A comparison of mercury in estuarine fish between Florida Bay and the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA

Concentrations of mercury (Hg) in fish were compared between two Florida estuaries, the Indian River Lagoon and Florida Bay. The objective was to determine if differences in Hg concentration exist and to attempt to relate those differences to sources of Hg. Five hundred and thirteen estuarine fish were collected and analyzed for Hg concentration. Fish species collected were black drum, bluefish, bonnethead shark, common snook, crevalle jack, gafftopsail catfish, gray snapper, Mayan cichlid, pompano, red drum, sheepshead, southern flounder, spadefish, and spotted seatrout. Analysis of variance of species-specific Hg data among the three defined regions of eastern and western Florida Bay and the Indian River Lagoon substantiated regional differences. Proximity to known anthropogenic sources of Hg appeared to be a significant factor in the distribution of Hg concentration among the fish collected. Sufficient numbers of crevalle jack, gray snapper, and spotted seatrout were collected to permit statistical analysis among regions. Hg concentrations in all three of these species from eastern Florida Bay were higher than those collected in the other two areas. A major fraction of the estuarine fish collected in eastern Florida Bay exceeded one or more State of Florida or U.S. Food and Drug Administration fish consumption health advisory criteria. In general, fish from western Florida Bay contained less Hg than those from the Indian River Lagoon, and fish from the Indian River contained less Hg than those from eastern Florida Bay. Crevalle jack from all areas and spotted seatrout from Florida Bay were placed on a consumption advisory in Florida. Detailed study of Florida Bay food web dynamics and Hg biogeochemical cycling is recommended to better understand the processes underlying the elevated Hg levels in fish from eastern Florida Bay. This information may be vital in the formulation of appropriate strategies in the ongoing South Florida restoration process.     

On the definition of Geoarchaeology

Two variations of the integration of geology and archaeology have been proposed in the literature—archaeological geology and geoarchaeology. However, there is no agreement among practitioners as to the legitimacy of the distinctions that have been made. This disagreement suggests that the objectives and assumptions of this interdisciplinary field have not been adequately discussed among its practitioners. The published definitions of both of these subfields emphasize their geological and historical aspects rather than their anthropological and processual aspects. A comparison with zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany suggests that the significance of geoarchaeology to anthropological archaeology has been slighted. This results from a failure to recognize the symbolic character of humans' interaction with their geologic environment. An attempt is made here to clarify the distinction between archaeological geology and geoarchaeology and to define objectives for the latter subfield that have anthropological significance.     

渤海湾晚更新世晚期以来古河道分布和三角洲发育及其古环境的演变

渤海湾及其沿岸是中国海洋地质与第四纪地质研究程度最高的地区之一。虽然研究成果众多,但仍有一些基础的地质问题亟待解决。比如,晚更新世晚期黄河是否流经渤海湾?全新世黄河在渤海湾及其沿岸形成的多期次三角洲叶瓣在海域如何展布?以上问题一直是中国海洋地质研究中备受关注的热点话题。借助2016-2017年在渤海湾获取的约2000 km的浅地层剖面数据、2个30 m左右的取芯钻孔（BXZK2017-1和BXZK2017-2孔）及相应的AMS ¹⁴C和OSL测年数据,同时结合前人的一些浅剖数据和钻孔的研究成果,将渤海湾中部晚更新世以来的地层自上而下划分出4个地震单元（SU1~SU4）和6个沉积单元（DU1-DU6）,分别对应前三角洲相、潮坪与浅海、泛滥平原、河道相、海陆交互相、湖沼相。在此基础上综合探讨渤海湾晚更新世晚期以来总体的地层框架和沉积演化特征。研究表明：黄河可能在21.8~9 cal ka BP,由近东西向流经渤海湾北部进入渤海中部盆地;全新世以来,渤海湾从西北侧至南侧,依次分布4期次的三角洲叶瓣,对应的发育时间可能分别是1400 AD~现在、11~1128 AD、700 BC~11 AD和1855~现在;渤海湾西侧最北两期次的水下三角洲可能主要与海河有关,而南侧其余2期次三角洲叶瓣则可能分别对应岐口超级叶瓣以及现代黄河三角洲超级叶瓣。加深了解渤海湾晚更新世晚期以来的地层序列演化、古河道发育以及全新世三角洲在渤海湾的展布情况,将有助于渤海湾海岸带开发、海底工程建设以及地质灾害防范等。     

A system of proper environmental geology categories

This article discusses the rationale for the structure of the conceptual and terminological framework and categories of ecological geology, which has important methodological significance for its development. The authors consider their own ecological and geological categories and justify the logical structure of the concept and terminology base of modern ecological geology as a single integrated system.     

宁乡石泉村活动断裂特征及其工程地质问题

宁乡石泉村活动断裂 ,错断了第四系新开铺组地层 ,属张扭性正断层。本文分析了它对高速公路宁乡收费站、行人天桥等可能造成的工程地质影响 ,指出加强其位移监测 ,对预防有关地质灾害具有现实意义。     

Geological setting and lithological features of cenozoic sediments in the Van’kina Bay (Laptev Sea)

Materials of bottom sampling and drilling on both the Van’kina Bay and coast by researchers from the All-Russia Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologiya) during the past 50 years were analyzed. Also, materials related to the geological setting of the Chokhchur-Chokurdakh zone, which includes the Van’kina Bay area, were examined. The geology and lithology of Cenozoic sediments in the water area of the bay and the adjacent land were scrutinized to elucidate mineral resources in the Earth’s interior within the study region. Summary section of the Upper Jurassic-Holocene sediments was compiled. It has been established that the terrigenous material was derived from (i) coastal zones composed of granitoid or contact-metamorphic rocks, (ii) Quaternary friable sediments of marine terraces and beaches; (iii) submarine rises, and (iv) river discharge. It is shown that the Sn-bearing mineral (cassiterite) is associated with the Pliocene-lower Neopleistocene sediments of the Serkin Horizon and the Holocene sediments. In addition to the known Chokurdakh coastal placer, new promising cassiterite areas have been revealed. The results suggest that prospecting for tin placers should be continued at the Van’kina Bay.     

Geology, landscape and human interactions: examples from the Isle of Wight

The British Geological Survey has recently re-mapped the Isle of Wight at a scale of 1:10,000. This has added to a wealth of geological research already published. Within this paper, we highlight the importance of geology to the heritage of the Isle of Wight and its impacts on everyday life. There is a growing cultural awareness of the variety of landscapes and resources, the geology that underpins them, and the need to manage and understand them in a sensitive and sustainable way. ‘Geodiversity’, which collectively embraces these themes, is defined as “… the natural range (diversity) of geological (rocks, minerals, fossils), geomorphological (land form, processes) and soil features …” (Gray, 2004). This paper will focus on the geomorphological features; that is, the link between geology, the landscape it influences, and the human interactions with it. Examples from the Isle of Wight of the influences of geology on landscape include the landslides at Ventnor; geotourism at The Needles, Alum Bay and various dinosaur sites; and the artificial landscapes resulting from resource extraction. The geological issues and examples that we have used are some of the most applicable to everyday life, and therefore ones that many people will be able to relate to, such as geohazards (e.g. landslides), water supply, economic value (e.g. quarrying) and tourism. The paper is aimed at the non-specialist and students but also may provide a contextual element to professionals.     

Spatial and Temporal Variations in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrodinium bahamense</Emphasis> Cyst Concentrations in the Sediments of Bioluminescent Mangrove Lagoon,St. Croix,USVI

Mangrove Lagoon, located on the island of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands (USVI), is one of few actively bioluminescent lagoons in a location experiencing significant anthropogenic impacts. The bioluminescence is due to an abundance of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense in the water column. We recovered surface sediments and sediment cores from Mangrove Lagoon to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal variability of P. bahamense cysts in this system. Surface sediment P. bahamense cyst concentrations ranged from 0 to 466 cysts g^?1 dry sediment, with higher abundances associated with elevated surface water nutrient concentrations and a mixed terrestrial–marine organic matter source regime. In combination with available bioassay data, we hypothesize that phytoplankton utilize nutrients rapidly and subsequent decay of organic matter makes nutrients available for dinoflagellates at the sediment–water interface in the eastern and northern quadrants of the lagoon. However, the nutrients are rapidly exhausted during counterclockwise lagoon circulation resulting in the decline of primary productivity and dinoflagellate abundance in the western quadrants. Downcore profiles suggest that P. bahamense blooms have been occurring for decades, declining in recent years. No cysts were present in sediments predating dredging activities of the 1960s that created Mangrove Lagoon. Recent reductions in cyst abundance may be the result of limited primary productivity caused by restricted water exchange with Salt River Bay due to shallowing of a sill at the mouth of the lagoon. This research highlights the need for more comprehensive geochemical and fossil analyses to better understand long-term ecological variability and inform conservation efforts of these unique habitats.     

Tectonic Subsidence of California Estuaries Increases Forecasts of Relative Sea-Level Rise

Even along the generally uplifting coast of the Pacific US, local geologic structures can cause subsidence. In this study, we quantify Holocene-averaged subsidence rates in four estuaries (Carpinteria Slough, Goleta Slough, Campus Lagoon, and Morro Bay) along the southern and central California coast by comparing radiocarbon-dated estuarine material to a regional sea-level curve. Holocene-averaged rates of vertical motion range from subsidence of 1.4?±?2.4, 1.2±0.4, and 0.4?±?0.3 mm/year in Morro Bay, Carpinteria Slough, and Goleta Slough, respectively, to possible uplift in Campus Lagoon (?0.1?±?0.9 mm/year). The calculated rates of subsidence are of the same magnitude as rates of relative sea-level rise experienced over the late Holocene and effectively double the ongoing rates of relative sea-level rise experienced over the last five decades on other parts of the coast. The difference in rates of vertical motion among these four estuaries is attributed to their geological settings. Estuaries developed in subsiding geological structures such as synclines and fault-bounded basins are subsiding at much higher rates than those developed within flooded river valleys incised into marine terraces. Restoration projects accounting for future sea-level rise must consider the geologic setting of the estuaries and, if applicable, include subsidence in future sea-level rise scenarios, even along the tectonically uplifting US Pacific Coast.     

海平面上升压力下厦门大学白城湾整治的探析

厦门大学白城湾为福建厦门岛南部、九龙江口外的一个小型海湾,水动力环境复杂。在海平面上升压力下,该区域的环境地质问题会进一步的突显。结合前人在此区域的研究成果,详细阐明海湾存在的环境地质问题,探讨有效合理防预整治措施,应对海平面上升而产生的影响,以期构建和谐的海湾环境。     

Environmental change in northern Belize since the latest Pleistocene

Cores from the New River Lagoon in Belize have been analysed using a range of palaeolimnological proxies to reconstruct change since the latest Pleistocene. The combination of diatom and stable isotope analyses (supported by mineralogical and major element data) indicate that the New River Lagoon has been a freshwater system throughout the period of record. For most of this time the lagoon has been hydrologically open, but there are indications that it may have become closed in the latest Pleistocene or very early Holocene. This may have been associated with a drier climate and lower sea level. Mid‐Holocene records are consistent with those from elsewhere in the region, indicating a stable and moist climate. The late Holocene was marked by greater variability, but there is no clear evidence of any drying in the late Classic coincident with the Maya ‘collapse’ ca. AD 900. Our results indicate that the continuity of occupation at the Maya site of Lamanai on the shores of the New River Lagoon is consistent with continued access to freshwater during periods of regional climatic variability. The importance of conditions at individual sites when considering both system response and human vulnerability to climate change is emphasised. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西三清山国家地质公园内的重大地质事件记录

江西三清山于2005年3月批准为国家地质公园,2008年7月入选世界自然遗产名录,以花岗岩地质与花岗岩峰林地貌著称。拥有10亿年演化历史的三清山,不仅是一个地学等多个领域具有全球研究对比意义的地学宝库,而且是拥有重要科学价值及科普意义的地质遗迹。在申报世界地质公园野外考察的基础上,本文综述了三清山地质遗迹代表性的9个重大地质事件,这也是世界自然遗产开发和保护基础工作以及地质公园管理的要求。     

Geological setting and lithological features of Cenozoic sediments in Ebelyakh Bay (Laptev Sea)

Materials of bottom sampling and drilling on Ebelyakh Bay, the Cape Svyatoi Nos area, and southern part of the Dmitry Laptev Strait by researchers from VNIIOkeangeologiya during the past 60 years and data on the geological setting of the Chokhchur–Chokurdakh zone (Ebelyakh Bay included) were also examined. The geology and lithology of Cenozoic sediments in the water area of the bay and adjacent land were scrutinized to elucidate mineral resources in the Earth’s interior in the study area. Analysis of the Upper Jurassic–Holocene summary section shows that terrigenous material was derived from (i) coastal zones composed of granitoid or contact metamorphic rocks, (ii) Quaternary friable sediments of marine terraces and beaches, (iii) submarine rises, and (iv) river discharge. It is shown that cassiterite is associated with the Pliocene–lower Pleistocene Serkino horizon and Holocene sediments. New promising cassiterite areas have been revealed. The results suggest that prospecting for tin placers should be continued at Ebelyakh Bay.     

水对不良工程地质影响的分析

通过对现有国内外水对不良工程地质影响的研究,分析了破坏原因和机理,指出研究中存在的问题和发展方向,对公路工程具有重要意义.     

建议用准确的力学概念研究地球动力学

随着构造地质和地球动力学研究的深入,所引用的力学概念也越来越多,这些概念在力学中已先于地质学有严格的定义,那么引用这些概念时也应该遵循这些定义,以免错用。在进行构造解析和地球动力学分析时,准确运用力学概念有利于对问题的精确和量化解释,否则不仅不利于地质学的发展,还会阻碍地质学与力学和地球物理学之间的交流。然而,近年的文献中误用力学概念的现象时有发生,这与学科日新月异发展的形势很不相称。地质学每次突跃式发展都与其他学科,尤其力学概念的引入分不开。文章仅就几个最常用的力学概念作些基本解释,以期引起关注和研讨。     

河南省东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组沙三段盐岩沉积特征及其石油地质意义*

东濮凹陷是渤海湾裂谷盆地西南缘临清坳陷的一部分,和其他凹陷相比有一个显著的特征就是盐岩十分发育。东濮凹陷北部中央隆起带及周边沙三段自下而上发育了3套大的盐韵律,每套盐韵律又由若干个小盐韵律组成。在岩盐富集的地区是油田的主力产油区,油气富集与岩盐有着密切关系。通过对岩盐层岩心、测井及地震资料进行分析,总结出了盐岩的岩性、电性及地震响应特征;岩性变化为砂泥岩→含膏泥岩→膏盐→盐岩→膏盐→含膏泥岩→砂泥岩演化规律;电性主要表现为极低密度、极低自然伽马、很高电阻率及淡水钻井液扩井径等特殊电性特征;在地震剖面上常表现为强振幅、低频率的响应特征。在分析研究盐岩发育特征的基础上,总结出了盐岩的时空展布规律,同时对盐岩与烃源岩、储集层及盖层的关系进行了探讨,根据实际生产和盐岩的沉积规律对生储盖组合进行了分级。得出生、盖为同一层及生、储、盖在不同的空间与盐岩层有关的生储盖组合关系模式,在此基础上总结了东濮凹陷含盐地层油气成藏模式,明确了盐岩的石油地质学意义,对老油田的滚动勘探具有指导作用。     

断裂构造研究进展对工程地质学的启示

在长期地质作用下形成的岩体和岩体结构是工程地质学研究的基本内容，它们的形成和演化主要受控于构造作用，而系统地解析体所经历的构造作用是认知岩体结构，抽象和概括岩体工程地质模型的突破口，因此，重视和应用现代构造地质学研究的新理论，新方法必将会对岩体工程地质学研究起着重要的指导意义。本文系统总结了与工程地质研究相关的现代构造地质学理论和思维观的研究进展，在此基础上分析了这些理论方法对工程地质工作的启示和指导意义，希望起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Review on the Tempestite and the Significance in Xingwen

Since G.Kelling put forward tempestite in 1973,the study has been developed quickly;especially the storm flow theory is known to be a milestone of sedimentology and the geology development as turbidite theory established in 1950s.This paper makes reviews on the development of tempestite theory:the origin and definitions,methods of the study,and its formation environment,scales,sedimentary characters,structures,sequences,model,and hummocky bedding were commented.It also explores the significance of the research on Tempestite of the Xingwen World Geopark.