3D打印技术在CT领域的应用

作为一种新兴的快速成型技术,3D打印(3D Printing)已经被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车制造和模具加工等众多领域,并正悄然改变着现有的标准化、规模化生产模式,而不断发展的CT技术也已成为临床医学、工业无损检测等领域的一种重要成像手段。3D打印与CT技术在功能上相互补充,两者的结合可以实现扫描、数字化和编辑实体对象,创建精确实体副本或者进行二次设计等功能,能够解决诸如快速制造符合个体特点的定制化植入物、假体和手术导板等难题,在临床医学、逆向工程以及装备检测与维修等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文首先对3D打印技术进行介绍,结合实例分析3D打印与CT技术结合的技术流程,随后详细探讨了技术流程中的各项关键技术。最后在梳理现有典型应用的基础上,对3D打印与CT技术结合中还存在的不足进行总结,对未来的发展趋势进行展望。      

基于CTA影像数据全主动脉教学模型3D打印制备研究

目的：通过全主动脉CTA影像学数据实现教学模型的3D打印。方法：本课题拟利用高端CT扫描装置进行数据采集,优化扫描条件,从而生成符合3D打印要求的影像,并将数据进行图像处理与数据转化。结果：将3D影像进行图像处理与数据转化后利用3D打印机进行全主动脉教学模型制备。结论：全主动脉教学模型的3D打印制备可以完善教学模型质量与数量,从而提高教学效果。     

Using Resin‐Based 3D Printing to Build Geometrically Accurate Proxies of Porous Sedimentary Rocks

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is capable of transforming intricate digital models into tangible objects, allowing geoscientists to replicate the geometry of 3D pore networks of sedimentary rocks. We provide a refined method for building scalable pore‐network models (“proxies”) using stereolithography 3D printing that can be used in repeated flow experiments (e.g., core flooding, permeametry, porosimetry). Typically, this workflow involves two steps, model design and 3D printing. In this study, we explore how the addition of post‐processing and validation can reduce uncertainty in the 3D‐printed proxy accuracy (difference of proxy geometry from the digital model). Post‐processing is a multi‐step cleaning of porous proxies involving pressurized ethanol flushing and oven drying. Proxies are validated by: (1) helium porosimetry and (2) digital measurements of porosity from thin‐section images of 3D‐printed proxies. 3D printer resolution was determined by measuring the smallest open channel in 3D‐printed “gap test” wafers. This resolution (400 µm) was insufficient to build porosity of Fontainebleau sandstone (～13%) from computed tomography data at the sample's natural scale, so proxies were printed at 15‐, 23‐, and 30‐fold magnifications to validate the workflow. Helium porosities of the 3D‐printed proxies differed from digital calculations by up to 7% points. Results improved after pressurized flushing with ethanol (e.g., porosity difference reduced to ～1% point), though uncertainties remain regarding the nature of sub‐micron “artifact” pores imparted by the 3D printing process. This study shows the benefits of including post‐processing and validation in any workflow to produce porous rock proxies.     

Application of 3D Printing to the Manufacturing of Groundwater Velocity Probes

For the purposes of risk mitigation and remediation design, Darcy's Law calculations, that are typically used to estimate flow direction and magnitude, can be usefully supplemented with more direct measurements. The point velocity probe (PVP), which measures groundwater velocity by conducting a mini‐tracer test across a cylindrical probe surface, was developed to address this need. Laboratory and field experiments have shown that these probes can provide accurate velocity magnitude and direction measurements at the centimeter scale. In an effort to streamline the production of PVPs, three‐dimensional (3D) printing was investigated. The 3D printer produces a plastic probe body with designated detector and injection port locations. The subsequent installation of injection lines and detector wires requires, for a single‐port probe, no longer than 1–2 h of assembly time, compared to approximately 10 h to assemble previous designs (mainly determined by injection port installation). Probes can be printed in batches with the number of units made depending on the printer and probe size. Laboratory tests of the original PVP models yielded velocity magnitudes and directions with average errors (from expected values) of ±9% to ±15% and ±8°, respectively. A printed PVP was tested in a nested storage tank system (NeST) packed with sand that mimics flow conditions through a sandy aquifer. The probe was tested at multiple pumping rates with the injector port at angles of (α =) 30°, 45°, and 75° from the expected linear flow direction. The printed PVPs provided an average magnitude percent error of ±13.5% and an average direction error of ±4°. This shows that in laboratory tests, printed PVPs performed as well as the original probes previously reported, making them viable units for field applications as well as being quicker to assemble than the earlier designs.     

三维直流电场数值模拟的拟解析近似法:张量近似

拟解析近似方法是一种解决电磁场散射问题的快速求解积分方程的近似方法,它绕开了传统数值方法中的求解大型代数方程组或大型矩阵问题,适用于强散射和大扰动问题.本文应用孙建国提出的求解异常电场积分方程的张量拟解析近似理论公式,研究用其求解直流电场积分方程.利用接近实际的地电模型对异常电场进行模拟,研究了均匀场中异常球体的张量拟解析近似解;并对均匀场中的立方体异常体进行了数值计算.效果良好并具有很高的计算速度.研究结果为三维直流电场快速正反演模拟打下基础.     

Field estimate of paleoseismic slip on a normal fault using the Schmidt hammer and terrestrial LiDAR: Methods and application to the Hebgen fault (Montana,USA)

The weathering characteristics of bedrock fault scarps provide relative age constraints that can be used to determine fault displacements. Here, we report Schmidt hammer rebound values (R‐values) for a limestone fault scarp that was last exposed in the 1959 Mw 7.3 Hebgen Lake, Montana earthquake. Results show that some R‐value indices, related to the difference between minimum and maximum R‐values in repeated impacts at a point, increase upward along the scarp, which we propose is due to progressive exposure of the scarp in earthquakes. An objective method is developed for fitting slip histories to the Schmidt hammer data and produces the best model fit (using the Bayesian Information Criterion) of three earthquakes with single event displacements of ≥ 1.20 m, 3.75 m, and c. 4.80 m. The same fitting method is also applied to new terrestrial LiDAR data of the scarp, though the LiDAR results may be more influenced by macro‐scale structure of the outcrop than by differential weathering. We suggest the use of this fitting procedure to define single event displacements on other bedrock fault scarps using other dating techniques. Our preliminary findings demonstrate that the Schmidt hammer, combined with other methods, may provide useful constraints on single event displacements on exposed bedrock fault scarps. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using constrained inversion of gravity and magnetic field to produce a 3D litho‐prediction model

Geologically constrained inversion of gravity and magnetic field data of the Victoria property (located in Sudbury, Canada) was undertaken in order to update the present three‐dimensional geological model. The initial and reference model was constructed based on geological information from over 950 drillholes to constrain the inversion. In addition, downhole density and magnetic susceptibility measured in six holes were statistically analysed to derive lower and upper bounds on the physical properties attributed to the lithological units in the reference model. Constrained inversion of the ground gravity and the airborne magnetic data collected at the Victoria property were performed using GRAV3D and MAG3D, respectively. A neural network was trained to predict lithological units from the physical properties measured in six holes. Then, the trained network was applied on the three‐dimensional distribution of physical properties derived from the inversion models to produce a three‐dimensional litho‐prediction model. Some of the features evident in the lithological model are remnants of the constraints, where the data did not demand a significant change in the model from the initial constraining model (e.g., the thin pair of diabase dykes). However, some important changes away from the initial model are evident; for example, a larger body was predicted for quartz diorite, which may be related to the prospective offset dykes; a new zone was predicted as sulfide, which may represent potential mineralisation; and a geophysical subcategory of metabasalt was identified with high magnetic susceptibility and high density. The litho‐prediction model agrees with the geological expectation for the three‐dimensional structure at Victoria and is consistent with the geophysical data, which results in a more holistic understanding of the subsurface lithology.     

Modeling Coastal Salinity in Quasi 2D and 3D Using a DUALEM‐421 and Inversion Software

Rising sea levels, owing to climate change, are a threat to fresh water coastal aquifers. This is because saline intrusions are caused by increases and intensification of medium‐large scale influences including sea level rise, wave climate, tidal cycles, and shifts in beach morphology. Methods are therefore required to understand the dynamics of these interactions. While traditional borehole and galvanic contact resistivity (GCR) techniques have been successful they are time‐consuming. Alternatively, frequency‐domain electromagnetic (FEM) induction is potentially useful as physical contact with the ground is not required. A DUALEM‐421 and EM4Soil inversion software package are used to develop a quasi two‐ (2D) and quasi three‐dimensional (3D) electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) across Long Reef Beach located north of Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The quasi 2D models discern: the dry sand (<10 mS/m) associated with the incipient dune; sand with fresh water (10 to 20 mS/m); mixing of fresh and saline water (20 to 500 mS/m), and; saline sand of varying moisture (more than 500 mS/m). The quasi 3D EMCIs generated for low and high tides suggest that daily tidal cycles do not have a significant effect on local groundwater salinity. Instead, the saline intrusion is most likely influenced by medium‐large scale drivers including local wave climate and morphology along this wave‐dominated beach. Further research is required to elucidate the influence of spring‐neap tidal cycles, contrasting beach morphological states and sea level rise.     

Usingalarge3Dcelautomationmodeltosimulateenergyfrequency,spaceandtimedistributionofearthquakes

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Field test to compare 3D imaging capabilities of three arrays in a site with high resistivity contrast regions

The applicability of three kinds of electrode configurations used to delineate a buried horizontal pipe was studied. A 3D resistivity imaging survey was carried out along eight parallel lines using pole-pole, pole-dipole, and dipole-dipole arrays with 1m minimum electrode spacings. Roll-along measurements were carried out to cover a rectangular grid. The 2D and 3D least squares algorithms based on the robust inversion method were used in the inversion of the apparent resistivity data sets. The 2D inversion of data sets could not delineate the orientation and dimension of the subsurface anomalies clearly. To obtain more accurate results, a 3D joint inversion of the pole-pole and pole-dipole data sets was performed, as well as of pole-pole and dipole-dipole data sets. In this case, both horizontal and vertical dimensions of subsurface structures were resolved. The resulting model obtained from each array was compared to those of joint inversion method. The result showed that the horizontal resolution does not improve so much as that in the vertical direction when joint inversion is applied.     

Quantitative integration of 3D and 4D seismic impedance into reservoir simulation model updating in the Norne Field

The ultimate goal of reservoir simulation in reservoir surveillance technology is to estimate long-term production forecasting and to plan development and management of petroleum fields. However, maintaining reliable reservoir models which honour available static and dynamic data, involve inherent risks due to the uncertainties in space and time of the distribution of hydrocarbons inside reservoirs. Recent applications have shown that these uncertainties can be reduced by quantitative integration of seismic data into the reservoir modelling workflows to identify which areas and reservoir attributes of the model should be updated. This work aims using seismic data to reduce ambiguity in calibrating reservoir flow simulation model with an uncertain petro-elastic model, proposing a circular workflow of inverted seismic impedance (3D and 4D) and engineering studies, with emphasis on the interface between static and dynamic models. The main contribution is to develop an updating procedure for adjusting reservoir simulation response before using it in the production forecasting and enhance the interpretive capability of reservoir properties. Accordingly, the workflow evaluates consistency of reservoir simulation model and inverted seismic impedance, assisted by production history data, to close the loop between reservoir engineering and seismic domains. The methodology is evaluated in a complex, faulted, sandstone reservoir, the Norne benchmark field, where a significant reservoir behaviour understanding (about the static and dynamic reservoir properties) is obtained towards the quantitative integration of seismic impedance data. This leads to diagnosis of the reservoir flow simulation reliability and generation of an updated simulation model consistent with observed seismic and well production history data, as well as a calibrated petro-elastic model. Furthermore, as Norne Field is a benchmark case, this study can be considered to enrich the discussions over deterministic or probabilistic history matching studies.     

2008年于田MW7.2地震滑动分布反演及三维同震形变场解算

基于ENVISAT ASAR升降轨数据, 利用InSAR获取2008年于田M_W7.2地震同震形变场; 采用SDM反演本次地震断层滑动分布; 使用PSCMP正演获取于田M_W7.2地震南北向模拟形变量, 并结合升降轨同震形变场, 解算三维同震形变场。 同震形变场分析表明, 2008年于田M_W7.2地震以正断为主, 且带有走滑运动特征, 破裂带走向为NNE向。 同震滑动分布反演结果显示, 断层沿走向被分为4段F1、 F2、 F3、 F4, 其滑动分布集中在0~14 km区间, 以F2、 F3段为主, 最大滑动量约5.31 m, 位于F2段深部2.76 km处; 沿破裂带走向, 左旋走滑位移与垂直位移比值有增大的趋势; 反演获得的地震矩M₀=5.58×10¹⁹N·m, 相当于矩震级M_W7.1。 三维同震形变场解算结果显示, 断层上盘整体表现为沉降, 断层下盘整体表现为隆升, 且沉降量明显大于隆升量, 表明地震以正断破裂为主; 除靠近断裂带中上部表现为向东南运动外, 上盘整体上表现为向西南运动; 断层下盘则整体表现为向东北运动, 证明破裂兼有左旋走滑运动。 滑动分布反演、 正演与三维同震形变场解算结果皆表明, 于田M_W7.2地震破裂以正断为主, 且带有一定的左旋走滑。     

An application of the autoregressive extrapolation technique to enhance deconvolution results: a 2D marine data example

Interpreting a post‐stack seismic section is difficult due to the band‐limited nature of the seismic data even post deconvolution. Deconvolution is a process that is universally applied to extend the bandwidth of seismic data. However, deconvolution falls short of this task as low and high frequencies of the deconvolved data are either still missing or contaminated by noise. In this paper we use the autoregressive extrapolation technique to recover these missing frequencies, using the high signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) portions of the spectrum of deconvolved data. I introduce here an algorithm to extend the bandwidth of deconvolved data. This is achieved via an autoregressive extrapolation technique, which has been widely used to replace missing or corrupted samples of data in signal processing. This method is performed in the spectral domain. The spectral band to be extrapolated using autoregressive prediction filters is first selected from the part of the spectrum that has a high signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) and is then extended. As there can be more than one zone of good S/N in the spectrum, the results of prediction filter design and extrapolation from three different bands are averaged. When the spectrum of deconvolved data is extended in this way, the results show higher vertical resolution to a degree that the final seismic data closely resemble what is considered to be a reflectivity sequence of the layered medium. This helps to obtain acoustic impedance with inversion by stable integration. The results show that autoregressive spectral extrapolation highly increases vertical resolution and improves horizon tracking to determine continuities and faults. This increase in coherence ultimately yields a more interpretable seismic section.     

Application of a Bayesian model to infer the contribution of coalbed natural gas produced water to the Powder River,Wyoming and Montana

The Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming and Montana contains significant coal and coal bed natural gas (CBNG) resources. CBNG extraction requires the production of large volumes of water, much of which is discharged into existing drainages. Compared to surface waters, the CBNG produced water is high in sodium relative to calcium and magnesium, elevating the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). To mitigate the possible impact this produced water may have on the quality of surface water used for irrigation, the State of Montana passed water anti‐degradation legislation, which could affect CBNG production in Wyoming. In this study, we sought to determine the proportion of CBNG produced water discharged to tributaries that reaches the Powder River by implementing a four end‐member mixing model within a Bayesian statistical framework. The model accounts for the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹³C_DIC, [Sr] and [DIC] of CBNG produced water and surface water interacting with the three primary lithologies exposed in the PRB. The model estimates the relative contribution of the end members to the river water, while incorporating uncertainty associated with measurement and process error. Model results confirm that both of the tributaries associated with high CBNG activity are mostly composed of CBNG produced water (70–100%). The model indicates that up to 50% of the Powder River is composed of CBNG produced water downstream from the CBNG tributaries, decreasing with distance by dilution from non‐CBNG impacted tributaries from the point sources to ~10–20% at the Montana border. This amount of CBNG produced water does not significantly affect the SAR or electrical conductivity of the Powder River in Montana. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Midas/GTS的FLAC3D边坡建模技术及工程应用

探讨了如何基于Midas/GTS来实现用FLAC3D建立复杂边坡模型。首先在Midas/GTS中建立几何模型和划分网格,然后根据两种软件的网格数据形式进行转换,把Midas/GTS的网格模型导入FLAC3D中。对于二维边坡问题,认为采用四边形单元比三角形单元的计算精度更高,在模型较为复杂的情况下建议在Midas/GTS中采用四边形+三角形的方式生成混合网格,然后导入FLAC3D中形成brick+wedge形式的混合网格进行分析,以保证计算精度。最后将上述建模方法应用于某边坡工程的稳定性分析,验证了该建模方法的可行性和实用性。     

多震相走时和波形三维地震成象方法及在祁连山地壳结构研究中的应用

本文的理论方法是以几何射线理论为基础发展起来的、天然地震走时反演技术及天然地震层析成像技术。它存在着震源函数与介质参数的解耦问题。本研究采取了五种方法来改善反演结果。包括,利用,Pg,Pn等震相增大约束条件;用已有精度较高的人工地震测深结果作速度约柬：用波形反演来修改模型,把诸多物理量开发出来互为约束,以修改后的模型再作反演,使解的稳定性大大提高：采用最优化过程,选择遗传算法。可以进行震源定位,走时反演,波形反演：得到任意深度的速度分布及从地表到Moho面的速度剖面。用于在祁连山地区的结果表明,这些层析剖面对认识大地构造、重大深部事件动力学是很有益的。     

Using visibility analysis to improve point density and processing time of SfM-MVS techniques for 3D reconstruction of landforms

Image network geometry, including the number and orientation of images, impacts the error, coverage, and processing time of 3D terrain mapping performed using structure-from-motion and multiview-stereo (SfM-MVS). Few studies have quantified trade-offs in error and processing time or ways to optimize image acquisition in diverse topographic conditions. Here, we determine suitable camera locations for image acquisition by minimizing the occlusion produced by topography. Viewshed analysis is used to select the suitable images, which requires a preliminary digital elevation model (DEM), potential camera locations, and sensor parameters. One aerial and two ground-based image collections were used to analyse differences between SfM-MVS models produced using: (1) all available images (ALL); (2) images selected using conventional methods (CON); and (3) images selected using the viewshed analysis (VIEW). The resulting models were compared with benchmark point clouds acquired by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and TLS-derived DEMs. The VIEW datasets produced denser point clouds (28–32% more points) and DEMs with up to 66% reduction in error compared with CON datasets due to reduction of gaps in the DEM. VIEW datasets reduced processing time by 37–76% compared with ALL, with no reduction in coverage or increase in error. DEMs produced with ALL and VIEW datasets had similar slope and roughness, while slight differences that may be locally important were observed for the CON dataset. The new method helps optimize SfM-MVS image collection strategies that significantly reduce the number of images required with minimal loss in coverage or accuracy over complex surfaces. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.