海洋观测仪器

亦称“海洋学仪器”或“海洋仪器”。观察和测量海洋现象和测量海洋要素的基本工具。包括海洋水文气象、海洋物理、海洋化学、海洋地质地貌、海洋地球物理、海洋生物学的采样、测量、观察、分析等所使用的各种仪器设备。海洋观测仪器种类很多,可按照结构原理、使用方式、测量要素等各种方法分类。对使用者来说,通常是按所测要素分类。如测温仪器、测盐仪器、测波仪器、测流仪器、营养盐测量仪器、重力仪器、磁力仪器、底质探测仪器、浮游生物以及底栖生物采集装置等。如按观测要素归纳海洋观测仪器可总体划分为５大类,即海洋水文气象仪器…     

潮汐测量标准装置系统设计

为使仪器检测能力满足海洋观测业务发展对潮位测量仪器性能的要求,结合各类验潮仪的检定规程,设计潮汐测量标准装置,应用先进的电气控制技术进行水位精准控制和潮汐模拟,实现仪器定点值测量和动态响应测试,通过图像识别软件实现水位和标尺动态识别,提高标准值的精确度,并集成远程控制功能,提升仪器检测效率,使装置能对潮位测量仪器开展完善合理且高效的检测,从而进行全面系统的仪器性能评价。     

海底沉积物-水界面溶解甲烷渗漏通量原位观测研究进展

海底沉积物-水界面溶解甲烷渗漏不仅是海底天然气水合物的存在标志和分解释放途径,也是冷泉生物群落的物质和能量来源,因其对海洋环境乃至全球变化的可能重要影响而日益引起人们关注,而海底原位观测及渗漏甲烷通量估算是理解上述问题的关键。目前国际上有两种较为成熟的海底甲烷通量观测方法:1流体渗漏速率原位测量配以室内甲烷浓度分析;2底栖室流体连续取样配以室内甲烷浓度分析,前者能灵敏反应冷泉渗漏速率的时序变化,而后者具有较高的甲烷通量测量准确度。随着甲烷传感器技术的发展,原位测量方法将大大提高甲烷通量测量精度、时间和分辨率。在可移动式观测平台上搭载甲烷传感器,同时进行近海底界面微尺度甲烷浓度梯度测量和湍流观测,不仅能够精细刻画近海底甲烷浓度变化、渗漏通量变化,并且非封闭环境能够最大限度地避免沉积物-水界面遭受扰动,使观测数据更接近海底真实环境,这成为未来海底原位观测的主要发展方向之一。除此之外,特征冷泉生物群落的分布已被广泛应用于将个别测量站位的观测结果扩展到整个区域的甲烷渗漏流量估算。目前,国外学者已经对部分典型海底冷泉区进行了渗漏甲烷通量估算,发现每个渗漏系统每年通过溶解形式向海水释放甲烷量约为6×103~1.35×107 mol,并且甲烷渗漏在时间上和空间上都是多变的,但还没能将单个冷泉系统的通量估算延伸到更大的时空尺度,这成为深入研究海底甲烷储库及其在全球碳循环和气候变化中的作用的瓶颈之一。     

海底冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量原位观测研究进展

海底沉积物-水界面作为冷泉跨圈层活动最关键的界面，近年来已成为冷泉区碳循环研究调查的重点目标。为准确获取海洋沉积物-水界面的流体通量，客观重建界面环境过程，评估环境效应，必须发展一整套精确、高效、科学的水下原位甲烷通量测量技术。综述了当前海洋冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量研究的意义与价值，详细介绍了多种较为成熟的海洋沉积物-水界面甲烷原位通量测试技术工作原理、使用方法和优缺点等，如测试游离气泡态甲烷通量的渗漏帐篷、声学反射、时序影像等技术方法，原位溶解态甲烷膜脱气技术的甲烷传感器、激光拉曼光谱测量方法等，同时对全球该领域已经调查的地区、研究现状和进展进行了详细的介绍。最后从技术层面对这一研究领域未来的发展方向和趋势进行展望，以期为未来国内海洋冷泉区沉积物-水界面甲烷通量原位观测研究提供思路与方向借鉴。     

基于北斗通信的海洋多要素观测系统设计

以低功耗、多参数、安全可靠为设计目标,提出一种基于北斗卫星通信的海洋多要素观测系统设计。设计以嵌入式微控制器STM32F103RET6为核心,实现以漂流浮标为载体的海洋环境噪声测量,同时实现对海洋气温、气压、风速、风向及表层海温的多要素观测;以可充电锂电池组和太阳能电池板组合方式供电,同时进行必要的电源管理,有效提高漂流浮标的工作寿命;采用我国自主知识产权的北斗系统进行定位及双向通信,安全性高。实验表明,基于北斗通信的海洋多要素观测系统设计具有可行性,满足低功耗、多参数、安全可靠的设计要求,为以表面漂流浮标为载体的海洋多要素数据采集控制提供新的硬件设计方法。     

不同边界层稳定性下海气湍流热通量日变化的前沿问题探讨

海气湍流热通量(潜热和感热)是研究海气相互作用和大洋环流的关键要素, 认识其变化机理对理解“海洋动力过程及气候效应”有重要意义。然而, 受观测手段和计算能力两方面的限制, 过去对海气湍流热通量日变化研究存在“特征认识较粗、机制理解较疏”的现象。本文探讨了在不同边界层稳定性下海气湍流热通量日变化研究中的问题与难点, 并讨论了“不同边界层稳定性下海气湍流热通量日变化过程和机理”这一关键科学问题。本文提出, 可基于海洋浮标、平台和波浪滑翔机等综合观测数据和高时空分辨率再分析资料, 利用块体算法和脉动分离方法, 揭示全球海气湍流热通量的精细化日变化特征和决定因素, 以及海气湍流热通量日变化强度(日内小时级变化的标准差)与极端天气过程和气候事件的动力关联。同时, 为更精准认识日变化过程, 在技术上可通过耦合高频海表流速和校正边界层物理参数观测高度等方式提升海气湍流热通量估算的精确度。本文提出可将多时空尺度海气湍流热通量变化维度转换到边界层稳定性上, 以便集中认识其日变化特征和机理, 支撑全球海气能量平衡的科学认识。     

海洋磁力测量仪器系统检验方法研究

高精度的海洋磁力测量对磁测仪器系统的测量精度提出了更高的要求,文中对海洋磁力测量仪器系统检验的内容和动静态检验方法进行了研究,并通过实例验证其可行性。结论表明:所提出的仪器系统检验方法可以消除仪器系统误差的影响,提高海洋磁力测量精度,保证成果的可靠性。     

海洋磁力测量仪器系统检验方法研究

高精度的海洋磁力测量对磁测仪器系统的测量精度提出了更高的要求,文中对海洋磁力测量仪器系统检验的内容和动静态检验方法进行了研究,并通过实例验证其可行性。结论表明:所提出的仪器系统检验方法可以消除仪器系统误差的影响,提高海洋磁力测量精度,保证成果的可靠性。     

基于FP07的自容式湍流仪的设计与实验

海洋湍流混合在海洋能量和水体物质交换过程中发挥着重要作用,目前海洋湍流的刻画主要通过湍流现场观测来实现,要想对海洋湍流进行更加深入的研究,有赖于更高分辨率的快速测量仪器;但是目前我国在湍流观测设备方面仅仅处于起步阶段;且国内湍流仪所用传感器均以剪切传感器为主,剪切传感器存在仪器震动影响观测精度的问题。人们在对湍流的产生及变化的机理深入了解的过程中,提出了一种基于温度快速变化的湍流观测方法,针对此方法,给出了一种基于FP07的自容式定点海洋湍流仪的设计方法,并针对潜标系统的观测需要完成了深海观测、大容量存储的原理样机的研制,并将样机进行海试实验,验证了该湍流仪测量湍流耗散率的可行性和正确性。     

一种船载走航式海气甲烷交换通量测量系统设计与应用研究

海气界面交换是实现海洋和大气相互作用的重要途径,其通量代表海洋与大气之间的能量交换幅度。研究海气交换通量变化特征对监测海气界面碳循环过程、碳收支通量和全球气候变化具有重要意义。针对传统通量测量方法存在观测方式结合不足、样品转移损耗大、无法实时测量导致计算结果偏差较大等问题,并结合实际工作需求,本文设计了水气甲烷交换通量自动测量系统。该系统主要由采集模块、控制模块及辅助模块构成,在硬件层面上实现了船载海表大气及表层海水甲烷同步走航测量。基于C#、JavaScript语言对流式数据实时存储及通量计算过程进行了可视化编程,该系统实现了交换通量结果计算自动化,解决了海水—大气界面甲烷含量及交换通量的快速实时测量等核心问题。通过对海气通量自动测量系统海试,验证了该系统设计的可行性,为后续研究多尺度海气相互作用及全球气候变化提供了新的技术手段。     

逐步判别分析法在海洋水质评价中的应用

针对粤西海域海洋水质评价这一问题,依照GB 3097-1997《国家海水水质标准》建立一个由400个站位组成、每个站位包含13个水质指标信息的假设随机样本,利用逐步判别分析法,在随机样本的13个水质指标中按其对水质分类判别能力的大小进行筛选,最终选出化学需氧量、石油类、镉、总磷、总氮这5个具有显著判别能力的指标,并利用这5个指标建立判别函数及水质分类图版,进而克服水质指标数据引入过多对水质评价模型的不利影响。利用上述水质分类图版对粤西海域2010年40个站位的水质状况进行了评价,对比海洋与渔业环境监测站的水质分类结果,其正确率为95%,说明该水质分类图版具有良好的实际应用效果,可作为解决利用多水质指标信息综合评价海洋水质这一问题的有效方法。     

Reliability of mooring lines and piles for a permanently manned vessel in a tropical cyclone environment

The factors of safety for stationkeeping systems in current standards (ISO, API) are not derived or validated using reliability analyses. As the oil and gas exploration and production is breaking new boundaries, deploying new floating systems and moving into regions with harsher environments, it is of paramount importance to understand what level of reliability these new marine structures are achieving. This paper presents a reliability analysis of the mooring system of a Floating LNG (FLNG) vessel permanently moored and permanently manned offshore North West Australia in a tropical cyclone environment. The reliability analysis addresses both the mooring chain and the pile foundation. The analysis accounts for the long term characteristics of the environment, including the short term variability, in response to a given sea state and the variability and uncertainty in strength of the mooring chain and the pile. The stationkeeping system was analysed using detailed time domain simulations, capturing system non-linearities and low frequency oscillations as well as wave frequency responses and, thereby, reducing modelling uncertainties to a minimum.It is found that for the conditions modelled, neither the chain nor the pile meet a target reliability of 10⁻⁴/annum using the factors of safety commonly used in design following current ISO and API standards. New factors of safety are proposed to achieve this target reliability. For the pile design, one complicating factor is that current design standards do not explicitly define the exceedance probability that should be associated with the characteristic value of the undrained shear strength to be used in the design. It is demonstrated that the required factor of safety is crucially dependent on the definition of this characteristic value and on the level and the type of uncertainty in the soil strength profile. A recommendation is made regarding the definition of this characteristic value and the associated factor of safety. Furthermore, it is found that designing the mooring system to an environmental condition with a return period of 10,000 yr (as an Abnormal Limit State event), and setting the factor of safety to unity, meets the target reliability of 10⁻⁴/annum for the pile, if the characteristic undrained shear strength is a lower bound, defined in this paper by the 10th percentile value. For the chain however, this target reliability is not achieved.     

Experimental investigation on the motion of bubbles in the moonpool with a sonar model inside

Bubbles are becoming a threat to the measurement of equipment and human activities in the moonpool, while little is known about the characteristics of bubbles in the moonpool. We aim to investigate the motion patterns and characteristic of bubbles in the moonpool. To support the investigation, experiments were conducted in a water tunnel. Images of bubbles in and under the moonpool were captured by two high-speed cameras. The software Tema and program PolyParticleTracker were used to track the bubbles in the moonpool. We obtain information of bubbles in the moonpool, including movement patterns of bubbles, generation of bubbles, relationship between amount of bubbles and the freesurface, temporal and spatial distribution of bubbles, the size and the velocities of bubbles.     

一种神经网络计算器VLSI实现可行性研究

本文以一种新型激光扫描３－Ｄ视觉传播系统中快速求解３－Ｄ坐标值等为例子,展示ＢＰ神经网络的并行分布处理在本质上具有高速度优势及硬件容错能力;以及如何实现基于模拟神经网络的二进制数字量映射的无误差操作：进而阐明用模拟ＶＬＳＩ技术实现训练后神经网络芯片的可行性和推广意义。     

Analysis of a simplification strategy in a nonhydrostatic model for surface and internal wave problems

This paper examines the simplification strategy of retaining only the nonhydrostatic effect of local acceleration in a three-dimensional fully nonhydrostatic model regarding the submesoscale wave phenomenon in the ocean.Elaborate scale analysis of the vertical component of the Reynold-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equation was performed, confirming the rationalization of this simplification. Then, the simplification was implemented in a RANS equation-based nonhydrostatic model NHWAVE(nonhydrostat...     

船用电子倾斜仪的研制

本文介绍一种船用电子倾斜仪,该仪器可以实时检测海上船舶航行姿态,并具有船舶航行姿态数据自动显示、打印及存储的功能.     

海上风力发电单立柱支撑结构拟静力分析

海上风电支撑结构不同于一般海洋结构物,它受到复杂的风机气动荷载、机械控制荷载和海洋环境荷载的多重作用。文章针对海上某单立柱风电支撑结构,通过分析其结构固有频率的约束限制以及外环境荷载的动力特性,综合考虑外环境荷载尤其是风机荷载的动力放大影响,给出海上单立柱风电支撑结构的拟静力分析思路。并进行极端及操作工况下支撑结构在风、浪、流环境荷载组合作用的应力计算和强度分析。提出该种结构在使用现有海洋结构物设计规范和风机设计规范时的注意事项。该分析比较结果及结论可作为海上类似风电支撑结构的设计参考。     

波、流共同作用下的泥沙起动

对波、流共存时的床面剪切力及摩阻系数等作了探讨,根据泥沙起动试验,建立了泥沙起动Shields曲线,导出了波、流共同作用下层流和紊流时的泥沙起动公式和起动波高、起动水深.     

Program News Bright Prospects for a Significant Improvement of the Earth's Gravity Field Knowledge

Concern over the impact of change in sea level is of topical interest internationally, but for the small island states of the Caribbean, a significant increase would prove to be catastrophic. The potential problem is being addressed as part of the much larger issue of climate change, and just this year a regional Climate Change Centre was established in Belize. Means of adapting to accommodate change will be considered under the Mainstream Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) project, but initially the threat needs to be quantified. While meteorological offices have been accumulating weather data in some parts of the region for many years, sea level data is more scarce. This work puts least squares methods to test by applying them to spectral analysis of intermittent data sets acquired over periods of 6 and 9 years at two locations in Trinidad. The resulting sea level models that include 13 periodic components, datum bias, trend and atmospheric pressure are validated using fundamental historical information and observations that form the subject of discussion among local professional surveyors. Results show that while sea level at a location in North Trinidad is rising at the rate of about 1 mm a year, the change at a Southern site is about four times this amount. Horizontal movement has been measured across a tectonic fault that parts the island, and it is now apparent that there may be some vertical motion on this or some other fault lines in the region.     

Local Oceanic Vertical Deflection Determination with Gravity Data Along a Profile

Deflections of the vertical (DOVs) over oceans cannot be directly measured, which restricts their applications. A local covariance function of anomalous potential is put forward in this paper in conjunction with the least-squares collocation (LSC) method to compute the oceanic DOVs utilization of oceanic gravity data along a profile. The covariance functions of gravity field quantities have been derived directly as functions of x, y and z without the need to introduce coordinate transformations corresponding to along- or cross-profile components. In the proposed methodology, gravity data along a profile were used to calculate the residual gravity anomaly using the remove-compute-restore technique. The residual gravity anomaly was used to calculate the parameters of the proposed covariance function of the local anomalous gravity field, which was used in the LSC to compute the residual DOVs along the profile. The residual DOVs added model DOVs to recover the DOVs along the profile. The results of a simulation experiment prove that the proposed methodology is feasible and effective.