澄合矿区奥陶系灰岩固硫效果初探

对澄合矿区3个奥陶系灰岩剖面的取样分析及固硫试验表明，位于大峪河剖面的D9样品具有较高的固硫率。在不加任务助剂的情况下，经800℃煅烧2h，破碎至0.12-0.15mm后与煤粉以2.3的Ca/S摩尔比混合，1000℃时的最高固硫率可达60.08%。     

Origin of isotopically light nitrogen in meteorites

Bulk meteorite samples of various chemical classes and petrologic types (mainly carbonaceous chondrites) were systematically investigated by the stepped combustion method with the simultaneous isotopic analysis of carbon, nitrogen, and noble gases. A correlation was revealed between planetary noble gases associating with the Q phase and isotopically light nitrogen (δ¹⁵N up to –150‰). The analysis of this correlation showed that the isotopically light nitrogen (ILN) is carried by Q. In most meteorites, isotopically heavy nitrogen (IHN) of organic compounds (macromolecular material) is dominant. The ILN of presolar grains (diamond and SiC) and Q can be detected after separation from dominant IHN. Such a separation of nitrogen from Q and macromolecular material occurs under natural conditions and during laboratory stepped combustion owing to Q shielding from direct contact with oxygen, which results in Q oxidation at temperatures higher than the temperatures of the release of most IHN. There are arguments that ILN released at high temperature cannot be related to nanodiamond and SiC. The separation effect allowed us to constrain the contents of noble gases in Q, assuming that this phase is carbon-dominated. The directly measured ³⁶Ar/C and ¹³²Xe/C ratios in ILN-rich temperature fractions are up to 0.1 and 1 × 10^–4 cm³/g, respectively. These are only lower constraints on the contents. The analysis of the obtained data on the three-isotope diagram δ¹⁵N–³⁶Ar/¹⁴N showed that Q noble gases were lost to a large extent from most meteorites during the metamorphism of their parent bodies. Hence, the initial contents of noble gases in Q could be more than an order of magnitude higher than those directly measured. Compared with other carbon phases, Q was predominantly transformed to diamond in ureilites affected by shock metamorphism. The analysis of their Ar–N systematics showed that, similar to carbonaceous chondrites, noble gases were lost from Q probably before its transformation to diamond.     

Ordovician limestone karst development law in Feicheng coal field

Being the basement of coal measure strata in North China coal mine, the Ordovician karst aquifer is the baleful source of water for exploiting the Carboniferous coal bed. The coal mines that the exploitation transfers into the deep stratum will be threatened by deep high or super-high pressure confined water from Ordovician. Mastering the vertical development law is one of the basal and prerequisite works for emancipating deep coal resources and ensuring safety for exploiting the deep coal bed. Based on the statistics of exploratory boring data, a slide test and an X-ray diffraction experiment, the results of Ordovician vertical development were obtained. The results are as follows: limestone karsts 0–30 m below the top are undeveloped; those 30–50 m away from the top are the most developed, and those over 50 m are also undeveloped similar to the first ones. The property of the aquifer of the Ordovician limestone karsts from the working face floor (numbered as 101002) in the Caozhuang coal mine is explored using a 3D high-density electrical technique for the well and drill hole data. This confirms the vertical development law and provides evidence for floor prevention and control of water disasters.     

浙西地区奥陶系砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩及其成因探讨*

对浙江常山黄泥塘剖面奥陶系砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩中瘤体和基质的矿物组成、结构、构造、化学成分及碳氧同位素等做了系统研究,并从其基本特征、尤其是碳氧同位素特征出发,结合前人研究成果,对瘤状灰岩的成因进行了初步探讨。研究表明,瘤状灰岩的瘤体和基质存在明显差异：瘤体主要由方解石组成（70％～98％）,基质则以黏土矿物为主（40％～78％）,方解石次之（20％～58％）;瘤体和基质的δ¹³C_VPDB值分别为0.5‰～1.4‰和-0.4‰～1.1‰,平均值分别为0.9‰和0.2‰, δ¹⁸O_VPDB 值分别为-12.8‰～-8.0‰和-11.7‰～-9.0‰,平均值分别为-10.6‰和-10.3‰;每个样品中瘤体的碳同位素值和形成温度均比基质高。黄泥塘剖面砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩是沉积物沉积时期周期性底流溶解和成岩过程中差异性压实和压溶共同作用的产物,瘤体原岩中非碳酸盐组分含量及后期压溶作用强度的差异导致瘤状灰岩不同的存在形式,有条带状、断续状和杂乱状3种。     

塔中奥陶系原油的地球化学特征及其来源

塔中奥陶系的油气资源十分丰富,是塔里木盆地油气勘探的重点层系之一,但油源仍是困扰地质勘探家的重要问题。通过系统分析塔中奥陶系原油的地球化学特征,进行了原油族群划分和油源判识。原油以轻质油为主,轻烃分析表明,原油没有发生大量裂解,原油的生成温度介于115～129℃,表明其主体成分形成于生油窗阶段。运用特征性生物标志物系统分析表明,原油可分为三个族群,分别来源于中—上奥陶统源岩、寒武系源岩及混合来源。在“三芴”组成上,原油均以较低的氧芴含量和较高的硫芴含量为特征。原油中饱和烃的碳同位素比值均轻于-31.2‰,平均值为-32.8‰,芳烃的碳同位素比值均轻于-30.4‰,平均值为-31.7‰,这些特征明显与塔东2井和塔深1井的寒武系原油不同。分析认为,碳同位素明显偏重的原油应来源于寒武系源岩,但碳同位素较轻的原油可能来源于中—上奥陶统源岩,也可能来源于寒武系源岩。     

Origin of planetary cores: evidence from highly siderophile elements in martian meteorites

We present new bulk compositional data for 6 martian meteorites, including highly siderophile elements Ni, Re, Os, Ir and Au. These and literature data are utilized for comparison versus the siderophile systematics of igneous rocks from Earth, the Moon, and the HED asteroid. The siderophile composition of ALH84001 is clearly anomalous. Whether this reflects a more reducing environment on primordial Mars when this ancient rock first crystallized, or secondary alteration, is unclear. QUE94201 shows remarkable similarity with EET79001-B for siderophile as well as lithophile elements; both are extraordinarily depleted in the “noblest” siderophiles (Os and Ir), to roughly 0.00001 × CI chondrites. As in terrestrial igneous rocks, among martian rocks Ni, Os and Ir show strong correlations vs. MgO. In the case of MgO vs. Ni, the martian trend is displaced toward lower Ni by a large factor (5), but the Os and Ir trends are not significantly displaced from their terrestrial counterparts. For Mars, Re shows a rough correlation with MgO, indicating compatible behavior, in contrast to its mildly incompatible behavior on Earth. Among martian MgO-rich rocks, Au shows a weak anticorrelation vs. MgO, resembling the terrestrial distribution except for a displacement toward 2–3 times lower Au. The same elements (Ni, Re, Os, Ir and Au) show similar correlations with Cr substituted for MgO. Data for lunar and HED rocks generally show less clear-cut trends (relatively few MgO-rich samples are available). These trends are exploited to infer the compositions of the primitive Earth, Mars, Moon and HED mantles, by assuming that the trend intercepts the bulk MgO or Cr content of the primitive mantle at the approximate primitive mantle concentration of the siderophile element. Results for Earth show good agreement with earlier estimates. For Mars, the implied primitive mantle composition is remarkably similar to the Earth’s, except for 5 times lower Ni. The best constrained of the extremely siderophile elements, Os and Ir, are present in the martian mantle at 0.005 times CI, in comparison to 0.007 times CI in Earth’s mantle. This similarity constitutes a key constraint on the style of core-mantle differentiation in both Mars and Earth. Successful models should predict similarly high concentrations of noble siderophile elements in both the martian and terrestrial mantles (“high” compared to the lunar and HED mantles, and to models of simple partitioning at typical low-pressure magmatic temperatures), but only predict high Ni for the Earth’s mantle. Models that engender the noble siderophile excess in Earth’s mantle through a uniquely terrestrial process, such as a Moon-forming giant impact, have difficulty explaining the similarity of outcome (except for Ni) on Mars. The high Ni content of the terrestrial mantle is probably an effect traceable to Earth’s size. For the more highly siderophile elements like Os and Ir, the simplest model consistent with available constraints is the veneer hypothesis. Core-mantle differentiation was notably inefficient on the largest terrestrial planets, because during the final ∼ 1% of accretion these bodies acquired sufficient H₂O to oxidize most of the later-accreting Fe-metal, thus eliminating the carrier phase for segregation of siderophile elements into the core.     

东滩煤矿奥灰放水试验数值模拟

奥灰水是东滩矿下组煤安全开采的主要水害威胁和重点防治对象。东滩矿下组煤底板奥灰水压高达7.20~11.46 MPa,在不考虑底板受采动破坏影响下,奥灰对17煤的突水系数为0.077~0.158 MPa/m,最小值亦接近现有规程标准上限值(0.10 MPa/m)。为了查清奥灰含水层水文地质条件进而制定合理的奥灰水防治措施,基于矿井的水文地质条件及奥灰放水试验,建立了适合本矿井的水文地质模型,并利用地下水模拟软件Visual Modflow,计算了奥灰含水层水文地质参数。通过验证,该水文地质模型能够客观的反映奥灰天然流场,为今后预测矿井涌水量、奥灰疏降水量提供了依据。     

潘西煤矿奥灰水突水因素分析及防治途径

通过对潘西煤矿水文地质条件及开采实际揭露情况综合分析,对奥灰突水机理进行了研究,在此基础上对受奥灰水严重威胁的19层煤的开采提出了防治途径.     

Hydrocarbon biomarkers from Ordovician sediments and the fossil alga Gloeocapsomorpha prisca Zalessky 1917

Numerous Ordovician oils worldwide are known to show unusual and distinctive distributions of hydrocarbons which, it has been suggested, are derived from a “unique benthonic mat-forming non-photosynthetic prokaryotic organism”, Gloeocapsomorpha prisca Zalessky 1917, which is the major contributor of organic matter. Organic matter-rich sediments from the Canning and Amadeus Basins of Australia, known to contain G. prisca fossils and to have the characteristic predominance of odd carbon number (C₁₃–C₁₉) n-alkanes, were investigated to determine other hydrocarbon distributions. Sediments from both basins contained abundant n-alkylcyclohexanes with odd carbon number predominance (C₁₃–C₁₉) and methyl-n-alkylcyclohexanes (C₁₄–C₂₀) which, in immature sediments, showed an even carbon number predominance. The isomer distribution of these latter compounds was determined by direct comparison with synthetic standards. The sediments from both basins also contained very similar distributions of steranes and pentacyclic triterpanes and the derived kerogens had a characteristically light carbon isotope signature.Pyrolysis of a G. prisca-rich kerogen yielded a hydrocarbon mixture with a similar composition to the sediment extract, except that there was a marked increase in the relative abundance of pristane, phytane, alkylcyclohexanes, steranes and hopanes relative to n-alkanes. We argue on the basis of the geological, geochemical and palynological data that G. prisca was probably planktonic, photosynthetic and very possibly eukaryotic and that the striking character of Ordovician oils and sediments derive from bacterial and other diagenetic imprints superimposed on the primary signature of this organism.     

Ordovician low- to intermediate-Mg calcite marine cements from Sweden: marine alteration and implications for oxygen isotopes in Ordovician seawater

Petrography demonstrates the presence of three types of fibrous calcite cement in buildup deposits of the Kullsberg Limestone (middle Caradoc), central Sweden. Translucent fibrous calcite has intrinsic blue luminescence (CL) indicative of pure calcite. This cement has 2–5 mol% MgCO₃, low Mn and Fe (≤ 100 p.p.m.), and is considered to be slightly altered to unaltered, primary low- to intermediate-Mg calcite. Grey turbid fibrous calcite has variable but generally low MgCO₃ content (most analyses <2 mol%) and variable CL response, with Mn and Fe concentrations up to 1200 and 500 p.p.m., respectively. The heterogeneous characteristics of this variety of fibrous calcite are caused by diagenetic alteration of a translucent fibrous calcite precursor. Light-brown turbid fibrous calcite has low MgCO₃ (near 1 mol%) and variable Mn (up to 800 p.p.m.) and Fe (up to 500 p.p.m.) concentrations, with an abundance of bright luminescent patches, which formed during alteration caused by reducing diagenetic fluids. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of all fibrous calcite form a tight field (δ¹³C=1·7 to 3·1‰ PDB, δ¹⁸O= ? 2·6 to ? 4·1‰ PDB) compared with fibrous calcite isotope values from other units. Fibrous calcite δ¹⁸O values are larger than adjacent meteoric or burial cements, which have δ¹⁸O δ ? 8‰ PDB. Consequently, most diagenetic alteration of Kullsberg fibrous calcite is interpreted to have occurred in the marine diagenetic realm. First-generation equant and bladed calcite cements, which pre-date fibrous calcite, are interpreted as unaltered, low-Mg calcite marine cements based on δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O data (δ¹³C = 2·3 to 2·7‰ PDB, δ¹⁸O= ? 2·8 to ? 3·5‰ PDB). Unlike fibrous cement, which reflects global sea water chemistry, first-generation equant and bladed calcite are indicators of localized modification of seawater chemistry in restricted settings. Kullsberg abiotic marine cements have larger δ¹⁸O values than most Caradoc marine precipitates from equatorial Laurentia. Positive Kullsberg δ¹⁸O values are attributed to lower seawater temperatures and/or slightly elevated salinity on the Baltic platform relative to seawater from which other marine precipitates formed.     

Origin and structure of the fossil resin from an Indonesian Miocene coal

The structure of a fossil resin from Miocene coal outcrops of the Bukit Asam region (Sumatra) has been studied. The fossil material has been formed from sesqui- and tri-terpenes from trees of the Dipterocarp family. The original terpenes have lost virtually all oxygen-containing functions and the resulting mono- and di-olefins have polymerized to a mainly non-crosslinked resin whose components have molecular weights of up to 300,000.     

煤矿井下水砂突涌钻孔封孔技术研发与应用

桑树坪煤矿采取地面注骨料和井下注浆技术治理奥灰(奥陶纪灰岩)岩溶陷落柱时,施工的3个常规检查钻孔出现严重的水砂突涌现象,封孔难度极大,采取向孔内下入木楔、反丝止浆塞等方法均封孔失败.针对此难题,提出带压顶替注浆封孔技术,首先,向孔内注入大于套管体积的清水以确保孔内通畅,避免砂粒填充至套管内,导致封孔深度未达到套管以下稳...     

Trace fossil evidence from the Adigrat Sandstone for an Ordovician glaciation in Eritrea, NE Africa

Trace fossils are described here from the Adigrat Sandstone formation of hitherto uncertain Palaeozoic-Mesozoic age in south-central Eritrea. The formation is subdivided into a lower unit, the Adi MaEkheno Member, and an upper informal unit, Member 2. The formation was deposited on the locally mudcracked top of the glacigenic Edaga Arbi Beds, suggesting that these two rock units were formed in a very short time interval. The Adi MaEkheno Member and the lower part of Member 2 contain trace fossils Arthrophycus alleghaniensis (Harlan), Arthrophycus ?brongniartii (Harlan), Didymaulichnus lyelli (Rouault), Palaeophycus tubularis Hall, Taenidium isp., thin winding ridges, winding ridges and furrows, simple cylinders, and ‘stellate’ forms. A. alleghaniensis is distinctively of Ordovician–Silurian (?Early Devonian) age. The trace fossil association belongs to the Cruziana ichnofacies that indicates a shallow marine environment between the normal and storm wave bases. The trace fossil data and stratigraphic relationships indicate that the Adigrat Sandstone formation and the Edaga Arbi Beds in Eritrea are Ordovician–Silurian in age. The Edaga Arbi Beds are correlated with other Upper Ordovician (Hirnantian) glacial units in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, lending these beds the status of a marker unit in the Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the Horn of Africa. The Jurassic “Adigrat Sandstone” in central-west and eastern Ethiopia cannot be correlated with the Adigrat Sandstone formation in its type area and in Eritrea.     

中国现代人类起源:来自南方化石地点的年代学证据

现代人类起源的时间和地点是当前古人类学研究和争议的热点。文中评述了 2 0多年来第四纪测年技术取得的进展及其对现代人类起源研究的影响。基于新生碳酸盐岩铀系测年 ,研究了中国南方柳江人洞等多个晚期人类化石地点的年代 ,结果远大于原认为的 2 0～ 30ka。晚期智人在中国出现的时间很可能不晚于西亚和南非 ,中国 4 0～ 1 0 0ka间人类化石的“缺环” ,很可能只是测年技术系统误差造成的假象。上述年代学新证据不支持中国现代人类全部来自非洲的假说。对岩溶洞穴遗址进一步的综合研究 ,有可能为破解有关现代人类起源的诸多疑点提供重要的以至一锤定音的证据     

保德煤矿奥陶纪灰岩水水化学特征及形成机理

奥陶纪灰岩（简称奥灰）水是保德煤矿煤层开采的主要威胁水源,且为主要供水水源之一。为研究保德煤矿奥灰水水化学特征,并分析其形成机理,对保德煤矿区奥灰水进行系统取样,综合运用相关性分析、离子比例系数、饱和指数反演、氯碱指数等方法进行分析。研究结果表明：奥灰水的水质类型从径流区到滞流区呈HCO₃-Na（Na·Ca）→HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca（Ca·Mg）→Cl-Na（Na·Ca）的变化趋势,各离子质量浓度与TDS值呈线性关系,除HCO₃^-外,其余离子质量浓度均与TDS值呈正相关;阳离子交替吸附、BSR反应、溶滤沉析作用是控制矿区地下水化学环境的主要作用。根据饱和指数（SI）计算及路径模拟结果证实,径流区方解石、白云石和石膏大量溶解,滞流区出现白云石沉淀,石膏始终处于不饱和状态,趋于发生溶解。该结论可为保德煤矿深部煤炭开采水害防治与矿井水利用提供依据。     

Origin of rapidly solidified metal-troilite grains in chondrites and iron meteorites

Inclusions of troilite and metallic Fe,Ni 0.2–4 mm in size with a dendritic or cellular texture were observed in 12 ordinary chondrites. Cooling rates in the interval 1400?950°C calculated from the spacing of secondary dendrite arms or cell widths and published experimental data range from 10^?7 to 10⁴°C/sec. In 8 of these chondrites, which are breccias containing some normal slow-cooled metal grains, the inclusions solidified before they were incorporated into the breccias. Their cooling rates of 1–300 °C/sec indicate cooling by radiation, or by conduction in contact with cold silicate or hot silicate volumes only 6–40 mm in size. This is quantitative evidence that these inclusions and their associated clasts were melted on the surface of a parent body (by impact), and were not formed at depth from an internally derived melt. In Ramsdorf, Rose City and Shaw, which show extensive reheating to ? 1000°C, Fe-FeS textures in melted areas are coarser and indicate cooling rates of 10^?1 to 10^?4°C/sec during solidification. This metal may have solidified inside hot silicate volumes that were 10–300 cm in size. As Shaw and Rose City are breccias of unmelted and melted material, their melted metal did not necessarily cool through 1000°C within a few m of the surface. Shock-melted, fine-grained, irregular intergrowths of metal and troilite formed in situ in many irons and some chondrites by rapid solidification at cooling rates of ? 10⁵°C/sec. Their kamacite and taenite compositions may result from annealing at ~250°C of metallic glass or exceedingly fine-grained quench products.     

陕西泾阳-淳化地区奥陶系优质石灰岩矿床特征

陕西泾阳-淳化地区奥陶系地层可划分为四个组,自下向上为三山子组、贾汪组、马家沟组、桃曲坡组。其中马家沟组的上段碳酸盐岩特纯,CaO的平均含量>54%,MgO的平均含量<1%,是华北地台其它地区所没有的,构成特大型石灰岩矿床。     

The Soom Shale: a unique Ordovician fossil horizon in South Africa

The recent discovery of fossils with preserved soft tissues in the Cedarberg Mountains of the Cape Province has opened a new window on Ordovician life.