THE STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE BY TOVS AND ITS APPLICATION IN NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION

The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal structure is asymmetric and variable so that the low-value centers at low levels of the geopotential height field (or the high-value centers at high levels) do not necessarily coincide with the high-value centers of the temperature field; (2) the vertical structure is also variable in the allocation of the anomalies of the geopotential height field between low values at low levels and high values at high levels. It is especially noted that the centers of the anomalies are tilting at both high and low levels or the high level is only at the edge of a high-pressure zone. There is not any significant high-value anomalous center in a corresponding location with the tropical cyclone. The structure of tropical cyclone in the TOVS is also used as reference to modify the structure of typhoon BOGUS in the numerical prediction model system of tropical cyclones. It is found that the modified BOGUS performs better in coordinating with the environment and predicting the track of the tropical cyclone. The demonstration is two-fold — the structure of the typhoon BOGUS is such that it means much in the track prediction and the use of the TOVS-based tropical cyclone structure really helps in improving it. It provides the foundation for modification and evolution of typhoon BOGUS.     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF OLR FIELDS ON ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE IN FUJIAN

Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) has been shown to play an important role in climatic diagnosis and long-term prediction and research. With the OLR data 1974 ~ 1997 as observed by satellites, the characteristics are computed. The results are used to depict the location and intensity of the subtropical high in the study of the relationship between the annual frequency of tropical cyclones affecting the Fujian province and ITCZ / subtropical high. It is shown that in years of fewer (more) tropical cyclones, the ITCZ is southward (northward) located with weaker (stronger) intensity, and the subtropical high is southward (northward). As shown in the relationship between the anomalous years of tropical cyclones and characteristics of preceding OLR fields, the OLR anomalies are just oppositely distributed in the Pacific Ocean for years of more (fewer) tropical cyclones. In other words, the years of fewer (more) tropical cyclones are associated with positive anomalies of OLR in the tropical west Pacific but negative (positive) anomalies in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. It is hoped that our study be setting foundation for short-term climatological prediction of tropical cyclones.     

陆地摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度影响的模拟研究

采用准地转正压涡度方程模式,对地形强迫和陆地摩擦作用下登陆热带气旋的路径和强度进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明：在考虑地形摩擦耗散作用时,热带气旋可能出现路径的突然偏折;在热带气旋强度比较弱而陆地摩擦作用比较强的情况下,热带气旋路径容易发生突然偏折,且其强度的突然变化不明显;陆地摩擦作用可能是造成登陆前后热带气旋路径突然偏折的一个重要因素。     

A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF LAND FRICTION ON LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK AND INTENSITY

A quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model is used to simulate the influences of topographic forcing and land friction on landfall tropical cyclone track and intensity. The simulation results show that tropical cyclone track may have sudden deflection when the action of topographic friction dissipation is considered, and sudden deflection of the track is easy to happen and sudden change of tropical cyclone intensity is not clear when the intensity of tropical cyclone is weak and the land friction is strong.The land friction may be an important factor that causes sudden deflection of tropical cyclone track around landfall.     

华南热带气旋影响时段的短期气候集成预测

利用华南沿海代表站逐日历史资料和南海附近区域再分析格点资料,采用灰色拓扑预测、天文周期、阴阳历叠加等方法,建立非线性综合集成预测模型,对上述站点和区域的逐日气压、降水量等要素进行气候预测;通过分析沿海各代表站气压谷值、降水峰值的出现时间、以及南海区域气压场中低压环流的位置和动态,综合确定年内影响华南的热带气旋可能出现的时间段和区域。该方法在广东省气象台投入业务应用多年,经检验近5年(7—9月台风活跃季节)热带气旋影响时段的平均预测准确率达到70%左右。     

基于OLR的热带气旋移向预报方法研究

运用GMS-5气象卫星的OLR资料,研究了2001～2002年6月10日～8月10日西北太平洋上15个热带气旋的移动方向。选取多个OLR特征值因子及热带气旋中心最低海平面气压,结合《热带气旋年鉴》资料,采用统计回归的方法,得到热带气旋未来6、12、24小时移向的客观预报算式,其结果与年鉴中移向之间的复相关系数分别达到0．954、0．945、0．914。用预留的2001年6号台风作检验,结果很好。该方法可在日常的业务预报中试用,有助于提高热带气旋移向的预报水平,尤其是对移向突变的热带气旋具有较强的预报能力。     

盛夏OLR月距平对TC登陆和影响华南的预报研究

利用OLR资料，对近20年（1975－1994年）热带气旋（TC）在华南地区的登陆和活动进行了分析研究。研究结果表明：OLR月平均距平场的变化与TC在华南地区的活动具有一定的遥相关关系；利用OLR月平均距平场可以进行华南地区多TC影响月和无TC影响月的短期气候预测；华南地区TC的活动与OLR月平均距平之间的关系在一定程度上取决于西北太平洋副热带高压的气候位置。     

南海热带气旋路径集合预报试验

利用3种不同模式的初始资料,通过它们生成得到16个不同的初始场,分别对2004年南海及其周边地区9个热带气旋个例进行集合预报试验,最后筛选得到了7个南海热带气旋初值集合成员,由此初步探讨了南海热带气旋初值集合成员的生成方法。结果表明,采用不同模式的初始资料生成得到初值集合成员的方法用于集合预报,对南海热带气旋路径预报有一些明显的改进。     

高低层纬向风异常与西北太平洋热带气旋生成年频数关系的研究

采用相关和合成分析方法,研究了热带太平洋地区大尺度高低层纬向风异常与西北太平洋热带气旋生成年频数的关系及其影响的可能机理。结果表明：赤道东太平洋地区ΔU200-ΔU850〉0,西太平洋热带地区ΔU200-ΔU850〈0,热带太平洋地区沃克环流偏强,西北太平洋热带气旋生成年频数偏多。高低层纬向风异常年,对流层上、下部环流和对流层中垂直运动有显著的特征。在短期气候预测的时间尺度上,前期高低层纬向风异常可以作为预测热带气旋生成年频数的前兆信号。     

CLIMATE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS FREQUENCY USING THE LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION FORECAST BY A COUPLED GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODEL

Based on an analysis of the relationship between the tropical cyclone genesis frequency and large-scale circulation anomaly in NCEP reanalysis, large-scale atmosphere circulation information forecast by the JAMSTEC SINTEX-F coupled model is used to build a statistical model to predict the cyclogenesis frequency over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific. The SINTEX-F coupled model has relatively good prediction skill for some circulation features associated with the cyclogenesis frequency including sea level pressure, wind vertical shear, Intertropical Convergence Zone and cross-equatorial air flows. Predictors derived from these large-scale circulations have good relationships with the cyclogenesis frequency over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific. A multivariate linear regression （MLR） model is further designed using these predictors. This model shows good prediction skill with the anomaly correlation coefficient reaching, based on the cross validation, 0.71 between the observed and predicted cyclogenesis frequency. However, it also shows relatively large prediction errors in extreme tropical cyclone years （1994 and 1998, for example）.     

POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE TO SHORT-TERM CLIMATE ANOMALIES IN EAST ASIA VIA SNOW COVER ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

Snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been shown to be essential for the East Asian summer monsoon. In this paper, we demonstrate that tropical cyclone (TC) 04B (1999) in the northern Indian Ocean, which made landfall during the autumn of 1999, may have contributed to climate anomalies over East Asia during the following spring and summer by increasing snow cover on the TP. Observations indicate that snow cover on the TP increased markedly after TC 04B (1999) made landfall in October of 1999. Sensitivity experiments, in which the TC was removed from a numerical model simulation of the initial field, verified that TC 04B (1999) affected the distribution as well as increased the amount of snow on the TP. In addition, the short-term numerical modeling of the climate over the region showed that the positive snow cover anomaly induced negative surface temperature, negative sensible heat flux, positive latent heat flux, and positive soil temperature anomalies over the central and southern TP during the following spring and summer. These climate anomalies over the TP were associated with positive (negative) summer precipitation anomalies over the Yangtze River valley (along the southeastern coast of China).     

EFFECT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION ON ALLEVIATING THE DROUGHT SITUATION IN THE SOUTHEAST COASTAL REGIONS OF CHINA DURING SUMMER AND AUTUMN: USING THE IMPROVED OBJECTIVE SYNOPTIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

To quantitatively study the role of tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) on alleviating the drought in the southeast coastal region of China (SCR) during summer and autumn, the objective synoptic analysis technique (OSAT), improved for consistency and rationality, was used to separate the TCP data on the summers and autumns of 1963–2005 on the basis of daily precipitation data from stations and tropical cyclone best track data. After defining the season drought index, the actual drought distribution and the assumed drought distribution without TCP were acquired. The results showed that within 1 000 km from the southeast coastline of China, TCP accounted for 11.3% of natural precipitation (NP). Without TCP, the drought index in the SCR during summer would have increased from 0.2 to 0.6 or even above 1.0 in some regions whereas the drought index during autumn would have increased from 0.4 to 0.6 or above 1.2 in some regions. The impact of TCP on drought decreases progressively from the southeast coastline to the inland regions. The TCP proportion (TCPP) showed a significant negative correlation with the drought index in many regions of the southeast, and the significant region is wider in autumn than in summer. TCP relieved the drought most significantly within a range of 0–500 km from the southeast coastline. This drought relief showed different characteristics for the interannual variability in summer and autumn, and the cross wavelet transform indicated that the impact of TCP on drought mainly lies in 2–4-year time scales. In particular, there was a significant effect during the summers of 1977–1985 and in the autumns following that of 1985. Therefore, TCP has indeed largely alleviated drought in the SCR during summer and autumn.     

SOME FEATURES OF SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE CHANGE IN THE COOL AND WANM SUMMER OVER EAST CHINA SEA

Based on the definition of cool summer and warm summer, statistical characteristics of severe tropical cyclones are studied over East China Sea using 1951-1994 typhoon and temperature data. It is foundthat the frequency, tracks, intensity and moving speed of the tropical cyclone between cold summer andwarm summer were much different. The backgtound features of the difference were also discussed incontrast.     

1998年夏季低纬环流及热带气旋异常特征的分析

通过1998年和若干历史年份夏季低纬环流的对比分析,发现1998年夏季低纬环流有很多异常特征.这种环流制约了热带气旋的发生发展,由此造成1998年西太平洋和南海生成的热带气旋明显偏少、强度偏弱.     

登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征

采用动态合成分析方法 ,对登陆后长久维持热带气旋 (LTC)和迅速消亡热带气旋 (STC)的大尺度环流特征进行合成分析和动力诊断。研究表明 :(1)LTC登陆后 ,在一个长波槽前有向偏北移动靠近中纬度斜压锋区的趋势 ,而STC登陆后 ,无长波槽靠近 ,并远离中纬度斜压锋区 ;(2 )LTC登陆后 ,仍与一支低空急流水汽输送通道连结 ,而STC登陆后很快与这支水汽通道分离 ;(3)LTC登陆后逐渐变性 ,获取斜压能量 ,其环境风垂直切变增强 ,Δζ2 0 0 -850负值增大 ,而STC登陆后没有这样的特征 ;(4 )LTC登陆后 ,其高层与中纬度急流靠近 ,增强了其向东北方向的高空流出气流 ,而STC不存在这样一支流出气流 ;(5 )LTC登陆后 ,摩擦使其能量耗损 ,但从中高层环境中获得了能量 ,而STC登陆后 ,有同样的能耗却无明显的环境能量补给。因此 ,当一个热带气旋登陆后 ,从其移动趋势、与水汽通道的连结、与斜压锋区的关系和高空流出气流等特征 ,可以初步判断其是长久维持还是迅速衰减。     

A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALL ON CHINA

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and Yearbook of China landfalling tropical cyclones(hereafter CLTC) from 1949 to 2008,correlation between CLTC frequency/intensity and 500 hPa height field and sea surface temperature(SST) fields are investigated and employed for TC statistical prediction.A prediction model for yearly and monthly intensity and frequency of CLTC is established with binomial curve fitting by choosing the gridpoints with high correlation coefficients as composite factors.Good performance of the model in experiments shows that the model could be used in routine forecast.     

华南登陆热带气旋“珍珠”和“派比安”的对流非对称分布观测分析

采用广东省中尺度地面气象站和天气雷达的观测资料,对2006年登陆华南的热带气旋(TC)"珍珠"和"派比安"的对流非对称分布进行了分析.结果表明:在登陆TC"珍珠"和"派比安"从登陆前12小时到登陆后6小时期间,强对流主要位于TC中心的"东"、"北"象限,即TC移动路径的右侧和前方;同时TC对流在垂直方向也存在明显的差异.分析还发现,虽然登陆TC"珍珠"和"派比安"都有相同的对流非对称分布,但是引起这种对流非对称分布的原因并不完全相同,登陆TC"珍珠"的对流非对称分布主要与强的环境垂直风切变、低层水平风场切变、低层辐合和辐散的影响有关,而登陆TC"派比安"的对流非对称分布主要与低层辐合和辐散的影响有关.     

OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES “CHANCHU” AND “PRAPIROON” MAKING LANDFALL ALONG THE SOUTH CHINA COAST

Observational data of mesoscale surface weather stations and weather radars of Guangdong province are employed to analyze the asymmetric distribution of convection prior to, during and after landfall for tropical cyclones of Chanchu and Prapiroon making landfall on the south China coast in 2006. The results showed that strong convection is located in the eastern and northern sectors of the landfalling Chanchu and Prapiroon, namely in the front and right portions of the TC tracks, for a period of time starting from 12 h prior to landfall to 6 h after it. Their convection also had distinct differences in the vertical direction. The analysis indicated that although the landfall of Chanchu and Prapiroon has the same asymmetric distribution of convection, the causes are not exactly the same. The asymmetric distribution of convection in the case of Chanchu is mainly correlated with the impacts of a strong environmental vertical wind shear, low-level horizontal wind shear, and low-level convergence and divergence. In the case of Prapiroon, however, the asymmetric distribution of convection is mainly associated with the impacts of low-level convergence and divergence.     

近海北上热带气旋特征及对华东沿海地区影响分析

使用常规观测、FY2C卫星云图、CIMSS气象卫星云图分析、2000—2012年台风路径、NCEP再分析等资料,统计了2000年以来近海北上的热带气旋(下面统称为NTC)对华东沿海地区的风雨影响,分析了NTC的路径、强度、结构等特征,以及与华东沿海地区的风雨的关系。结果表明NTC对华东沿海地区是否有较严重风雨影响,取决于其北上路径与沿海地区距离的远近、NTC的强度和范围大小。当NTC中心距离陆地300 km,在124.5°E以西北上对华东沿海地区有较严重风雨影响,如果NTC强度在台风等级以上时会对上海产生较严重风雨影响。在125°E以东北上的NTC,强度在台风等级以下时对华东沿海地区影响较小。NTC在东海近海北上时,强台风、超强台风的强度是逐渐减弱的;较弱的台风或强热带风暴及热带风暴强度将维持或略有加强。NTC在东海近海北上时,当离沿海地区距离300 km时,结构易变得非对称。强度强和范围大的NTC结构也易变得非对称。NTC结构变得非对称后其强度将进一步减弱。随着NTC北上海温逐渐降低,在NTC西部靠近陆地其水汽条件比东部差,NTC结构会变得不对称,NTC北上到较高纬度风的垂直切变一般会变大,NTC脱离赤道辐合带后其水汽输送条件变差等等都会使较强的NTC北上后减弱。另外,NTC与所处的高低空环境相互作用也会影响其强度变化。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ZONAL WIND ANOMALIES IN HIGH AND LOW TROPOSPHERE AND ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF NW PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES

Relationships between large-scale zonal wind anomalies and annual frequency of NW Pacific tropical cyclones and possible mechanisms are investigated with the methods of correlation and composition.It is indicated that when △ U200-△U850 ＞0 in the eastern tropical Pacific and △ U200- △U850 ＜0 in western tropical Pacific, the Walker cell is stronger in the Pacific tropical region and the annual frequency of NW Pacific tropical cyclone are above normal. In the years with zonal wind anomalies, the circulation of high and low troposphere and the vertical motions in the troposphere have significant characteristics. In the time scale of short-range climate prediction, zonal wind anomalies in high and low troposphere are useful as a preliminary signal of the annual frequency prediction of NW Pacific tropical cyclones.