湾海峡中部和靠近台湾岛的一侧。其中类型2和4水体分布具有明显的季节特征。类型3、4、2、1对应的叶绿素a浓度和悬浮泥沙浓度呈上升趋势,对应的透明度依次降低,该海域以二类水体为主。     

基于航空高光谱数据的近岸水体信息提取

近岸水体与人类生产、生活密切相关,航空高光谱遥感以其高分辨率、灵活等优点在环境监测中颇具潜力,尤其是在近岸水色、海岸带环境的实时监测中更具优势。基于与中国海监南海航空支队合作开展的航空高光谱遥感飞行实验资料,以湛江东海岛陆海区域为例,开展该海域水体遥感信息提取及分类研究。以不同地物遥感反射率信息为特征,通过光谱信息直方图进行了该海域水体信息提取方法探索。研究结果表明,湛江港及近海水体与陆地在近红外区域有较大区分度,直方图统计获得的最佳分离阈值可以很好地提取水体信息,但在水陆交界区域提取精度较低。在近红909.7 nm处,遥感反射率分割阈值为10.27%,水体提取精度为84%,kappa系数为0.686 2。     

珠江口水体叶绿素荧光特性研究

利用2003年1月和2004年1月珠江口实测的遥感反射率和叶绿素浓度,建立了基于实测1nm带宽及其模拟MERIS遥感反射率数据的叶绿素荧光特征与叶绿素浓度之间的拟合关系。基于实测1nm带宽遥感反射率光谱,叶绿素荧光峰的位置和高度分别与叶绿素浓度之间存在良好的线性关系和指数关系;基于模拟MERIS遥感反射率数据,叶绿素荧光峰的高度与叶绿素浓度之间存在良好的线性关系,叶绿素荧光峰位置与叶绿素浓度之间不存在明显的相关关系,但可作为叶绿素浓度数量级的有效探针。利用2006年5月和8月的珠江口实测遥感反射率和叶绿素浓度对拟合结果进行了检验,结果表明其精度较高,说明叶绿素荧光特征在探测叶绿素浓度时效果良好且MERIS数据在近岸二类水体叶绿素浓度反演、水质监测等方面有着良好的应用前景。     

海面溢油无人机高光谱遥感检测与厚度估算方法

海上溢油是海洋国家所面临的共同问题,但至今仍没有一种可靠实用的海上溢油准确识别和油量遥感监测方法。为此,本文以无人机高光谱遥感为手段,开展了海面溢油检测与厚度估算方法研究。实验中,通过搭建室外大型水槽溢油实验装置,获取了模拟真实海洋环境条件下不同溢油量的遥感和现场光谱数据,在此基础上,分析并提取了海上溢油特征光谱波段,给出了海上溢油高光谱检测模型;针对现场实验条件下水面油膜厚度难以测定的问题,设计了3种利用总体溢油量的油膜厚度估算模型。得到如下主要结论:（1）675 nm和699 nm是海上溢油检测的有效特征波段,但对极薄的油膜没有检测能力;（2）提出了归一化溢油指数模型、反比例模型和吸收基线模型等3种海上溢油油膜厚度估算模型,其中对于薄油膜（厚度≤ 5 μm）和厚油膜（厚度>50 μm）,反比例模型是溢油厚度反演的首选也是唯一选择。对于中厚度油膜,晴朗天气条件下,归一化溢油指数模型是油膜厚度反演的首选,同时反比例模型和溢油吸收基线模型也都有较好的反演能力,而在多云天气条件下,反比例模型效果最佳。     

水面之上法测量水体光谱的关键技术

对水体光谱特征的研究是海洋水色遥感的基础工作之一。水体的光谱特征包括:表观光学特性和固有光学特性。在水体的表观光学特性研究方面,目前国际水色界推行的有:剖面法和水面之上法(也称表面法)。由于我国近岸水体混浊度较高,浅水区域较多,研究这类水体的表观光学特性应以水面之上法为主、剖面法为辅。介绍了水面之上法水体光谱的测量技术,就其中关键技术问题进行了讨论。     

基于Landsat8数据的舟山群岛海域悬浮泥沙浓度遥感研究

文章利用舟山近岸海域实测水体光谱及泥沙浓度数据,分析光谱反射率与悬浮泥沙浓度的相关性,并结合Landsat8遥感数据进行该海域的悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演。研究表明：随着水体悬浮泥沙浓度的增加,各波段的反射率相应增加,且不同波段的增幅有明显不同,水体光谱曲线存在“双峰”现象;Landsat8遥感数据的波段4与波段3的比值与悬浮泥沙浓度的相关性较好;舟山群岛海域总体处于高泥沙浓度的状态,岛屿近岸悬浮泥沙浓度明显高于开阔水域,岛屿周围的悬浮泥沙浓度呈现“西高东低”的格局;一元二次方程模型（二次模型）对舟山海域水体的悬浮泥沙浓度反演精度较其他模型（线性模型,对数模型,指数模型,幂指数模型）高;Landsat8遥感数据可用于舟山海域悬浮泥沙浓度的监测。本研究成果能为近岸海域港口建设、航道安全、环境监测等研究提供数据支持。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.