Consolidation and deformation around stone columns: Numerical evaluation of analytical solutions

Coupled finite element analyses of the consolidation and deformation around stone columns have been performed to assess the accuracy of different analytical solutions. The numerical model reproduces the hypotheses of the closed-form solutions. In the model, a rigid load is applied to a unit cell formed by a fully penetrating column and its surrounding soil, and simple elastic or elasto-plastic soil models are used. The surface settlement, the dissipation of the pore pressure and the vertical stress concentration on the column are studied. These soil responses are accurately estimated with closed-form solutions that properly include the radial and plastic strains in the column. However, the surrounding soil does not yield for usual conditions, which reasonably justifies the elastic soil behavior assumed in the analytical solutions. The differences between drained and consolidation analyses are also evaluated. Comparing the numerical results with the closed-form solutions illustrates the implications of the assumptions of each approach.     

Computing residence times for flow towards a pumping well: nomograph solution and validity of the small draw-down approximation

A recent analytical model developed to compute the residence time of fluid flowing in an unconfined aquifer towards a single pumping well is examined. The solution is scaled and presented practically as a nomograph showing the relationship between the residence time, flow length and draw-down. In addition, a similar scaling process is undertaken for the same problem occurring in a confined aquifer so that the error introduced by approximating an unconfined system as a confined system can be understood over a wide range of conditions.

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Resumen Se examina un modelo analítico, recientemente desarrollado, para calcular el tiempo de residencia de un fluido, el cual está fluyendo dentro de un acuífero libre hacia un pozo de bombeo único. La solución después de ser ajustada, se presenta prácticamente como un nomograma, mostrando la relación entre el tiempo de residencia, la longitud del flujo y el abatimiento. Adicionalmente, un proceso similar de ajuste fue realizado para el mismo problema, pero bajo condiciones de acuífero confinado, por tanto el error causado por hacer la aproximación de un sistema libre como si fuera un sistema confinado, puede llegar a ser entendido para un rango amplio de condiciones.

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Résumé On analyse un modèle analytique récent pour calculer le temps de résidence dun fluide pendant son écoulement vers un puits de pompage dans une nappe libre. La solution a été mise-à-léchelle et présenté dune manière pratique, comme une nomogramme qui exprime la relation entre le temps de résidence, la distance de l› écoulement et le rabattement. De plus, on a utilisé un procédé similaire de mise-à-léchelle pour le même problème dans une nappe captive affin que lerreur introduite par lapproximation dune nappe libre par une nappe captive peut être interprétée pour une grande classe de conditions.

     

构造地貌－认识高原历史的钥匙

简要评述了构造地貌的研究,并以青藏高原西北缘克里雅河流域地貌演化说明了构造变形与青藏高原的形成历史.以西域砾岩顶部的玄武岩作为区域构造地貌的标志,获得的高质量Ar-Ar年龄的加权平均值为1.09Ma±O.13Ma.该年龄不仅代表了西域砾岩沉积结束的时间,并制约了区域风沙堆积时代的下限,是一个重要的气候环境变化的转折点.更重要的是.该年龄标志了克里雅河演化的开始,即目前可观察的克里雅河的历史不过1.1Ma.另外获得的系统、丰富、翔实的沉积学、构造地质学、低温热年代数据和克里雅河流域地貌的测量结果还揭示了上新世晚期以来区域强烈的变形与构造地貌的演化.获得的重要结论还包括:能够分析恢复的前克里雅河的历史不超过西域砾岩沉积期,能够推测的青藏高原西北缘河流体系演化的最老历史不超过上新世阿图什组沉积期.在中新世乌恰组沉积时,基本观察不到青藏高原现今地貌体系产生的沉积作用的记录,而是更老的前青藏高原构造地貌格架对沉积体系产生的影响.青藏高原的主体可能在中更新世早期前后才抬升进入冰冻圈.现今的克里雅河地貌主要是在区域构造抬升中由冰川融水侵蚀形成的.克里雅河源头可能残留了青藏高原演化的关键记录.     

Permeable piles: An alternative to improve the performance of driven piles

This paper investigates the soil displacements and excess pore pressures induced by driven piles using a combined 3D finite and infinite element approach. The analyses are compared with analytical evaluations and field measurements. Consolidation analysis is conducted to illustrate the variation in pore pressure with time. A technique of drilling drainage holes on the pipe pile is proposed in this paper to accelerate the dissipation of pore pressure to improve the performance of displacement piles. It has been noticed that optimal performance of piles can be obtained by assigning openings in piles within the bottom 50% of the pile length.     

Boron content of Lake Ulubat sediment: A key to interpret the morphological history of NW Anatolia,Turkey

Freshwater Lake Ulubat (c. 1.5 m deep and c. 138 km²) receives sediment from a 10.414 km² area in the seismically active Susurluk Drainage Basin (SDB) of NW Turkey. The B and trace element contents of the lake infill seem to be a link between the fresh landforms of the SDB and the lacustrine sediment. Deposition in Lake Ulubat has been 1.60 cm a⁻¹ for the last 50 a according to radionucleides; however the sedimentation rate over the last millennium was 0.37 cm a⁻¹ based on ¹⁴C dating. The B content of the lacustrine infill displays a slight increase at 0.50 m and a drastic increase at 4 m depth occurring c. 31 a and c. 1070 a ago, respectively. Probably the topmost change corresponds to the start of open mining in the SDB and the second one to the natural trenching of borate ore-deposits. These dates also show indirectly a 1.4 cm a⁻¹ erosion rate during the last millennium as the borate beds were trenched up to 15 m. By extrapolation, it is possible to establish that the formation of some of the present morphological features of the southern Marmara region, especially river incision, began in the late Pleistocene, and developed especially over the last 75 ka.     

A study on how to couple thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils: Physical equations,numerical implementation and examples

This paper describes a thermo-hydro-mechanical framework suitable for modelling the behaviour of unsaturated soils. In particular, this paper focuses on bentonite clay subjected to a thermo-hydro-mechanical load, as in the case of nuclear waste engineering barriers. The paper gives a theoretical derivation of the full set of coupled balance equations governing the material behaviour as well as an extended physical interpretation. Finally, a finite element discretisation of the equations and number of simulations verifying their implementation into a custom finite element code is provided. Some aspects of the formulation are also validated against experimental data.     

Construction of three-phase data to model multiphase flow in porous media: Comparing an optimization approach to the finite element approach

Multiphase flow modelling is a major issue in the assessment of groundwater pollution. Three-phase flows are commonly governed by mathematical models that associate a pressure equation with two saturation equations. These equations involve a number of secondary variables that reflect the fluid behaviour in a porous medium. To improve the computational efficiency of multiphase flow simulators, several simplified reformulations of three-phase flow equations have been proposed. However, they require the construction of new secondary variables adapted to the reformulated flow equations. In this article, two different approaches are compared to quantify these variables. A numerical example is given for a typical fine sand.     

月球的化学演化

月球是一个发生了化学分异的星球,它由月壳、月幔±一个小的金属月核组成。大量观察事实显示月球曾经有过岩浆洋,岩浆洋的结晶分异主导了月球的化学演化。目前主流观点认为,月球是在太阳系演化的早期,至少45亿年前,一个火星大小的星球,与即将完成原始吸积的地球胚胎发生偏心撞击,造成地球的熔融,形成岩浆洋,飞溅出来的物质迅速吸积形成绕地球运动的月球,并且在月球上形成了全球规模的岩浆洋,进而发生了结晶分异。,由于月球上没有海洋和板块俯冲,岩浆洋分异是其化学演化的主要途径。月球岩浆洋的80％～85％在大撞击后的100Ma内已经固化,这可能是由于月球体积小、表面没有大气包裹所致。月球极贫水,因此在岩浆结晶过程中斜长石首先结晶。斜长石由于密度小于玄武质岩浆而漂浮在岩浆洋的表层,橄榄石等密度大的矿物则堆积在岩浆洋的底部。随着结晶分异的进行,残余岩浆不断富集不相容元素,包括K、U等放射性元素;与此同时,密度较大的钛铁矿开始结晶,造成高钛堆晶岩密度大于其下的橄榄石堆晶岩的不稳定结构,进而发生月幔翻转,引发一系列岩浆活动,进而形成月球上特有的镁质系列、碱质系列等岩石。由于月球氧逸度较低,Eu主要以＋2价形式存在,因此斜长石高度富集Eu,相应地除高地斜长岩外,其他岩石均表现为Eu高度亏损的特点。与此同时,Re在低氧逸度下表现为强亲铁元素的特点,Re／Os在月球岩浆过程中不发生分异。月球的体积远小于地球,因而其演化时间远远短于地球,很多原始的分异被完整地保留下来。因此月球的化学演化是类地行星早期演化过程的“化石”,尽管与现代的地球存在较大差异,但是对于认识地球早期演化具有借鉴意义。     

Experimental determination of REE partition coefficients between zircon,garnet and melt: a key to understanding high‐T crustal processes

The partitioning of rare earth elements (REE) between zircon, garnet and silicate melt was determined using synthetic compositions designed to represent partial melts formed in the lower crust during anatexis. The experiments, performed using internally heated gas pressure vessels at 7 kbar and 900–1000 °C, represent equilibrium partitioning of the middle to heavy REE between zircon and garnet during high‐grade metamorphism in the mid to lower crust. The D_REE (zircon/garnet) values show a clear partitioning signature close to unity from Gd to Lu. Because the light REE have low concentrations in both minerals, values are calculated from strain modelling of the middle to heavy REE experimental data; these results show that zircon is favoured over garnet by up to two orders of magnitude. The resulting general concave‐up shape to the partitioning pattern across the REE reflects the preferential incorporation of middle REE into garnet, with D_Gd (zircon/garnet) ranging from 0.7 to 1.1, D_Ho (zircon/garnet) from 0.4 to 0.7 and D_Lu (zircon/garnet) from 0.6 to 1.3. There is no significant temperature dependence in the zircon–garnet REE partitioning at 7 kbar and 900–1000 °C, suggesting that these values can be applied to the interpretation of zircon–garnet equilibrium and timing relationships in the ultrahigh‐T metamorphism of low‐Ca pelitic and aluminous granulites.     

近海营养盐和微量元素的大气沉降

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,传输和沉降到全球近海的大气污染物急剧增加.1997年后对近海营养盐和微量元素大气沉降的众多研究表明,通过大气沉降至近海的氮和磷分别为13～73 mmol N/(m2·a)和0.11～1.6 mmol P/(m2·a),微量元素的沉降通量具有显著的时空变化特征,在不同海区最高可相差3个数量级.对于很多近海包括东海(East China Sea)和黄海(Yellow Sea),大气沉降的营养盐和部分微量元素可能超出了其河流输入量.大气沉降除了对近海富营养化有重要贡献之外,其事件性特征可使初级生产力在短期内大幅度增加,从而影响赤潮发生.微量元素沉降还可能抑制某些藻类生长,对初级生产力和生态系统结构产生更为复杂的影响.未来研究重点是准确估算近海各物质的大气沉降通量,了解其对浮游植物生长的影响机制.     

A mixed finite element method for the solution of the magnetostatic problem with highly discontinuous coefficients in 3D

This paper present a new a mixed finite element method for the simulation of magnetostatic problems with highly discontinuous permeability. The method is derived from the well studied mixed formulation for the div-grad system that is known to be accurate for very large discontinuities. The method robustness is demonstrated on a test model problem.     

Application of FLATModel, a 2D finite volume code, to debris flows in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula

FLATModel is a two-dimensional shallow-water approximation code with corrections and modifications that create a simulation tool adapted to debris-flows behaviour. FLATModel uses the finite volume method with the numerical implementation of the Godunov scheme and includes correction terms regarding the effect of flow over high slopes and curvature. Additionally, the stop-and-go phenomenon, the basal entrainment and a correction regarding the front inclination of the final deposit are incorporated into FLATModel. In addition, different flow resistance laws were integrated in the numerical code including Bingham, Herschel–Bulkley and Voellmy fluid model. Firstly, our numerical model was validated using analytical solutions of a dam-break scenario and published data on a laboratory experiment. Secondly, three real events, which occurred in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, were back-calculated. Although field observations of the three events are not very detailed, the back-analyses revealed interesting patterns on the flow dynamics, and the numerical results generally showed good agreement with field data. Comparing the different flow resistance laws, the Voellmy fluid model presents the best behaviour regarding both the flow behaviour and the deposit characteristics. Preliminary simulation runs incorporating the effect of basal entrainment offered satisfactory results, although the final volume is rather sensitive on the selected friction angle of channel-bed material. The outcomes regarding the correction of the calculated front inclination of the final deposit showed that this implementation strongly improves the simulation results and better represents steep fronts of final deposits.     

Symplectite in spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the Little Hungarian Plain, Western Hungary: A key for understanding the complex history of the upper mantle of the Pannonian Basin

Two spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Hungary that contain pyroxene–spinel symplectites have been studied using EPMA, Laser ablation ICP-MS and universal stage. Based on their geochemical and structural characteristics, the xenoliths represent two different domains of the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Pannonian Basin. The occurrence of symplectites is attributed to the former presence and subsequent breakdown of garnets due to significant pressure decrease related to lithospheric thinning. This implies that both mantle domains were once part of the garnet lherzolitic upper mantle and had a similar history during the major extension that formed the Pannonian Basin.

Garnet breakdown resulted in distinct geochemical characteristics in the adjacent clinopyroxene crystals in both xenoliths. This is manifested by enrichment in HREE, Y, Zr and Hf towards the clinopyroxene porphyroclast rims and also in the neoblasts with respect to porphyroclast core compositions. This geochemical feature, together with the development and preservation of the texturally very sensitive symplectites, enables us to determine the relative timing of mantle processes. Our results indicate that garnets had been metastable in the spinel lherzolite environment and their breakdown to pyroxene and spinel is one of the latest processes that took place within the upper mantle before the xenoliths were brought to the surface.     

Installation of a vertical slurry wall around an Italian quarry lake: complications arising and simulation of the effects on groundwater flow

Slurry walls are non-structural barriers that are constructed underground to impede groundwater flow or manage groundwater control problems. The study area is in the Piemonte plain (Italy), close to the River Po. Quarrying works carried out below the piezometric surface created two big quarry lakes. The local groundwater system is characterized by a lower semi-confined aquifer, which is overlain by a semi-permeable bed of clayey peat (aquitard) and an upper unconfined aquifer. Locally, the peat fades away and the granulometry of this horizon becomes silty sandy. A planned enlargement of the quarry will increase the size and depth of the quarry lakes. So the aquitard bed between the two aquifers will be damaged, creating a mixing rate of groundwater. Such a procedure would not be compatible with the presence of two municipal wells upstream from the quarries. Consequently, the installation of a vertical diaphragm (slurry wall) is recommended to separate the aquifers and to act as a filter for the groundwater flowing from the unconfined to the semi-confined aquifer. To predict the consequences caused by the installation of the vertical diaphragm separating the unconfined aquifer and the semi-confined one, a specifically adjusted finite-difference model was used. The model showed a maximum rising of the water table equal to 12 cm, just upstream of the diaphragm and for a distance of about 100 m, and a maximum lowering of 2 cm just downstream of the diaphragm. However, the slurry wall would not cause any change in the piezometric head in the area where there are municipal wells and, hence, will not have any negative effect on the functionality of the municipal wells. Moreover, the migration of water from the unconfined aquifer through the vertical diaphragm will stimulate a series of attenuation and auto-depuration processes of eventual contaminants. These processes are due to the higher crossing time that the groundwater flow takes to go through the vertical barrier (t _a = 96.5 days, whereas for the horizontal semi-permeable layer t _a = 9.6 days). So, the vertical diaphragm can be a resolutive element, representing a mediation and separation factor between the unconfined and the semi-confined aquifers along the border of the quarrying areas, and a protective barrier for the water quality of the quarry lake and the semi-confined aquifer.     

A new approach to the equation of state of silicate melts: An application of the theory of hard sphere mixtures

A comparison of compressional properties of silicate solids, glasses, and liquids reveals the following fundamental differences: (1) Liquids have much smaller bulk moduli than solids and glasses and the bulk moduli of various silicate melts have a narrow range of values; (2) Liquids do not follow the Birch’s law of corresponding state as opposed to solids and glasses; (3) The Grüneisen parameter increases with increasing pressure for liquids but decreases for solids; (4) The radial distribution functions of liquids show that the interatomic distances in liquids do not change upon compression as much as solids do. The last observation indicates that the compression of silicate melts occurs mostly through the geometrical arrangement of various units whose sizes do not change much with compression, i.e., the entropic mechanism of compression plays a dominant role over the internal energy contribution. All of the other three observations listed above can be explained by this point of view. In order to account for the role of the entropic contribution, we propose a new equation of state for multi-component silicate melts based on the hard sphere mixture model of a liquid. We assign a hard sphere for each cation species that moves in the liquid freely except for the volume occupied by other spheres. The geometrical arrangement of these spheres gives the entropic contribution to compression, while the Columbic attraction between all ions provides the internal energy contribution to compression. We calibrate the equation of state using the experimental data on room-pressure density and room-pressure bulk modulus of liquids. The effective size of a hard sphere for each component in silicate melts is determined. The temperature and volume dependencies of sphere diameters are also included in the model in order to explain the experimental data especially the melt density data at high pressures. All compressional properties of a silicate melt can be calculated using the calibrated sphere diameters. This equation of state provides a unified explanation for most of compressional behaviors of silicate melts and the experimental observations cited above including the uniformly small bulk moduli of silicate melts as well as the pressure dependence of Grüneisen parameters. With additional data to better constrain the key parameters, this equation of state will serve as a first step toward the unified equation of state for silicate melts.     

Multi-Element Isotope Dilution Sector Field ICP-MS: A Precise Technique for the Analysis of Geological Materials and its Application to Geological Reference Materials

We present a multi-element technique for the simultaneous determination of twelve trace elements in geological materials by combined isotope dilution (ID) sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) following simple sample digestion. In addition, the concentrations of fourteen other trace elements have been obtained using the ID determined elements as internal standards. This method combines the advantages of ID (high precision and accuracy) with those of SF-ICP-MS (multi-element capability, fast sample processing without element separation) and overcomes the most prevailing drawbacks of ICP-MS (matrix effects and drift in sensitivity). Trace element concentration data for BHVO-1 (n = 5) reproduced to within 1–3% RSD with an accuracy of 1–2% relative to respective literature values for ID values and 2–3% for all other values. We have applied this technique to the analysis of seventeen geological reference materials from the USGS, GSJ and IAG. The sample set also included the new USGS reference glasses BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G, as well as the MPI-DING reference glasses KL2-G and ML3B-G, and NIST SRM 612. Most data agreed within 3–4% with respective literature data. The concentration data for the USGS reference glasses agreed in most cases with respective data of the original rock powder within the combined standard uncertainty of the method (2–3%), except the U concentration of BIR-1G, which showed a three times higher concentration compared to BIR-1.     

中国科学史上一次伟大的考察——纪念“中瑞西北科学考察”90 周年

20 世纪二、三十年代, 中国与瑞典合作开展了一次大规模、综合性的西北科学考察, 考察时间长达 6 年, 范围覆盖内蒙古、甘肃、新疆、宁夏、青海等地, 内容涉及地质、 古生物、考古、气象、地理、水文、历史、文化和民俗等多个学科, 考察的地域之广阔、时 间之漫长、学科之广泛、成果之丰硕都是空前的。 在极度艰难困苦的条件下, 考察取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就, 积累了浩如烟海的第一手基础资料, 极大地促进和推动了我国科学技术的现代化进程, 增进了中瑞之间的友谊, 加强了中外的学术合作与交流, 为我国锻炼和培养 了一批早期的科学人才。 此次考察在我国科学发展史以及对外学术合作交流史上都具有重大的历史和现实意义。     

A consideration of the dune:antidune transition in fine gravel

Hydraulic data defining the dune:antidune transition in fine gravel are compared with potential flow theory, and information is drawn from published experiments and field‐based studies. Attention is given to both transitional bedforms and the development of downstream‐migrating antidunes. In the latter case, most data pertain to sand beds and not to gravel. Empirical data provide some weak support for the theoretical notion that the transition occurs at progressively lower Froude numbers at greater relative depths. Although a critical Froude number of 0·84 may reasonably be applied for the beginning of the dune to antidune transformation, lag effects (and a possible depth limitation) ensure that transitional bedforms may persist across a broad range of Froude numbers from 0·5 to 1·8. This latter observation has great relevance for palaeohydraulic estimates derived from outcrop data. Whereas the application of theoretical bedform existence fields, based upon potential flow theory, to fine gravel was previously purely speculative, the addition of experimental and field data to these plots provides a degree of confidence in applying stability theory to practical geological problems. For the first time, laboratory data pertaining to downstream‐migrating gravel antidunes are compared with theory. These bedforms have been reported from certain experimental near‐critical flows above sand or gravel beds, but have been observed infrequently in natural streams. However, there are no detailed studies from natural rivers and only a few contentious identifications from outcrops. Nevertheless, the limited hydraulic data conform to theoretical expectations.     

地学博物馆展陈设计研究——以中国地质博物馆为例

随着地学博物馆数量逐年大幅增加,除自身的基本陈列外,专题展览活动也随之加重,具有专业性、科学性、趣味性、及时性和延续性等多种特点.在国家文化繁荣发展的时代背景下,大部分地学博物馆陈列展示使用的展览内容框架雷同、千篇一律,难以激发观众参观热情.中国地质博物馆作为地学博物馆的“领头羊”对博物馆展览陈列设计特点进行了一系列的研究.本文以该馆为例,总结了地学博物馆展览陈列的设计原则、流程和要素.在原则方面,设计师在进行艺术设计同时需掌握地学知识;在流程方面,先策划,确定展品数量梳理展览大纲,再进行总体规划和展览艺术形式设计,最后实现协作与优化.在要素方面,展览陈列设计需要特别注意空间布局、展品选择、艺术表现形式、光环境设计、色彩设计等七个方面的应用.展览陈列设计师要努力挖掘和彰显地学专业的特性,不断创造新的表现形式,从而促进我国地学博物馆的蓬勃发展,更好地为公共事业做贡献.