北部湾涠洲岛海域沉积物中物质来源解析

沉积物的物质来源问题是海洋沉积学所关注的关键问题。以北部湾涠洲岛海域的沉积柱样为例,在过剩210Pb法构建良好的年代框架基础上,利用元素、稳定同位素、放射性核素多种方法,解析沉积物中有机物和无机物的来源问题。结果显示:基于δ13C指标获得的沉积物中海源和陆源有机物的平均贡献比例分别为95.0%和5.0%;基于Al、Cu、40K、226Ra多种代用指标的端元混合模型计算沉积物中生物成因和碎屑成因的无机物平均贡献比例分别为64.1%和35.9%;而沉积物中Pb分布无法满足端元混合模型的结果,说明存在人类活动的可能影响。进一步构建沉积柱样中基于δ13C的陆源有机物和基于40K的生源无机物的贡献比例的年代变化趋势,发现该变化趋势与人类活动和气候变化（厄尔尼诺现象）密切相关。总之,利用元素、稳定同位素、放射性核素多种方法综合解析沉积物中物质来源问题,尝试探索多种物源识别的代用指标,为北部湾涠洲岛海域的生态环境管理提供一定的科学依据。     

长江上游表壳岩系Pb同位素组成特征及对三峡贯通的示踪意义

理论分析表明,碎屑钾长石Pb同位素在大河流域沉积物物源示踪及追索河流演化研究中具有独特意义。近年来,随着单颗粒碎屑矿物微区分析技术的快速发展,碎屑钾长石Pb同位素已成为一种有效的物源示踪方法,在判别沉积物物源、重建古水系等方面已得到了较好的应用,同时沉积物全岩的Pb同位素能对碎屑钾长石Pb同位素的示踪起到一定的补充作用。通过对长江流域不同河段和支流流域钾长石及全岩Pb同位素的空间分异特征的即可识别性分析、河流地貌和水文特性对源-汇之间物质的可通达性分析以及流域地质环境条件的分析,认为利用Pb同位素方法来示踪江汉盆地不同时期沉积物的源区,并重建长江水系的演化过程是可行的。最后对开展此项研究的思路进行了讨论。     

江汉平原沉积物中含钛普通辉石对长江演化的示踪

江汉平原是长江穿过三峡地区后的第一个大型卸载盆地,其沉积物是采取“从源到汇”物质追踪思路进行三峡贯通和长江演化示踪研究的理想载体,含钛普通辉石是长江上游(攀西地区)广泛分布的特征矿物,可以作为长江三峡贯通研究的示踪矿物.通过对位于盆地沉积中心的周老孔岩心沉积物及长江和汉江现代沉积物中重矿物(粒级为0.063～0.125...     

石英ESR法物源示踪:认识与进展

石英ESR法物源示踪是一种新发展的沉积物源示踪方法。目前,用于沉积物源示踪研究的石英ESR信号心主要有热处理E'心,自然E'心、Al心和Ti心。从研究实例来看,热处理E'心、是物源示踪研究运用最广泛和最成熟的;自然E'心具有很好的应用前景;Al心和Ti心的物源示踪指示意义还处于实验观察和理论探索阶段。从研究对象来看,该方法已成功应用于东亚粉尘主要源区、黄土高原物源时空变化特征、日本群岛风成沉积物源时空变化特征及日本海沉积物源示踪的研究当中。此外,石英ESR法物源示踪在定量或半定量分析河流沉积物源示踪中也表现出了较好的应用前景。随着石英ESR测年技术的不断提高,该方法将在恢复区域性构造运动、地貌演化以及重建区域性的气候演化历史等方面具有独特的优势。     

崇明岛H12孔百年来长江入海沉积物来源变化及原因

地质历史时期长江入海沉积物的来源和组成特征是探讨东亚边缘海地区沉积物“从源到汇”过程的核心问题之一。崇明岛H12钻孔沉积物元素与同位素地球化学分析揭示,Nd同位素、Eu异常、Cr/Th、Sc/Th等指标在1858—1906年间明显波动,波动的年份与文献记载的洪水事件发生时间基本一致;而在1906年之后沉积物中以上各地球化学指标趋于稳定。结合长江不同支流的沉积地球化学组成特征,运用物源混合模型进行判别,结果显示过去150年来长江入海沉积物主要来自上游支流及汉江,不同支流的洪水信号可以通过入海沉积物通量和化学组成来提取。20世纪以来H12钻孔沉积的各物源指标波动明显减小,推测与崇明岛当地的人类活动逐渐增强有关,防护堤、海塘等工程修建改变了长江入海沉积物在崇明岛的沉积方式,使得洪水时期沉积物无法在岛上淤积,因而钻孔记录中很难再发现洪水事件信号,沉积地球化学物源指标趋于稳定。     

青藏高原典型地区沉积物地球化学特征与矿物组成的粒度效应

地表松散沉积物中不同粒级的颗粒蕴含着不同的信息,这种差异与其物质来源、搬运和沉积过程中的分选作用以及沉积后的风化作用等有关。因此,可根据沉积物中不同粒级颗粒地球化学特征与矿物组成的差异,进行沉积物物源追踪或沉积环境重建。选择青藏高原在气候和地貌方面具有典型意义的柴达木盆地、错那湖、雅鲁藏布江流域作为研究区,分别采集了这几个地区的沙丘沙、黄土、湖积物、冲积物、洪积物、残坡积物等地表松散沉积物样品,用干筛法将沉积物样品分为两个部分,粗颗粒部分粒径范围为≥75~500 μm,细颗粒部分粒径<75 μm。对上述粗、细颗粒分别进行稀土与微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素、轻矿物组成的实验室分析测试,并对沉积物中粗、细颗粒的测试结果采用古典多维尺度方法进行相似性分析。结果表明：青藏高原松散沉积物中粗、细颗粒在轻矿物组成、微量和稀土元素含量、稀土特征、元素参数等方面存在差异;细颗粒部分蕴含了更多的环境信息,富含容易受化学风化影响的黏土矿物以及硬度较小、容易被磨蚀的方解石等矿物。在物源示踪中不同气候区的沉积物细颗粒不宜进行直接比较,应根据样品的粒度分布情况优先选择合适的粗颗粒组分进行物源示踪。     

长江沉积物源示踪研究进展

近期物源分析方法发展较快,包括稀土元素、同位素地球化学与单颗粒碎屑矿物微区分析方法的广泛运用,以及分不同粒级组分或根据需要选择特定粒级组分进行物源分析逐渐代替了全样分析法,物源示踪效果得到明显的提高。长江作为连接青藏高原与西太平洋边缘海的最重要水系,河流沉积物从源到汇的现代与历史过程备受关注。长江沉积物源示踪研究进展包括:①建立和运用河流入海沉积物示踪端元模型,定性或定量地分析长江沉积物在海域的扩散与沉积分布规律,倾向于运用细颗粒组分矿物学、元素与同位素地球化学等方法,研究程度较高,今后需注意各端元值的时空变化,及受沉积过程的分异作用与早期成岩作用的影响;②建立和运用不同支流的物源示踪模型,研究晚新生代以来长江水系的演化历史,倾向于运用粗颗粒组分的物源分析方法,尤其是单颗粒碎屑矿物微区分析。由于长江流域面积巨大、区域地质复杂,建立支流域的精细物源分析指纹特征尚处在探索阶段,需注意运用碎屑锆石U-Pb定年与稀土元素、Hf同位素组成的综合物源分析法。综合运用多种物源分析法于长江中下游和三角洲盆地若干钻孔地层的研究,已较好地限定长江贯通的时间约在上新世晚期—早更新世之间,但仍存在较大争议,今后需在一些关键区域开展更多的深钻研究,提高物源精细示踪的效果、晚新生代地层测年的精度,并加强钻孔间的的对比研究。     

多元统计分析在地质学中的应用——以惠州凹陷M层物源分析为例

以29口钻孔的重矿物百分含量数据来分析样本,通过Q型聚类分析、因子分析方法恢复不同物源体系的发育范围及其母岩类型,并以不同物源体系的边界范围为限定条件,结合ZTR指数及其等值线图,对珠江口盆地惠州凹陷M层物源特征进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：研究区发育3大物源沉积区,分别为东北-北部物源沉积区、西北物源沉积区和东南物源沉积区,且各区重矿物组合特征明显,主次物源分明,整体表现为母岩类型复杂的特征。东北-北部沉积物主要母岩为酸性岩浆岩,次要母岩为变质岩和沉积岩,西北沉积物主要母岩为中性及基性岩浆岩,次要母岩为酸性岩浆岩和变质岩,东南沉积物主要母岩为中性及基性岩浆岩,次要母岩为变质岩。东北-北部物源区和西北物源区为远源沉积的产物,而东南物源区为近源沉积的产物。东北-北部物源区沉积物来自北方和东北方向,而西北物源区和东南物源区沉积物分别来自西北方向和东南方向。     

贵州西部Pt、Pd异常源稀土元素地球化学示踪的初步研究

以贵州西部水系沉积物中的Pt、Pd异常为研究对象,选择REE、Pt、Pd和CaO、TFe2O3作为地球化学示踪指标,对贵州西部水系沉积物的物源组成和土壤的成壤母岩进行示踪探讨,表明：(1)龙场地区土壤的成壤母岩为峨后山古武岩;(2)水系沉积物中的物质来源系由古武岩的风化产物和土壤构成,水系沉积物中的Pt、Pd异常是对古武岩中Pt、Pd高背景的继承和浓缩富集;(3)对分布在灰岩区的水系沉积物物质来源的REE地球化学示踪研究和野外地质观察,发现尽管有些样品分布在灰岩区,但其物质来源仍由古武岩风化产物构成,表明未风化剥蚀前为古武岩覆盖。对红岩地区的水系沉积物物源示踪发现,该区水系沉积物中含有热液活动和基性—超基性岩体的信息,推测该区存在一定的找矿远景。     

南黄海NT1孔沉积物稀土元素组成与物源判别

为研究黄河、长江以及韩国河流输运的大陆物质对南黄海沉积的贡献,对南黄海中部泥质区NT1孔沉积物做了稀土元素分析和物源判别。研究发现,南黄海NT1孔沉积物物源主要为长江源和黄河源,NT1孔上部0—7．70m沉积物以长江源为主,中部7．70．16．60m和40．00～50．70m沉积物以黄河源为主,其间夹近24m厚的沉积物则以长江源为主,底部50．70～69．76m沉积物以长江源为主。结果表明,长江从晚更新世早期到现代对南黄海中部泥质区沉积起着主要作用,而黄河则在晚更新世晚期的早玉木冰期时已开始对南黄海陆架沉积作用有明显影响。     

MEASUREMENT OF SAND TRANSPORT IN RIVERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRACER METHODS

The paper describes tests made on a small river to examine the practicability of measuring quantitatively, by tracer methods, sand transport occurring over a rippled bed in a natural channel. Three principal tracer methods, all previously verified under steady flow conditions in a laboratory channel, and identified as the spatial integration, time integration and steady dilution methods, were examined by introducing radioactive and fluorescent tracers to represent a narrow size fraction of the bed sand. The serious limitations of the time integration and steady dilution methods under conditions of unsteady solids discharge were exposed by a sudden flood discharge occurring during the course of the study. An approximate method, based on the time integration approach, but also requiring some spatial tracer data, is suggested, whereby an estimate of the transport is possible in the case of highly variable sand discharge. However, it is seen that in the sand case, the spatial integration method offers the most workable and informative tracer method for use in natural rivers. The results, by this method, were generally consistent with those given by the summation of the measured suspended-solids flux and the transport occurring either by surface creep or in close vicinity to the bed. The latter quantity is determined from the downstream advance of the ripple bed-forms, and methods are described for its derivation from ultrasonic echo sounder records of bed profiles. Finally sand transport values are calculated for a number of river discharges and for two laboratory channel tests using various well-known computational procedures—Einstein, Bagnold, modified Einstein, Meyer-Peter and Muller, and Laursen procedures. Significant differences in the computed values for individual flow conditions are observed.     

On some methodological problems in the use of environmental tracers to estimate hydrogeologic parameters and to calibrate flow and transport models

Environmental tracers are used qualitatively for a better formulation of conceptual models and quantitatively for assessing groundwater ages with the aid of box models or for calibrating numerical transport models. Unfortunately, tracers often yield different ages that do not represent uniquely the water ages. Difficulties result also from different definitions of age, e.g. water age, advective age, tracer age, or radiometric tracer age, that are measured differently and depend on aquifer parameters and characteristics of particular tracers. Even the movement of an ideal tracer can be delayed with respect to the advective movement of water due to diffusion exchange between mobile and immobile water zones, which for fissured rocks or thin aquifers, may lead to significant differences between advective and tracer ages, i.e. also between advective and tracer velocities. The advective velocity is of importance in water resources considerations as being related to Darcy velocity, whereas the tracer velocity is a more useful term for the prediction of pollutant transport. When a groundwater system changes from one hydrodynamic steady state to another, environmental tracers need much more time to reach a new steady state. Several tracer studies are recalled as examples of tracer-specific effects on the estimations of groundwater age.     

Use of deuterated water as a conservative artificial groundwater tracer

Conservative tracers are necessary to obtain groundwater transport velocities at the field scale. Deuterated water is an effective tracer for this purpose due to its similarity to water, chemical stability, non-reactivity, ease of handling and sampling, relatively neutral buoyancy, and reasonable price. Reliable detection limits of 0.1 mg deuterium/L may be obtained in field tests. A field example is presented in which deuterated water, bromide, and pentafluorobenzoic acid are used as groundwater tracers. Deuterated water appeared to be transported conservatively, producing almost identical breakthrough curves as that of other soluble tracers. Electronic Publication     

On-line fluorometry of multiple reactive and conservative tracers in streams

Performing tracer tests using artificial tracer compounds is a common practice to characterize natural streams regarding their (reactive) transport properties. Recently, the fluorescent compound resazurin was introduced as a reactive stream tracer to quantify hyporheic exchange and metabolic activity of streams. This tracer, together with its reaction product resorufin and a conservative tracer (in our case fluorescein), provides additional information about transport properties of the stream and its hyporheic zone and can therefore overcome restrictions that are commonly affiliated with the use of conservative tracers alone. However, all previously published studies using this tracer system were based on manual sampling of the water. This usually limits the number of measurements and thus the achievable temporal resolution, and potentially endangers data quality due to inadequate handling of samples. In this paper, a modified version of the GGUN-FL30 on-line fluorometer is presented in which the optics have been modified to allow measuring the concentrations of all three tracers simultaneously at intervals of 10 s. Experiments under controlled and natural conditions showed that the performance of the on-line fluorometer regarding tracer separation efficiency and practical detection limits is comparable to a high-performance laboratory spectrofluorometer. Furthermore, suggestions are given on how to correct tracer signal fluctuations caused by temporal changes in temperature and pH that might occur during a field tracer test.     

岩溶地下河浊度来源及对示踪试验影响的定量分析

定量示踪技术是分析岩溶含水层水力特征和岩溶水系统结构的重要手段,地下河浊度是制约定量示踪试验精确性的关键因素。针对西南典型岩溶地下河,以三次不同水动力条件下示踪试验为研究对象,通过对比分析浊度、流量及示踪剂浓度变化探讨浊度来源及其对示踪剂和管道参数的影响。试验过程中,确定存在上、下临界流量使水流从层流过渡为紊流状态,浊度主要来源从管道内部再悬浮颗粒过渡为外源悬浮物,计算上、下临界流量分别为0.7 m~3/s和0.4 m~3/s。通过浊度与示踪剂的相关关系研究浊度对示踪剂的影响,结果表明当浊度大于25时,浊度与示踪剂浓度呈负相关关系,且浊度越大,对示踪剂的影响越大。最后通过对比确定,第一次示踪试验浊度影响较小,并估算了岩溶管道参数,为进一步水资源评价提供基础。     

DNA tracers with information capacity and high detection sensitivity tested in groundwater studies

 In order to investigate the usefulness of unique synthetic DNA tracers in groundwater, a field experiment was conducted in Norway. DNA tracers and a sodium-chloride tracer were injected into an aquifer. The transport of DNA molecules was interpreted by comparing with the plume of chloride ions under forced-gradient steady-state flow conditions. Spatial concentration moments described the migration of conservative tracers. Mobility and migration of DNA in groundwater demonstrate that DNA tracers can be detected by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis. The results indicate that DNA tracers can be valuable tools as tracers in groundwater investigations. Received, June 1997 / Revised, July 1998, December 1998 / Accepted, January 1999     

基于电阻率法的充填裂隙-基质中盐热运移试验研究

为探究盐、热示踪剂在裂隙-基质中示踪的有效性,设计了充填裂隙-基质试验模型,开展了不同示踪剂下的试验,结合不同测点的实时动态电阻率监测数据,研究充填裂隙-基质中示踪剂运移过程,并讨论基于电阻率法的盐、热示踪的有效性结果表明：（1）电阻率法可以揭示3种不同示踪剂注入充填裂隙-基质系统的过程以及裂隙-基质系统中裂隙的存在;（2）盐热示踪剂下裂隙与基质内的体积电导率变化率差异最为显著;（3）质量浓度与体积电导率拟合效果要优于温度与体积电导率拟合效果。这说明了基于电阻率法的示踪剂对刻画裂隙-基质中裂隙与基质位置的有效性,且盐热联合示踪剂效果最好。数据成果对野外电法勘探裂隙位置及其他非均质地层构造研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Centrifuge simulation of the consolidation characteristics of capped marine sediment beds

Marine sediment capping is a technique where clean sand or sediment is placed over contaminated sediment to reduce the migration of contaminants to the environment. Environmental regulations have limited the use of in situ sediment capping due to concerns about the contaminant migration through the cap. A series of centrifuge tests were conducted to simulate the effects of consolidation settlement of capped marine sediment. This study describes the testing and monitoring of the centrifuge tests. The results from the centrifuge tests are interpreted and compared to predictions made by the PSDDF computer program, which can qualitatively estimate the consolidation settlement of capped marine sediment.

Centrifuge tests were utilized to predict the consolidation of marine sediment caused by the placement of a capping layer. The centrifuge tests used the modeling of models technique to verify that correct modeling procedures were utilized. In this study, the maximum deviation between the centrifuge test results and PSDDF prediction was 20%. Thus, designers should utilize PSDDF consolidation settlement results with caution. Dye tracer studies showed the importance of consolidation-induced advective transport of contaminants. Thus, the capping layer must be appropriately designed to reduce the effects of consolidation-induced advective transport. This may be accomplished by adding a reactive barrier or geosynthetic barrier layer to the cap design.     

Transport of perfluorocarbon tracers and carbon dioxide in sediment columns – Evaluating the application of PFC tracers for CO2 leakage detection

Perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) have high chemical and thermal stability, low background levels in natural systems, and easy detectability. They are proposed as tracers for monitoring potential CO₂ leakage associated with geological carbon sequestration (GCS). The fate of the PFCs in porous media, and in particular, the transport of these compounds relative to CO₂ gas in geological formations, has not been thoroughly studied. We conducted column tests to study the transport of perfluoro-methylcyclo-pentane (PMCP), perfluoro-methylcyclo-hexane (PMCH), ortho-perfluoro-dimethylcyclo-hexane (ortho-PDCH), and perfluoro-trimethylcyclo-hexane (PTCH) gas tracers in a variety of porous media. The influence of water content and sediment minerals on the retardation of the tracers was tested. The transport of PFC tracers relative to ¹³CO₂ and the conservative tracer sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) was also investigated. Results show that at high water content, the PFCs and SF₆ transported together. In dry and low-water-content sediments, however, the PFCs were retarded relative to SF₆ with the degree of retardation increasing with the molecular weight of the PFC. When water was present in the medium, the transport of CO₂ was greatly retarded compared to SF₆ and the PFC tracers. However, in dry laboratory sediments, the migration of CO₂ was slightly faster than all the tracers. The type of minerals in the sediments also had a significant impact on the fate of the tracers. In order to use the PFC tracer data obtained from the ground surface or shallow subsurface in a GCS site to precisely interpret the extent and magnitude of CO₂ leakage, the retardation of the tracers and the interaction of CO₂ with the reservoir overlying formation water should be carefully quantified.     

荧光示踪剂的干扰实验研究

通过在室内无光照条件下开展干扰实验,探究了荧光素钠、罗丹明和荧光增白剂三种示踪剂之间的干扰规律,并应用于野外地下水二元示踪试验实例,说明了校正荧光示踪仪检测浓度(ΔC)的方法。结果表明:（1）在实验室条件下,荧光素钠的抗干扰性最强,罗丹明次之,荧光增白剂易受到干扰产生检测浓度增大的假象,这种假象服从线性变化规律;（2）当使用罗丹明作为示踪剂时,ΔC钠=0.052C罗、ΔC白=0.012C罗;当使用荧光素钠时,ΔC罗=0.507C钠、ΔC白=0.323C钠。在野外开展二元示踪试验时,建议尽量选用相互之间干扰较小的罗丹明和荧光增白剂进行组合投放,或利用本实验得到的不同示踪剂之间的干扰规律对荧光示踪仪的检测浓度进行校正。