The effects of local campaign spending on the geography of the flow‐of‐the‐vote at the 1991 New South Wales state election

There is a tendency to assume that election campaigning at the local electorate level has little or no impact on voters subject to the influence of highly centralised campaigns and an increasingly nationalised media. However, as applied to the flow‐of‐the‐vote, this study concludes that local campaign spending has real consequences for vote shifts. For the 1991 New South Wales state election, it is established that any major commitment to local electorate spending by one of the major parties relative to the other increases flows to that party and reduces flows from it. However, incumbency of individual seats as such does not appear to have any significant effect. There is a strong suggestion that, for this election, the Liberal‐National Coalition in government was at a distinct disadvantage compared with the Labor Party in opposition, the spending of the former having a much reduced impact on retaining or attracting votes compared with spending by Labor.     

'Just sustainability': the emerging discourse of environmental justice in Britain?

Environmental justice is both a vocabulary for political opportunity, mobilization and action, and a policy principle to guide public decision making. It emerged initially in the US, and more recently in the UK, as a new vocabulary underpinning action by community organizations campaigning against environmental injustices. However, as the environmental justice discourse has matured, it has become increasingly evident that it should play a role in the wider agendas for sustainable development and social inclusion. The links between sustainability and environmental justice are becoming clearer and more widely understood in the UK by NGOs and government alike, and it is the potential synergy between these two discourses which is the focus of this paper. This paper argues that the concept of 'just sustainability' provides a discourse for policymakers and activists, which brings together the key dimensions of both environmental justice and sustainable development.     

Income inequality in the UK: Comparisons with five large Western European countries and the USA

This paper concentrates on the 1% richest households in the UK in a comparison with the other four large Western European countries: Germany, France, Italy and Spain. In the European context the UK is an outlier of extreme inequality. Individual level tax data has shown this previously, but earlier research did not make comparisons at the household level, or in as much detail as it is possible to show now given new survey findings.In the UK the geographical separation of the 1% from mainstream society increased in recent decades as their incomes levels diverged widely from that of the mainstream. There is now acute socioeconomic polarization in the UK as compared to the other large European states because of the current extent of income and wealth inequalities in the UK. Not so long ago members of the best-off 1% within the UK were far more evenly spread across both the space and society of the UK than they are today.The UK is now the European country most similar to the USA in terms of income inequalities. Along with Sweden it was least like the USA in the 1960s. This paper concludes by considering what might happen (if current trends continue) to standards of living in general, social spatial polarization, fear and mistrust. Growing income inequalities increase wealth inequalities. Some info-graphics aimed at showing the contemporary extent of wealth inequalities in the UK and USA are presented in conclusion and for use in teaching     

Working a fraction and making a fraction work: a rough guide for geographers in the academy

Little is known about the issues facing geographers working on fractional appointments in higher education institutions in the UK. This paper draws on a survey of UK geography departments and personal experiences to explore some of that territory for the first time. The purpose is both to set the agenda for institutional policy issues and to provide some immediate points of reflection for staff intending to take up fractional work. We consider the place of fractional working in the dominant discourses around paid work, problems of workload division and the impact on professional standing (including the RAE). We suggest that while personal 'life' reasons for fractional working are often positive, fractional workers in the academy risk professional marginalization.     

The geography of campaign funding,campaign spending and voting at the New South Wales legislative assembly elections of 1984

The relationship between campaign fund raising, campaign expenditure and voter support levels for the two major parties, Labor and the Coalition, is explored by means of regression analysis. Results confirm the existence of significant relationships, in particular that, holding constant other influencing factors, the more a party raises and spends during a campaign, the more votes it wins.     

韩国公寓更新中的居住形式与居民政治倾向关系研究

韩国首尔江南区是富有中产阶层主要聚集区,是政府主导、公众参与的城市空间变化的典型。在韩国,房地产政策是韩国各党派政府维护执政合法性的主要手段,城市更新与公寓重建是提高房价的重要手段,并对不同社会阶层的居住和生活产生不同影响。公寓重建是韩国阶层、党派之间尖锐政治斗争的对象。首尔江南区住民基于自身阶级身份与利益组成利益共同体,参与推动或阻碍公寓重建的活动。每四年一度的国会议员选举中,江南区呈现按住房价格而选择政党的阶级投票的规律。江南区案例表明虽然政府主导了江南区的城市更新与公寓重建,但当重建侵犯到地区住民的利益时,住民社会驱动力随时出现,并以选票形式对其进行反向干预。因此韩国社会团体与政府的互动塑造了江南区特有的阶层分化与住房分布形式。     

英国区域规划的现行模式及对中国的启示

文章首先总结了1930年以来英国区域规划体制诞生与演变的历程；然后，从英国规划政策背景、立法基础、规划目标与主体构成、基本程序、主要政策领域、可持续发展评估以及实施监控与回顾等多个方面，全面介绍了现行英国区域规划模式的主要内容与方法；最后，针对中国区域城镇规划目前存在的核心问题，提出可以从英国区域规划模式中获得的一些启示。     

美国选区划分的研究进展

选区划分是选举地理学的重要研究内容,选区划分是否科学合理,直接影响选举结果。本文从选区研究主题、选区划分原则等方面对美国选区划分的相关文献进行梳理与总结,发现美国选举选区划分的研究主要聚焦于以下议题：选区划分与社会分裂、选区划分与分区不公、选区划分与司法介入,以及选区划分与选票/席位转化曲线。在分区原则上,美国选区主要立足于人口、地理和政治三大原则进行划分,具体执行中采用邻近性、紧凑性、人口同等、种族平等、尊重行政边界、尊重利益社区、保护在任者/保留旧选区核心等原则。借鉴美国选区划分的研究进展,本文建议地理学者未来应在精准预测选举结果、追踪世界民主选举的动态和促进选区划分的公正性等方面进一步深入地展开理论探讨与政策研究。     

Geographies of embodied outdoor experience and the arrival of the patio heater

Machines that provide people with nearby sources of outdoor warmth have become increasingly popular in the UK as a crop of mushroom-shaped technologies has started to spring up outside many public houses and private homes in this country. Yet this development has also received considerable condemnation from advocates of sustainable consumption, who have seemingly been disgusted by the societal self-indulgence that they see in these devices. Moving away from these more immediate forms of outrage, this paper enriches our understanding of their arrival by considering these heaters in terms of cultural conventions of thermal adaptation and the changing geographies that can be attached to them. Through these means, it is argued that a more nuanced understanding of why these technologies have become prevalent is produced and that an existing disciplinary interest in embodied outdoor experience is taken towards some important new spaces for study.     

Research relevance, 'knowledge transfer' and the geographies of CASE studentship collaboration

The Co-operative Awards in Science and Engineering (CASE) studentship programme of the UK Research Councils provide one example of wider efforts internationally to encourage so-called 'knowledge transfer' and thereby harness publicly supported university research more closely to the goals of national competitiveness, regional economic development and local regeneration. In this paper we describe the implications of how the various UK research councils have interpreted the objectives and beneficiaries of 'knowledge transfer', both for the relative opportunities available to human and physical geographers for collaboration through CASE and for the sorts of values that their research must serve. Then, we draw on unpublished data from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) to explore the geographies of CASE studentship allocation and participation. The broad regional and institutional patterns of participation we describe have important implications for ongoing debates in the UK about research selectivity and the role of the university as an engine of local development, while the striking disciplinary patterns of CASE participation, and in particular the overwhelming success of geographers in this competitive programme, provide an opportunity to reassess claims about whether and for whom geographical research is relevant.     

Ecofeminism in the twenty-first century

This paper considers the influence of ecofeminism on policy concerning gender (in)equality and the environment during the past 20 years. It reviews the broad contours of the ecofeminist debate before focusing on the social construction interpretation of women's relationship with the environment. It will argue that there have been substantial policy shifts in Europe and the UK in both the environmental and equalities fields, and that this is in part a result of lobbying at a range of scales by groups informed by ecofeminist debates. Nevertheless, the paper cautions that these shifts are largely incremental and operate within existing structures, which inevitably limit their capacity to create change. As policy addresses some of the concerns highlighted by ecofeminism, academic discourse and grass roots activity have been moving on to address other issues, and the paper concludes with a brief consideration of contemporary trajectories of ecofeminism and campaigning on issues that link women's, feminist and environment concerns.     

The Dunedin Mayoral Election

In an electoral upset in 1995 Dunedin elected its first woman and first Sikh mayor. This paper argues that the symbolic discourse of the mayoral election confronted the Dunedin electorate with the question of ‘fairness’ or equity in the city. Turner's victory signalled the symbolic rejection by a plurality of voters of the ruling neo-liberal political economy of Dunedin. In the same election the incumbent council, in a political reproduction of the ruling order, was returned. The paper explores this contradiction. It concludes that Dunedin's struggle for a new ruling political alliance necessary to combat a stagnant city economy has just begun.     

国外空间规划特点及其对我国的借鉴

空间规划是社会经济、社会文化和生态政策的地理表达,因此受地域、历史文化、法律、政体的影响很大,各国的空间规划体系形成了各自的特点。本文首先有着悠久规划历史的英、美、日、德、法和欧盟的空间规划的特征及发展趋势进行了分析比较,在此基础上,剖析了我国空间规划存在的问题,指出国外空间规划经验对我国空间规划借鉴的七个方面。     

The quality and qualities of population statistics, and the place of the census

Population counts are a key anchor for much of the official statistical system and the benchmark for many commercial and research surveys and analysis. Statistical offices around the world face a wide range of challenges in counting their population, most particularly in the years between censuses, as population flows become much freer and family structures continue to evolve. This paper considers these issues, reviewing how population counts have evolved over time in the UK and other countries. The paper also looks to the future, considering ways in which population count methodology might develop.     

An evaluation of financial globalization under fund-manager capitalism: the case of the UK unit trust industry

Drawing upon evidence from the UK unit trust industry, this paper evaluates the extent and nature of financial globalization. It finds that despite this rapidly growing and prominent form of fund-manager capitalism operating with increasingly mobile capital in a more inter-connected deregulated world, this does not signal the advent of homeless capital and the end of geography.     

塔里木河下游胡杨叶片变化与环境异质性

通过电子显微镜观测对塔里木河下游三个取样点胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)叶片的细胞显微结构进行了研究。通过电镜观察到许多与抗旱性相关的结构:叶表面具有皱褶状纹饰;角质层和表皮之间由网格状空腔隔离开;表皮向外突出形成根毛状结构;细胞内含一中央大液泡或密布小液泡;输导组织不发达;细胞中质体和质体内淀粉粒非常丰富;在细胞质中和液泡内发现嗜锇颗粒;细胞核很大,核仁明显;组织细胞中晶簇成分X-射线微区分析表明,其成分主要是钙,而且含量稳定。叶片显微结构与地下水位的关系表明,4 m以下的地下水位会影响其组织结构的建成。在超微结构研究中还发现,胡杨细胞膜与细胞壁之间呈齿状结合。说明细胞膜与壁之间结合的牢固性和稳定性,解释了胡杨细胞在水分胁迫下不易发生质壁分离的原因。     

Understanding and managing climate change: the UK experience

Climate change has emerged over the last 25 years not just as a physical reality, affecting global and regional climates, but also as a socio-cultural phenomenon – an icon of a globalizing world which is increasingly altering the physical fabric of our planet and at the same time demanding new forms of global governance. The UK, both through its scientific research activity and through its development of climate change policy initiatives, has been at the forefront of this emergence. This review traces some of this history from a UK perspective, with an emphasis on the last 10 years. The relationship between climate change science and policy has become increasingly reflexive, leading to new forms of research and institutional structures. The academic discipline of geography has been rather marginalized from this process.     

Guest editorial: the 2001 UK census: remarkable resource or bygone legacy of the 'pencil and paper era'?

National censuses are expensive. They are conducted infrequently. They collect information that some feel infringes their human rights, and people are required by law to complete them. The outputs are not perfect, and in some situations may be misleading. Some suggest that censuses hark back to a period when regularly collected administrative data were not available. These are some of the views held about national censuses. Why, then, would others argue that they are an essential resource? In this paper, we consider some of the pros and cons of conducting national censuses, before introducing a series of papers that draw on early data available from the 2001 UK census. We argue that these papers, and the wealth of research that will be conducted in the future with 2001 census data, make a strong case for supporting the compulsory collection of personal information about the 'entire' population every ten years.     

A GIS approach to modelling CO2 emissions associated with the pupil-school commute

Concerns have been raised in numerous countries over declining rates of active transport to school. In a UK context, the pupil-school commute is estimated to contribute around 658 kilotonnes of CO₂ per year; however, tackling this issue effectively requires an improved understanding of how emissions can be modelled and mapped over a variety of scales. This paper implements a new estimation technique for the modelling of CO₂ emissions linked with the school commute that integrates both transport network-level routing and geographically disaggregate vehicle emissions data. The model is then applied to a national cohort of pupils in England. Areas demonstrating the highest emissions were typically more rural and/or comprising more affluent resident populations. Emissions were also shown to increase with school year, with larger step changes between educational stages reflecting the different geography of school locations. Furthermore, where secondary school entry policies were selective or based on a religious domination, average emissions were typically higher than in non-selective schools.     

Electoral Geography of the Sino-Thai in Thailand's National Elections, 1979–1995

Comparison of Thai and Sino-Thai participation and success rates from the seven elections taking place since 1979 show Sino-Thai participation comparable to their proportion in the country's population. Assimilationist government minority policy and electorate acceptance have served to integrate this group into the mainstream political system. There is no pattern of support for a particular political party and there are no indicators of a separate Sino-Thai political element. Their highest success rates, however, occur in regions of the country that have historically had small Sino-Thai populations. This appears to be the result of factional politics and of monetary and organizational resources needed to garner votes at the provincial level.