Determination of orthophosphate in highly saline waters

Standard methods for the determination of phosphorus as phosphate ion are now well established for fresh and marine waters. In highly saline waters, however, salt effects due to ionic strength, or to particular ions present, may result in method interferences. Three methods of analysis of phosphate based on the formation of phosphomolybdenum blue complexes have been evaluated here for hypersaline waters. Stannous chloride reduction in aqueous media exhibits a substantial salt effect and its use is not recommended. Stannous chloride reduction following extraction into non aqueous solvents shows a significant salt effect (up to 30 per cent) in solutions of salinity >100 g L^–1. Dilution of hypersaline waters to below this salinity may overcome the salt effect but the method suffers from other disadvantages involving resource constraints and health and safety considerations. Ascorbic acid reduction, catalysed by antimony (III) ions, appears to offer the most promise for hypersaline waters. Turbidity in samples having high salinity (> 100 g L^–1) and high phosphorus concentrations (> 500 g P L^–1) changes the spectral characteristics of solutions but linear calibration curves still result for concentrations in the range 400 to 1,000 g P L^–1. The occurrence of turbidity is also affected by the ionic composition of hypersaline waters since solutions made from sea salt give different results to those made from sodium chloride. Dilution of samples, to give salinities less than 100 g L^–1 prior to reduction is recommended to avoid turbidity. The salt effect in these lower salinity waters is less than 3 per cent up to 100 g L^–1.     

Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China

42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 different saline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety of geochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution ofn-alkanes is observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoid alkanes, dominated by phytane (C₂₀ up to 20 per cent in EOM), and C₂₅ and C₃₀ components is another outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersaline settings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria. Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jiangham samples and Cretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane and gammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual (reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggesting sulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement of these biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range of organic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects a significant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremely anoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct origin from some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marsh sediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEP inn-alkane series, and predominance of C₂₉ steranes, suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marine evaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is unique for its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up to C₃₆ (abundant) and C₄₀ (trace). These long-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in addition to archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from the various suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers to help effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecular variation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biological sources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability of metal ions during early diagenesis.     

新疆典型盐渍土微波介电特性响应分析与建模

土壤盐渍化对区域经济和生态可持续发展产生负面影响。微波介电常数是微波遥感探测土壤的关键因素,然而介电常数与盐分的关系仍不清晰。为分析盐分类型及含盐量对土壤介电常数的影响,在0.3~20.0 GHz频率下,测量了新疆典型的2种盐渍土类型（硫酸盐-氯化物型： \mathrm{N} {\mathrm{a}}_2 \mathrm{S} {\mathrm{O}}_4 - \mathrm{N} \mathrm{a} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{l};氯化物-硫酸盐型： \mathrm{N} \mathrm{a} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{l} - \mathrm{N} {\mathrm{a}}_2 \mathrm{S} {\mathrm{O}}_4）的介电常数,探讨含水量、含盐量、盐分类型及质地对土壤介电特性的影响。结果表明：（1） 含盐量对湿润土壤、干燥粉壤土的复介电常数实部（ \epsilon \mathrm{\text{'}}）和虚部（ \epsilon ″）均产生影响。（2） 对于同等级的2种湿润盐渍土在0.3 GHz频率下,整体上 \epsilon {″}_{\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4-\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}}> \epsilon {″}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}_2\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4}。（3） 虚部的电模量（ M ″）与含盐量的关系更紧密,且0.3~5.0 GHz是重要的频率范围。研究结果可为复杂下垫面下土壤盐渍化的微波遥感监测提供科学支持。     

松嫩平原西部盐沼湿地水环境化学特征

松嫩平原西部盐沼湿地水环境碱化程度高,水中的pH值普遍高于8.0,多数为苏打钠型水。在对本区盐沼基本水环境化学特征阐述的基础上,通过对水化学的基本变量CO₃^2-、HCO₃^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺和派生变量(Cl^-+SO₄^2-)/HCO₃^2-及Na⁺/(Ca²⁺ Mg²⁺)等的相关分析,得出各水化学变量之间的相关关系,并以pH值为分类基础得到了判别函数和判别区域图,对区域盐沼湿地水环境化学特征的研究方法作出了有意义的尝试。     

Salinity of surface waters in the Aral Sea region

An overview of recent changes in salinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basin is given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in most waters are higher than admissible values for drinking water, and ionic composition has changed with time. Salinity of the ‘Big Sea’ of the Aral was 48 g L⁻¹ in 1998, but has decreased to below 21 g L⁻¹ in the ‘Small Sea’ due to the building of a new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.     

Definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes

Salinity is the most important chemical attribute of athalassic salt lakes. Even so, some confusion persists of what salinity means and how to measure it. For sal lakes, salinity is best defined as the sum total of all ion concentrations, or total ion concentration. Ideally, it is recommended that salinities be expressed on a mass per mass basis and as ppt (parts per thousand). Direct measurements of salinity can only be derived from full ionic analyses. Indirect measurements can be derived by determinations of density, conductivity, freezing point depression and total dissolved solids or matter.     

Nitrate concentrations and nitrate reduction in acid groundwater/lake systems in southern Australia

We have analyzed nitrate in saline groundwaters from the Lake Tyrrell region of north-western Victoria and the Norseman-Salmon Gums region of south-eastern Western Australia. These are regions where acid (pH<4) groundwater exists naturally. The nitrate concentrations of these groundwaters are ∼5–10 times lower than nitrate concentrations from other arid and semi-arid regions around the world and in Australia. The source of the nitrate to the groundwater is soil organic matter, not anthropogenic activity. The data from the Lake Tyrrell system suggest that the gain and loss of fixed nitrogen are probably important biogeochemical processes in the early evolution of these waters. Nitrate reduction also occurs in the shallow groundwaters of Western Australia. Nitrate reduction is very low due to the low concentrations of organic matter present. Groundwaters in both of these systems eventually discharge along the edges of playas. This process may concentrate nitrate in the surficial salts of the playa.     

Early-Holocene geochemical evolution of saline Medicine Lake,South Dakota

Medicine Lake is a highly saline, meromictic, magnesium sulfate, closed-basin lake in northeastern South Dakota. The geochemical, mineralogical, and magnetic stratigraphies of sediments deposited from about 10.8 to 4.5 ka B.P. document the evolution of the saline brine in response to climatic change in the early to mid-Holocene. During the spruce occupation of the Medicine Lake catchment (10.8–10.0 ka B.P.), dark-grey massive basal sediments with low total-sulfur and carbonate content, upwardly increasing organic-carbon content, and high magnetic susceptibility were deposited in a deep freshwater lake. As the vegetation in the area changed from spruce to birch to oak and elm and finally to prairie between 10.0 and 9.2 ka B.P., and as the lake became shallow and salinity increased from <2 to >10%, light-and dark-grey calcareous and organic-carbon-rich banded sediments with low total-sulfur content and low magnetic susceptibility were deposited. Previous studies have shown that during the forest/prairie transition the lake then changed abruptly from fresh to saline as it lost a substantial portion of its volume. During the early prairie period (9.2–5.5 ka B.P.), alternating sections of aragonite-rich laminae and grey massive sediments with high total-sulfur content and multiple gypsum layers were deposited in a meromictic environment under conditions of fluctuating lake levels and salinity. Continued aridity during the mid-Holocene (5.5–4.5 ka B.P.) probably maintained the lake at relatively low levels and high salinity as dark-grey generally massive sediments with moderate total-sulfur, carbonate, and organic-carbon content and no measurable magnetic susceptibility were deposited.     

鲁西北平原夏玉米产量与土壤硝态氮淋失

供水量和氮肥施用量是影响农田硝态氮淋失的主要因素。本文通过田间小区试验,研究了水分和氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验表明,高水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在85%FC,FC为田间持水量032）和低水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在70%FC）间产量差异不显著,施肥量（0、100、200、和300kgNha^-1）则具有显著影响,并且在200kgNha^-1左右时达到最高产量;高水条件下土壤水分硝态氮下渗强,运移深度大,所有施肥处理在200cm处的土壤水硝态氮浓度都要高于国家饮用地下水标准10mgNL-1;低水条件下水分下渗弱,运移深度小于高水处理,但是在200cm处,200、300kgNha^-1处理的土壤溶液硝态氮浓度依然高于10mgNL^-1。     

季节性冻融对盐荒地水盐运移的影响及调控

季节性冻融是干旱区土壤盐碱化形成的主要驱动因子,但冻融过程中土壤水盐耦合关系及热量调控机理仍不清楚。通过分析2009年11月～2010年5月新疆玛纳斯河流域典型盐荒地季节性冻融过程中土壤剖面160 cm以内的水分、盐分和温度动态变化,探讨了不同土层冻融过程中水热盐的耦合关系。结果表明：土壤最大冻结深度为150 cm左右,表土层（0～40 cm）温度与气温关系密切;土壤剖面水分呈现“C”型垂直分布,表土层和底土层（100～160 cm）含水量较大,而心土层（40～100 cm）含水量不足10%,土层平均含水率在冻融前期增加了12.91%,而在初蒸期减少了10.01%;土壤剖面盐分在冻结期和初蒸期表聚作用明显,心土层和底土层含盐量稳定,土壤剖面含盐量表现为“积盐-脱盐-再积盐”的变化过程。水热盐之间具有高度协同性,心土层和底土层表现为水盐相随、而表土层为水去盐留的耦合特征,热量传输是调控水盐运移的关键因素。     

Understanding the origin and fate of nitrate in groundwater of semi-arid environments

Though nitrate enrichment in groundwater is a worldwide phenomenon and mainly related to human impact, processes leading to nitrate enrichment in scarcely inhabited semi-arid regions are not yet well understood. In those regions, elevated nitrate concentrations put additional pressure on the scarce water resources, as they pose a serious health risk. This study applies a multidisciplinary approach (hydrogeology, isotope hydrology, and geochemistry) to understand the origin and fate of nitrate in groundwater of the semi-arid Kalahari of Botswana. Our investigations suggest that nitrate in groundwater of the study area is of natural origin, leached from a pool in the unsaturated zone that was actively involved in the soil nitrogen cycle. The presence of active (minor) recharge was found, showing that nitrate may be transported into the groundwater under the present conditions. Yet, slow travel times of replenishing water and the low recharge amounts render the thick unsaturated zone into a long-term reservoir for nitrate. Being only little influenced by reactive processes, nitrate has a high persistency in the observed groundwater system. Concentration increases induced by the present land-use do not yet appear to affect the groundwater quality but may within decades.     

北极水域船舶事故特征及关联规则分析

北极海冰的大量融化,加速了北极航道开发和利用,对北极水域船舶事故风险管理提出了更高的要求。本文以2008—2017年的北极水域船舶事故数据为样本,运用数据挖掘技术和方法,对北极水域船舶事故进行了时空特征分析,并对船舶属性与事故属性之间的潜在映射关系进行了关联规则挖掘。结果表明:北极水域事故数逐年呈上升的趋势,事故主要发生在巴伦支海东部的俄罗斯摩尔曼斯克港口水域和挪威北部水域;北极水域严重事故受船舶总吨、船旗国、船舶类型、事故类型、事故水域等变量的影响,船舶尺度较大的船舶更容易造成严重事故;北极水域俄罗斯籍渔船的严重事故,很多是由机损事故引发的,但很少造成环境污染。研究结论可辅助海事管理部门和航运企业开展北极水域船舶事故预防和风险管理工作。     

Biological and ecological features of inland saline waters in North Hebei, China

During May and June 1991, the biological and ecological features of sixteen aquatic localities in Zhanjiakou region, Hebei, northern China, were investigated. Their salinity ranged from 0.98 to 175.2 g L⁻¹. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrates were depauperate. 116 samples were collected. 91 species (or genera) of phytoplankton and 94 species of zooplankton were recorded. In most of the saline lakes, Cl⁻ and Na⁺ were dominant, and alkalinity and pH values were higher. For phytoplankton, major species wereChroococcus minutus, Oscillatoria tenuis [blue-green algae];Chlamydomonas spp.,Chlorococcus spp.,Chlorella vulgaris, Crucigenia quadrata, Dunaliella salina, Kirchneriella contorta, Oocystis lacustris, Scenedesmus acuminatus [green algae]; andCyclotella meneghiniana, Navicula spp.,Nitzschia spp. [diatoms]. Other phytoplankton taxa present included:Cryptomonas erosa, Chroomonas acuta, Chromulina pascheri, Euglena viridis. For zooplankton, major species included:Vorticella campanula, Epistylis breviramosa, Euplotes terricola [protozoa];Brachionus plicatilis, Hexarthra fennica, Keratella quadrata, Notholca acuminata quadrata [Rotifera];Daphnia magna, D.longispina [‘Cladocera’];Artemia spp. [Anostraca];Arctodiaptomus rectispinosus andCyclops vicinus [Copepoda]. The species composition, distribution, salinity tolerance of planktonic forms in inland saline waters are discussed and their relationship with certain environmental factors.     

The macrobenthic fauna of a former perennial and now episodically filled mexican saline lake

Totolcingo (El Carmen), a large and now episodically filled playa lake in the east-ernmost portion of the Mexican Plateau, filled with water in 1993. Water persisted for just one month (May). Alkaline (pH 10), saline (K₂₅ up to 30,000S/cm) waters, dominated by NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃, characterized the lake. The fauna was depauperate. The components of the fauna wereEphydra (Hydropyrus)hians Say (ephydrid),Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède (tubificid), andBerosus sp. (Coleoptera). The species in the lake were widely dispersed and typical inhabitants of saline lakes. Possible reasons for the depauperate fauna include (a) overall physical and chemical conditions, (b) unpredictable hydrology, and (c) the short (one month) inundation period prevented colonization.     

乌鲁木齐河流域不同水体中的氧稳定同位素

The variations of the stable oxygen isotope in different water mediums in Urumqi River Basin, China, are analyzed. The stable oxygen isotope in precipitation has marked temperature effect either under synoptic or seasonal scale at the head of Urumqi River. The linear regression equations of δ^18O against temperature are δ^18O=-0.94T-12.38 and δ^18O=1.29T-13.05 under the two time scales, respectively. The relatively large δ^18O/temperature slopes show the strong sensitivity of δ^18O in precipitation to temperature variation at the head of Urumqi River. According to the analyses on the δ^18O in precipitation sampled at three stations with different altitudes along Urumqi River, altitude effect is notable in the drainage basin. The δ^18O/altitude gradients have distinct differences: the gradient from Urumqi to Yuejinqiao is merely -0.054‰/hm, but -0.192‰/hm from Yuejinqiao to Daxigou, almost increasing by 2.6 times over the former. No altitude effect is found in surface firn the east branch of Glacier No. 1 at the head of Urumqi River, showing that precipitation in the glacier is from the cloud cluster with the same condensation level. Influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the δ^18O in surface firn increases with increasing altitude sometimes. Survey has found that the δ^18O in meltwater at the terminus of Glacier No. 1 and in stream water at Total Control have the similar change trend with the former all smaller than the latter, which displays the different runoff recharges, and all mirror the regime of temperature in the same term basicallv.     

Oxygen-18 in different waters in Urumqi River Basin

The variations of the stable oxygen isotope in different water mediums in Urumqi River Basin, China, are analyzed. The stable oxygen isotope in precipitation has marked temperature effect either under synoptic or seasonal scale at the head of Urumqi River. The linear regression equations of δ18O against temperature are δ18O=0.94T-12.38 and δ18O=1.29T-13.05 under the two time scales, respectively. The relatively large δ18O/temperature slopes show the strong sensitivity of δ18O in precipitation to temperature variation at the head of Urumqi River. According to the analyses on the δ18O in precipitation sampled at three stations with different altitudes along Urumqi River, altitude effect is notable in the drainage basin. The δ18O/altitude gradients have distinct differences: the gradient from Urumqi to Yuejinqiao is merely -0.054‰/hm, but -0.192‰/hm from Yuejinqiao to Daxigou, almost increasing by 2.6 times over the former. No altitude effect is found in surface firn in the east branch of Glacier No.1 at the head of Urumqi River, showing that precipitation in the glacier is from the cloud cluster with the same condensation level. Influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the δ18O in surface firn increases with increasing altitude sometimes. Survey has found that the δ18O in meltwater at the terminus of Glacier No.1 and in stream water at Total Control have the similar change trend with the former all smaller than the latter, which displays the different runoff recharges, and all mirror the regime of temperature in the same term basically.     

Experimental research on physical properties of saline soil subgrade filler in Chaerhan region

In order to improve the engineering stability of saline soil of high chloride content in the Chaerhan salt lake region, six typical characteristics saline soil samples were selected, and tests on their...     

荒漠地区包气带氯离子与硝酸盐的空间分布特征

荒漠地区包气带中的Cl^-、NO₃^-与生态环境有密切联系,与地下水安全有直接联系。主要以荒漠地区包气带Cl^-、NO₃^-为研究对象,通过对Cl^-、NO₃^-在包气带及不同土壤类型中的分布特征进行研究,表明强烈的蒸散发作用使Cl^-、NO₃^-呈活塞式分布,同时植物对水分的吸收以及对NO₃^-的优先吸收使NO₃^-表现出不同的分布特征。土壤中的NO₃^-可能被植物优先吸收并遵循营养循环,使表层土壤中出现极大值,随后逐渐减小。靠近表层土壤出现NO₃^-峰值和较高的NO₃^-/Cl^-原子比率反映了蓝藻菌活跃的固N作用;相对较大的NO₃^-/Cl^-原子比率伴随着较低的Cl^-说明在干旱地区稀疏的植被覆盖条件限制了对NO₃^-的吸收作用。不同的土壤类型中,Cl^-、NO₃^-表现出不同的分布特征,在粘性土壤中,NO₃^-、Cl^-浓度随含水率的减小而减小。     

陶瓷杯与蒸渗仪测定硝态氮和氨态氮淋溶的比较

土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和氨态氮（NH4+-N）淋溶量测定方法因草本植物和土壤类型不同而异。试验采用陶瓷杯（ceramic suction cups）和蒸渗仪（lysimeters）分别测定草地土壤NO₃^--N和NH4+-N淋溶量。蒸渗仪直径为50 cm和深度为70 cm,土壤类型分别为新西兰Gorge silt loam、Mataura sandy loam和Lismore stony silt loam,重复4次。陶瓷杯水平插入蒸渗仪不锈钢筒,陶瓷杯插孔中心离不锈钢筒底部距离分别为35 cm（上陶瓷杯）和60 cm（下陶瓷杯）。在试验前,喷灌72 h冲洗蒸渗仪土壤溶液,使淋溶液NO₃^--N浓度接近0 mg·L^-1,然后1次性施加250 kg N·hm^-2尿素溶解液,用喷灌系统喷灌蒸渗仪,每周喷灌1次,喷灌系统误差使Gorge、Mataura和Lismore土壤喷灌强度分别为15.0、19.0和18.7 mm·h^-1,1次喷灌持续时间为3 h。在Gorge和Lismore土壤,陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶量差异显著。在Gorge土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶累计量分别为64、68和54 kg N·hm^-2,测定NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量分别为0.43、0.49和0.43 kg N·hm^-2;在Mataura土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶累计量分别为57、68和62 kg N·hm^-2,测定NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量分别为0.51、0.37和0.23 kg N·hm^-2;在Lismore土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶累计量分别为61、103和99 kg N·hm^-2,测定NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量分别为1.70、2.24和2.04 kg N·hm^-2。在结构发育良好的Gorge和Lismore土壤,陶瓷杯不适合测定NO₃^--N淋溶量,但适合应用于砂土质地和发育不完善Mataura土壤。NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量占NO₃^--N淋溶累计量的0.37%～2.93%,在测定和计算氮淋溶时,NH₄⁺-N淋溶可以忽略不计。