同形溞(Daphnia similis)对幽蚊幼虫反捕食策略的模拟研究

枝角类溞会由于捕食者的存在而发生形态、行为、生活史等的变化.通过为期10 d对太湖春、夏季优势种同形溞(Daphnia similis)在有幽蚊幼虫(CL)、无幽蚊幼虫(CK)及培养过幽蚊幼虫的过滤水(FL)3个环境水平的模拟实验,发现同形溞在有幽蚊幼虫和培养过幽蚊幼虫的过滤水处理下平均体长、累积产仔数及平均产仔数均显著大于无幽蚊幼虫组,表明幽蚊幼虫释放的信息素能改变同形溞的体长、产仔数等生活史参数,这种改变会降低同形溞被捕食的风险.说明在自然环境下,幽蚊幼虫等无脊椎捕食者能通过直接捕食和信息素的间接作用共同影响枝角类种群.     

不同碳磷比的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响

食物质量会影响浮游动物的生长和繁殖,表征食物质量的指标包括食物大小、元素比、生物化学组成和毒性有无等.用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的碳磷比(C/P)表征食物质量,分析不同C/P斜生栅藻对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响.研究中4个处理组斜生栅藻C/P分别为881.8、512.3、124.3和42.4.培养9 d后不同处理组同型溞的生长速率分别为0.15、0.27、0.47和0.44 d-1.C/P比为881.8的处理组同型溞在整个培养过程中没有产仔,其余3个处理组的同型溞第1成龄期的产仔量分别为1.2±1.3、9.8±2.3和9.5±2.5 ind./female.结果表明,与斜生栅藻C/P为124.3处理条件相比,斜生栅藻C/P过高(512.3和881.8)及C/P过低(42.4)处理条件下同型溞生长速率和产仔量均降低.本研究表明食物C/P的高低会影响溞的生长和繁殖,从而影响其在湖泊中的生存.     

南京玄武湖隆腺溞(Daphnia carinata)牧食对浮游植物的影响

隆腺溞(Daphnia carinata)是许多湖泊的常见大型浮游动物,习居于富营养的水域中,以浮游植物为食,且滤食效率较高.通过浮游动物添加实验,研究了隆腺潘对南京玄武湖叶绿素和浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明,在隆腺涵组,浮游植物密度较对照组降低了83%,叶绿素较对照组下降了81%,氮、磷营养盐与叶绿素的相关性不显著.浮游植物的群落结构较对照组也发生了很大变化,蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻的比例有显著上升,隐藻呈显著下降趋势,金藻、甲藻和裸藻在实验结束时已没有检出.说明隆腺潘的摄食能有效控制浮游植物的生物量,可对浮游植物的群落结构产生显著影响.     

大型溞(Daphnia magna)线粒体基因组的测定与序列分析

利用Long-PCR及普通PCR技术,结合引物步移法测序,经拼接、组装后获得中国淮河大型溞(Daphnia magna)线粒体基因组全序列,并对其基因组成、结构特点等进行初步分析.大型溞线粒体基因组全长为14948 bp,A、T、G、C各碱基含量分别为32.37%、34.73%、15.58%、17.31%,表现出明显的AT偏倚.13个蛋白质编码基因、22个t RNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个D-loop区(控制区)的排列方式与典型的节肢动物线粒体基因组的排列方式略有不同.除COI基因以CTG、ATP8基因以GTG、ND3基因以ATC以及ND6基因以ATT为起始密码子以外,其余9个蛋白质编码基因均以ATG作为起始密码子;9个蛋白质编码基因具有典型的完全终止子TAG或TAA,COI、COII、ND4和ND5等基因采用不完全终止密码子T.基因组包含9个基因间隔区,共81 bp,长度1~62 bp;13个基因重叠区,共77 bp,重叠碱基数在1~27 bp之间,最大重叠在16 S rRNA和tRNA~(Val)基因之间.在预测的22个tRNA基因的二级结构中,发现只有tRNA~(Ser1)基因未能形成完整的二级结构,其他21个基因均可形成典型的三叶草结构.16 S rRNA和12 S rRNA基因长度分别为1373 bp和752 bp,D-loop区全长289 bp.本研究结果为探讨大型溞在溞属中的系统学地位及其与其他种间的系统发生关系等问题提供了数据资源.     

光照周期性波动对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长的抑制

利用自行研制的光生物反应器,以水库中典型的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为研究对象,研究了两种藻类在光照强度周期性波动条件下的抑制特性.结果表明,相对恒定时平均光照强度6100 lx而言,在光照强度周期性波动条件下,在培养至24天时,铜绿微囊藻生物量降低14%、颜色稍黄,斜生栅藻生物量降低24%、藻体严重泛黄;铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量分别降低12.7%和55.5%,斜生栅藻的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量分别降低78%和74%;模拟内波的周期性波动光强下,两种藻的光合作用参数Fv/Fm、YⅡ和ETR下降,热耗散量NPQ增高,且光合作用受到抑制,生长代谢能力减弱,这为内波控藻提供了理论依据.     

三种湖泊水体的自然食物对隆腺溞(Daphnia carinata)生长繁殖的影响

用花神湖、玄武湖、南湖的湖水培养隆腺溞,探讨不同营养水体的自然食物对隆腺溢生长、繁殖的影响,花神湖氮、磷营养盐浓度和浮游植物生物量均很低,用花神湖湖水培养的隆腺溞生长缓慢,个体在没有繁殖前就全部死亡,玄武湖氮、磷营养盐浓度和浮游植物生物量均低于南湖,但用玄武湖湖水培养的隆腺潘在生长速率、平均体长、生殖量上均高于用南湖湖水堵养的隆腺溞,实验结果表明:不同营养盐条件下,湖泊中浮游植物的组成有较大的差别,这种差别会对浮游动物生长、繁殖产生影响;在浮游植物种类和生物量适宜时,隆腺溞有较大的生殖量,浮游植物种类组成、浮游植物生物量的过低或过高都会抑制降腺溞的生长、生殖.     

有毒铜绿微囊藻对鱼和溞的毒性

用有毒铜绿微囊藻细胞及其从毒细胞中提取的毒素喂养和腹腔注射鱼类,结果表明:(1)微囊藻毒素MCYST-LR对所有实验过的鱼有毒害作用(LD₅₀为110-500μg/kg).注射毒素24h后,鱼肝电镜超微结构观察均表现出肝损伤.(2)在受控条件下,当用有毒铜绿微囊藻作为食物喂养日鲢和罗非鱼时,鱼类能在以毒藻为唯一食物的环境中生活20d以上.白鲢和罗非鱼粪便的毒性比喂食藻类的毒性分别降低约2-4.5倍,其肝的超微结构现察仍有轻度损伤.(3)在培养液中加入15μg/mLMCYST-LR和用实验室纯培养的铜绿微囊藻作为食物培养枝角类时,均可使它们在48h死亡.以无毒微囊藻培养时则生长不良亦不怀卵,表明它不是枝角类合适的食物.     

水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)生长周期中腐殖酸的释放特性

由于严重的水体富营养化,太湖长期暴发蓝藻水华,这些蓝藻在代谢及消亡过程中大量释放包括腐植酸在内的有机物,不仅影响供水水质,并且进一步加重了水华程度.以太湖水华优势藻种——水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae T34)为研究对象,对藻株生长周期中的藻细胞、浮游细菌进行计数,并使用TOC仪与三维荧光光谱对培养液中提取的腐殖酸进行定量与定性分析,探究水华微囊藻在生长过程中藻细胞密度、浮游细菌密度与腐殖酸浓度的变化规律.结果表明,培养液中腐殖酸浓度的变化趋势与细菌数量变化趋势一致,但与细菌数量曲线拐点相比,腐殖酸浓度曲线拐点出现两周的延迟.腐殖酸产量在藻细胞对数期较低,当水华微囊藻进入稳定期与衰亡期后,腐殖酸大量产生,其浓度迅速增加,最高可达到28.6 mg/L.根据三维荧光光谱分析,水华微囊藻所产生的腐殖酸特征峰出现在(235~245 nm)/(380~425 nm),属于类富里酸荧光峰.本研究初步探究蓝藻与水体腐殖酸之间的关系,为水体腐殖酸来源的研究提供了新的思路.     

Cloning and developmental expression of kinesin superfamily7 (kif7) in the brackish medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a close relative of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

kif7 is a member of the kinesin superfamily members which are molecular motor proteins that move along microtubules in a highly regulated manner through ATP hydrolysis. In this paper, we report on the cloning of the Oryzias melastigma kif7 (omkif7) using primers designed according to the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) database. The cloned omkif7 has an open reading frame of 3762bp and is deduced to encode a polypeptide of 1254 amino acids that possesses the putative ATP-binding and microtubule-binding motifs in its motor domain at the N-terminal region. We characterized the cloned omkif7 by comparison with the zebrafish kif7. Both omkif7 and zebrafish kif7 are shown to be expressed in all embryonic stages and adult tissues examined with higher expression level in the testis and ovary. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that the expression of omkif7 is ubiquitous during the early stages of embryonic development, but became more restrictive and localized to the brain, fin bud and eye at later development. This study suggested that the brackish O.melastigma can serve as a good seawater model organism for developmental studies by utilizing the resources developed from its close relative of the Japanese medaka.     

The impact of pelagic (Daphnia longispina) and benthic (Dreissena polymorpha) filter feeders on chlorophyll and nutrient concentration

An outdoor experiment testing the effect of water flea (Daphnia longispina) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on physical and chemical water parameters and chlorophyll concentration changes was carried out in 12 containers filled with 150 l of unfiltered water from a lowland reservoir. During the 11 weeks of the experiment, the following physical, chemical and biological measurements were recorded: temperature (°C), oxygen concentration (mg dm⁻³), pH, conductivity (S cm⁻¹), concentration of phosphate phosphorus (PO₄-P) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N) (g dm⁻³), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) (g dm⁻³), phytoplankton community structure and chlorophyll a concentration (g dm⁻³). The amount of ammonia ions was the highest in the treatment with zooplankton, while phosphate ions reached the highest values in treatments with zebra mussels. The results confirmed the ability of Daphnia to increase the NH₄:PO₄ ratio, whereas excretion from zebra mussels resulted in a decrease in both the N:P ratio (ranging from 9 to 13) and the NH₄:PO₄ ratio in water. In both treatments containing zebra mussels, P-rich water enabled sudden growth of Chlorophyta, resulting in blooms of Hydrodictyon reticulatum after 3–4 weeks of the experiment. Such phenomena were not observed in the control and Daphnia treatments. Our results indicate that zebra mussels, in contrast to Daphnia, may increase the symptoms of water eutrophication and contribute to blooms of expansive phytoplankton species.     

The ecological requirements of Agapetus fuscipes Curtis (Glossosomatidae), a characteristic species in unimpacted streams

Agapetus fuscipes is a caddisfly that only seems to occur in unimpacted streams and therefore can be a suitable indicator species for natural conditions. The species has decreased in the Netherlands because of human activities which caused organic pollution and hydromorphological degradation. Literature was reviewed to study the autecology and life cycle of A. fuscipes in order to reveal the ecological requirements of this species. By taking Agapetus fuscipes as an example, it is shown that the autecology and life cycle of an indicator species can give important clues for its presence in unimpacted and absence in impacted streams. A. fuscipes is very susceptible to organic pollution and to a lesser degree to discharge dynamics (dropping water level and discharge peaks). The species copes with dynamic discharge events by maintaining a high population density and recolonisation of disturbed habitats from refuges. However, the vulnerability of the species strongly depends on the life stage of the animals (e.g., the ability to migrate, the oxygen demand and the habitat requirements differ between instars). Although several adaptations to dynamic conditions, a high frequency of discharge peaks or a long period of drought can cause the population to decline. Once a population has totally disappeared from a stream it will take the species a long time to recolonise the stream because of its low dispersion capacity. To protect this species stream restoration should focus on water quality (avoid organic pollution and agricultural run off) and on stabilising the discharge by taking care of natural infiltration in the catchment area instead of fast removal of rain water by drainage systems.     

Differential piscivory of the native Percichthys trucha and exotic salmonids upon the native forage fish Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes

The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia.     

转轮虫(Rotaria rotatoria)生活史策略对温度和食物密度变化的响应

温度和食物密度一直是浮游动物生长和繁殖过程中的重要影响因子,而有关两者对蛭态类轮虫生活史策略的影响研究鲜有报道.本研究基于生命表,探究了温度（24、28和32℃）和食物密度（0.5×10⁶、1.0×10⁶、2.0×10⁶和4.0×10⁶ cells/ml）对蛭态类转轮虫（Rotaria rotatoria）生长、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,温度对转轮虫的所有生活史参数均具有极显著影响,食物密度以及温度和食物密度的交互作用显著地影响轮虫的主要发育阶段历时和生命期望.无论食物密度如何,随着温度的升高,轮虫的发育速度加快,繁殖期缩短,寿命减小,特定年龄存活率开始下降的时间逐渐前移,下降的速度也逐渐加快,但内禀增长率增加,这是转轮虫在不利条件下的生活史策略——能量分配权衡.在较低温度下（24和28℃）,转轮虫的各主要发育阶段历时随着食物密度的增加而减小,但在高温下（32℃）高食物密度却对轮虫有利,轮虫的繁殖期和寿命随食物密度的增加而增加;可见,在适宜培养温度下,较低的藻浓度有利于轮虫的生长和繁殖,而高温下则需要高食物密度以保证轮虫对物质和能量的需求.在较低食物密度下,温度对转轮虫生活史参数的影响更加显著,这表明食物密度是重要的限制因子,其在量上的限制或不足会增加轮虫对基础代谢生理调节的代价,从而对其他因子的耐受能力可能随之缩小.     

广东流溪河水库盔型溞(Daphnia galeata)休眠种群与现生种群的单倍型多样性和遗传分化

休眠卵库作为淡水枝角类生物与遗传信息的储藏库,从沉积物休眠卵库中萌发的枝角类对现生种群的数量与种群遗传结构有着直接的影响.分别采集流溪河水库盔型溞的现生种群和沉积物表层(0~10 cm)的休眠卵,扩增现生种群与休眠卵的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I基因,构建了单倍型网络.休眠种群相比现生种群有着较高的单倍型多样性和核酸多样性,初期现生种群分别为0.562、0.00104,末期现生种群分别为0.726、0.00331,休眠种群分别为0.815、0.00761.流溪河盔型溞现生种群与休眠种群存在双向基因流,现生种群到休眠种群的有效迁移率为490.9,休眠种群到现生种群的有效迁移率为527.5.通过构建贝叶斯系统树验证了休眠种群和现有种群中并不存在隐种或者亚种的分化,休眠种群与现生种群之间没有出现较大的遗传分化,现生种群遗传多样性来自于休眠种群,水库的休眠种群更能反映种群真实的遗传多样性.休眠种群与现生种群之间的基因流与休眠卵库大小无关,与休眠卵的萌发有关.     

溯河洄游长江刀鲚(Coilia nasus)摄食虾类的调查

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是长江的名贵经济鱼类.虽然传统上认为其溯河生殖洄游全过程不会摄食,但该问题一直尚未完全弄清.作为有效解明这一问题的第一步,本研究在前期长江流域干流和湖泊刀鲚资源调查的基础上,先利用耳石微化学技术筛选出长江河口区、江苏江段、安徽江段和鄱阳湖水域溯河洄游型的刀鲚个体,再对其胃、肠容物的大型游泳动物(鱼、虾类)进行调查分析.结果发现,在河口区、江苏和安徽江段所有刀鲚个体胃充塞度为0级,均未发现摄食有游泳动物;而鄱阳湖水域刀鲚个体的胃充塞度达4~5级,均发现有摄食淡水虾类的日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)和秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)的情况.其中29%和71%的刀鲚胃中分别含有1只和2只虾.所有刀鲚个体肠内均未发现有内容物.鉴于鄱阳湖已被确定为溯河洄游型刀鲚的产卵场之一,结果表明长江刀鲚在经河口,通过长江江苏和安徽江段干流到达鄱阳湖产卵场的过程中应该不会摄食大型游泳动物;而进入鄱阳湖产卵场后会开始摄食日本沼虾和秀丽白虾.这种两阶段的现象可能反映出了刀鲚的一种在洄游通道上节约能量,以利长距离溯河;而在产卵场补充能量,以利于性腺最终成熟的生存策略.     

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)对霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)生物扰动的抑制效应

近年来太湖局部区域水体富营养化仍有加剧趋势,这可能与底栖动物生物扰动促进沉积物营养盐释放有关.耐污种霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)与常被用于生态修复的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)均为太湖底栖动物优势种类,本文设计了双因素4组处理(对照组、河蚬组、霍甫水丝蚓组和混合组(霍甫水丝蚓和河蚬))的室外受控实验,研究在太湖2种种群分布交错区,河蚬能否对霍甫水丝蚓的生物扰动产生抑制效应.结果表明:霍甫水丝蚓扰动能显著增加水体总氮、总磷浓度,同时促进浮游植物生长;河蚬通过滤食和生物沉降作用显著降低水体总氮、总磷和悬浮物浓度,抑制浮游植物生长,从而促进了底栖藻类的生长;河蚬对霍甫水丝蚓生物扰动效应有抑制作用.     

温度和食物密度对裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)生命表统计学参数的影响

运用单个体培养方法研究了温度(15、20、25和30℃)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)密度(1.0×10⁶、3.0×10⁶和5.0×10⁶cells/ml)对裂足臂尾轮虫(Brachionus diversicornis)出生时的生命期望、世代时间、总生殖率、净生殖率、种群内禀增长率和后代混交率等生活史参数的影响.结果表明,温度对轮虫出生时的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和总生殖率均有显著的影响,但对种群内禀增长率和后代混交率无显著的影响;食物密度对轮虫的净生殖率和总生殖率均有显著的影响,但对轮虫出生时的生命期望、世代时间、种群内禀增长率和后代混交率均无显著的影响;食物密度与温度之间的交互作用对轮虫所有生命表统计学参数均无显著影响.轮虫出生时的生命期望和世代时间均随着温度的升高而逐渐显著缩短.轮虫的净生殖率在15℃下最低,30℃下最高,20和25℃间无显著差异;轮虫的总生殖率在15℃下较低,20、25和30℃下较高且三者间无显著差异;轮虫的净生殖率和总生殖率均在3.0×10⁶cells/ml食物密度下较高,1.0×10⁶和5.0×10⁶cells/ml食物密度下较低且两者间无显著差异.     

外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)对3种沉水植物的牧食偏好及水体理化因子的响应

外来种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)相较我国本土螺类其牧食量更大且繁殖速度更快,对栖息地水生植物的现存量和实施水生植被恢复的生态治理工程的成功性可能构成威胁,目前对福寿螺影响浅水湖泊沉水植物的重建缺乏足够的研究.本文通过设置不同沉水植物种类组合系统,研究福寿螺对3种常用于浅水富营养化湖泊治理的沉水植物密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的牧食偏好以及不同植物配置系统理化因子的响应变化,结果表明福寿螺对沉水植物植株附着偏好为密刺苦草轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻,而牧食破坏强度为轮叶黑藻穗花狐尾藻密刺苦草,轮叶黑藻最容易受到福寿螺牧食影响而快速消亡,穗花狐尾藻叶片也会被全部牧食仅剩下茎,而苦草存活受到的影响较小.福寿螺会导致轮叶黑藻+密刺苦草组合系统中总氮、氨氮、总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,而密刺苦草+穗花狐尾藻组合中总磷、正磷酸盐浓度显著升高,但是在轮叶黑藻+穗花狐尾藻组合中仅总氮浓度显著升高.研究表明福寿螺能够影响沉水植物间的竞争关系,但是3种沉水植物均不能阻止福寿螺的牧食;福寿螺牧食会显著降低沉水植物生物量,最终会影响草型清水态系统的稳定性.     

Modified sublimation to isolate phenanthrene-degrading bacteria of the genera Sphingomonas and Burkholderia from Xiamen oil port

Sublimation was developed by Alley and Brown (2000) in order to isolate bacterial strains that were capable of degrading water insoluble compounds. In this study, sublimation was modified by the use of nutritional agar plates, instead of mineral salt agar, to isolate phenanthrene-degrading bacteria from a mixed culture that had been enriched under the selective pressure of high phenanthrene content. Five strains were obtained with different morphology and degradation ability. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, two of them were classified as species of the genus Sphingomonas; the others as species of the genus Burkholderia. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was introduced to detect dynamic changes in the bacterial community during enrichment batch culture, and to determine any correlation between the five isolates and the phenanthrene-degrading consortium. The DGGE profile indicated that these five isolates corresponded to four dominant bands of the consortium. Compared to traditional means of isolation, we concluded that modified sublimation is effective and more convenient.     

水深对沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)生长的影响

水深是影响浅水湖泊沉水植物生长的主要因素之一.莲座型苦草（Vallisneria natans）和冠层型穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）是我国长江中下游浅水湖泊中常见的沉水植物种类,二者在形态特征上具有较大的差异.在自然水体中,水深变化对这两种植物的生长以及竞争格局的影响还有待研究.本文设计了3个水深梯度（水深0.5、1.5、2.5 m）,探讨混栽条件下苦草和穗花狐尾藻生长和竞争格局对水深变化的响应.结果显示在实验系统内,中水深（1.5 m）处理组对两种植物的生长均最有利,表现为两种植物的相对生长率和生物量均最高.低水深（0.5 m）处理组苦草的生物量和相对生长率均显著低于高水深（2.5 m）处理组;穗花狐尾藻则相反,高水深对其生长的抑制作用更大.2种沉水植物在高水深胁迫时均表现出地上部分（叶长或茎长）增加,地下部分（根长）减少的形态响应特征.此外,随着水深由高到低,苦草与穗花狐尾藻生物量之比逐渐减小,表明苦草在两种植物中的竞争优势逐渐降低.研究表明湖泊水深变化不仅能够影响沉水植物的丰度,同时还可能会影响沉水植物的群落结构,而在我国浅水湖泊的生态修复实践中,在通过水位调控恢复沉水植物时,调控范围应考虑目标植物（如苦草）的光合特征.