ATOVS资料同化方案对暴雨模拟效果的影响

本文利用WRF 模式及其3DVar 同化系统,以2009 年6 月29 日00 时到30 日00 时的湖北鹤峰暴雨为研究个例,对ATOVS 探测器的AMSU-A、AMSU-B 和HIRS 三类资料进行了不同的同化方案试验。结果表明:同化ATOVS 三类资料对暴雨模拟的影响不同,HIRS 资料对暴雨模拟效果改进最大,AMSU-B 次之,AMSU-A 最小。同时同化ATOVS 三类资料时,AMSU-A 资料起主要作用,其同化效果与同时同化ATOVS 三类资料相近,优化组合同化AMSU-B 和HIRS 资料的效果最好。同化ATOVS 不同资料对初始要素场的影响不同,AMSU-A 资料主要影响大气温度场,AMSU-B 资料对中高空要素场的影响较大,HIRS 资料对低空湿度场及风场的协同改变最有利于降水模拟的改善。同时ATOVS 资料的稀疏分辨率也是影响同化效果的一个因子,在模式分辨率不变时,同化资料稀疏分辨率可能存在最佳选择。     

AMSU-A资料在台风模拟中的循环同化研究

以WRF(V3. 7)中尺度模式及其三维变分同化系统(WRF-3Dvar)为平台,GFS(0. 5°×0. 5°)提供模式背景场,对AMSU-A微波辐射资料进行循环同化试验,研究台风数值模拟中AMSU-A资料的可用性及循环同化方法的可行性。以2014年第19号台风"黄蜂"为例,开展了控制试验和多组同化试验。同化试验主要包括循环同化常规观测资料和不同卫星测得的AMSU-A微波辐射资料。在对各试验初始场进行对比的基础上,比较了不同同化试验方案的模拟效果,结果表明:1) AMSU-A资料同化能有效地调整初始场,模拟的台风路径和强度都有一定的改善; 2)不同卫星探测的AMSU-A资料同化效果存在较大的差异,其中NOAA-15资料同化模拟台风"黄蜂"的路径和强度与实况最为接近; 3)循环同化是增加数值模式中资料使用量、改善台风模拟效果的有效方法。     

ATOVS微波观测对2008年台风预报影响的初步评估

为了评估同化ATOVS卫星微波资料在台风数值预报中的影响,利用中尺度模式WRF和三维变分同化系统WRFDA,采用国家卫星气象中心接收处理的卫星微波温度计AMSU-A辐射率L1c数据集,针对在2008年台风季中影响我国大陆的8个台风典型,开展批量卫星资料同化和数值预报试验。对同化效果的检验和对同化前、后西太平洋副热带高压的分析表明:AMSU-A资料对台风预报有改进作用,在44%的48 h预报样本中同化后路径有改善;同化微波资料后,副热带高压的改变直接影响台风路径。      

A STUDY ON SATELLITE DATA ASSIMILATION WITH DIFFERENT ATOVS IN TYPHOON NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

Based on the newly developed Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF)and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR)system,this study constructed twelve experiments to explore the impact of direct assimilation of different ATOVS radiance on the intensity and track simulation of super-typhoon Fanapi(2010)using a data assimilation cycle method.The result indicates that the assimilation of ATOVS radiance could improve typhoon intensity effectively.The average bias of the central sea level pressure(CSLP)drops to 18 hPa,compared to 42 hPa in the experiment without data assimilation.However,the influence due to different radiance data is not significant,which is less than 6hPa on average,implying limited improvement from sole assimilation of ATOVS radiance.The track issue is studied in the following steps.First,the radiance from the same sensor of different satellites could produce different effect.For the AMSU-A,NOAA-15 and NOAA-18,they produce equivalent improvement,whereas NOAA-16 produces slightly poor effect.And for the AMSU-B,NOAA-15 and NOAA-16,they produce equivalent and more positive effect than that provided by the AMSU-A.Second,the assimilation radiance from different sensors of the identical satellites could also produce different effect.The assimilation of AMSU-B produces the largest improvement,while the ameliorating effect of HIRS/3assimilation is inferior to that of AMSU-B assimilation,while the AMSU-A assimilation exhibits the poorest improvement.Moreover,the simultaneous assimilation of different radiance could not produce further improvement.Finally,the experiments of simultaneous assimilation radiance from multiple satellites indicate that such assimilation may lead to negative effect due to accumulative bias when adding various radiance data into the data assimilation system.Thus the assimilation of ATOVS radiance from a single satellite may perform better than that from two or three satellites.     

同化ATOVS不同类型资料对华北一次暴雪模拟的改进试验

针对2007年3月2~5日发生在华北地区的一次降雪过程,采用WRF及其3DVAR同化系统,基于ATOVS卫星的红外和微波3类资料以及常规台站资料和TRMM降水资料进行不同循环同化模拟试验,探讨同化ATOVS资料后WRF模式对此次暴雪过程的模拟效果。结果表明:相对于同化常规资料对此次降水强度和中心位置模拟的正效应,AMSU-A、AMSU-B对降水的模拟改进较小,而HIRS对降水的模拟改进最为显著。同时同化AMSU-B、HIRS和常规资料的组合试验对此次降水模拟的效果改进最大,它有效地调整了风场和湿度场的分布,使得在降水中心及邻近地区对流层低层出现明显的水汽辐合区,显著地增强了降水的模拟效果。     

晨昏轨道微波温度计资料同化对降水定量预报的影响及其对三轨卫星系统的意义

极轨卫星的高级微波温度计(Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A,简称AMSU-A)辐射资料对提高降水定量预报的水平有重要作用.但是极轨卫星的轨道特征导致乘载其上的微波温度计资料在区域同化系统中存在严重缺测.本研究重点分析了晨昏轨道卫星上微波温度计资料同化对墨西哥湾沿岸定量降水预报的重要影响.研究选取了早晨星NOAA-15、上午星MetOp-A和下午星NOAA-18,利用美国NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)的业务同化系GSI(Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation)资料同化系统,进行了加和不加NOAA-15 AMSU-A资料的两组资料同化和预报试验,来阐明晨昏轨道卫星上微波温度计资料同化对墨西哥湾沿岸降水预报的重要影响.试验结果分析表明如果仅同化NOAA-18和MetOp-A资料,在协调世界时00:00和12:00的同化时间,在墨西哥湾和美国西部大陆就是卫星观测资料缺测区,而早晨星NOAA-15资料正好可以填补这个资料空缺.模式预报也表明,同化NOAA-15的AMSU-A资料可以对墨西哥湾降水有持续的正影响.这一研究证明了保持有搭载着AMSU-A或者相似仪器的早晨星,对区域降水预报的重要性.由于目前NOAA-15是唯一的一颗正在运行的、已远超过其正常运行期的早晨星,通过技术手段维持NOAA-15的AMSU-A仪器更超长期运行也就特别重要.     

WRF-EnSRF卫星资料同化模块的构建研究

为加强国内卫星资料在同化系统中的应用,在自主构建的新一代WRF-EnSRF同化系统中,采用RTTOV辐射传输模式作为观测算子,并建立卫星资料读取、偏差订正及质量控制等子模块,构建出WRF-EnSRF卫星资料同化系统.运用该同化系统,同时同化NOAA-16的AMSU-A和AMSU-B的辐射率资料,进行华南暴雨过程的卫星资料同化数值模拟试验.试验结果表明:偏差订正后亮温资料拟合结果基本位于主对角线上,偏差有所降低.从TS评分看,同化试验对中雨及大雨部分的降水落区以及暴雨级别以上的降水强度的模拟效果有改善.试验证明,建立的卫星同化系统是可运行的.     

不同卫星微波遥感资料同化对台风路径模拟的影响

本文以2015年13号超强台风“苏迪罗”为个例,利用WRF模式及其3DVar同化系统对NOAA15、NOAA18和NOAA19的AMSU-A微波遥感资料分别同化及组合同化,探究同化不同卫星的同一种微波遥感资料对于台风路径模拟效果的影响。结果表明:同化不同卫星的同一种微波遥感资料对于台风路径模拟具有不同的调整,本文中NOAA15的同化效果最好,其次是NOAA18,最后是NOAA19;同时同化NOAA15、NOAA18和NOAA19的AMSU-A资料并没有取得最好的同化效果,而组合NOAA15和NOAA18则取得了最好的同化效果,即不是同化的卫星数量越多,同化效果越好;同化试验3个时刻的增量场表明同化不同卫星的同一种微波遥感资料对物理场具有不同的调整,这与其对台风模拟路径的调整有着较好的对应,相对于温度场、海平面气压场、位势高度场和风场的增量结构与模拟台风路径的调整更为密切。     

AMSU资料变分同化及在暴雨数值模拟中的应用研究

在中尺度数值模拟中,利用中国气象科学研究院数值天气预报创新基地开发的GRAPES三维变分同化系统,对AMSU-A/B微波遥感资料进行了同化试验,研究了这种资料在我国夏季暴雨数值预报中的作用。以2003年7月4日的一次暴雨过程为例,分析了同化结果及模拟结果,结果表明:(1)单独同化AMSU-A资料主要改进了初始温度场,而单独同化AMSU-B资料主要改进了初始湿度场;(2)无论是同化AMSU-A资料还是同化AMSU-B资料,对暴雨预报都有一定的改进作用,但是同化AMSU-B资料的改进作用更明显;(3)同时同化AMSU-A/B资料比只使用其中一种资料的模拟效果好,可以更好地改进模拟的暴雨落区及强度,使结果与实况更加接近。使用AMSU资料,对我国夏季暴雨数值预报有改进作用。     

ATOVS资料在淮河暴雨预报中的同化应用研究

ATOVS资料的获取弥补了测站稀少地区常规观测资料的不足,尤其是有云条件下的温湿资料,这两种资料对于模式的降水预报极为重要。采用T213-SSI业务系统,对全球NOAA16、17的ATOVS资料进行同化试验,分析了ATOVS资料在极端暴雨天气预报中的应用效果。对2007年7月7—9日发生在淮河流域的一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟研究,设计3种同化方案,对比分析了不同方案的同化模拟结果。试验表明:长期同化AMSU资料,可以改善降水预报,尤其是降水强度的改善明显。通过连续同化,卫星资料能改进大尺度环境场、温湿场和动力场。剔除AMSU-A地面通道及低层700 hPa通道资料的同化效果要优于全部同化,对于暴雨中心的模拟位置、强度有较明显改进,中高层形势场的降水直接影响系统也更加接近实况,温湿场、风场的调整作用尤其明显。     

The Effects of Assimilating Satellite Brightness Temperature and Bogus Data on the Simulation of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008)

Observational and bogus satellite data are directly assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in simulations of Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008). The data assimilation is performed using the Radiative Transfer for TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV) model and the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) technique, with satellite observations taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-16 (NOAA-16) Advanced TIROS Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) system composed of the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A), and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B). Data assimilation experiments are initialized at three different times. Improvements in the numerical simulation of the typhoon are discussed in the context of wind, temperature, pressure, and geopotential fields. The results indicate that assimilation of satellite data can improve both the representation of the initial conditions and the subsequent simulation of the typhoon. Different satellite data have different impacts on the typhoon track. In these simulations, data from AMSU-A play a greater role in improving the simulation of the typhoon than data from AMSU-B or HIRS. Assimilation of satellite data significantly affects the simulation of the subtropical high and the steering of the typhoon by the environmental flow. The subtropical high is enhanced and extends westward in the data assimilation experiments. The background flow therefore steers the typhoon more westward, improving the simulated typhoon track. Although direct assimilation of satellite brightness temperature improves the simulated environmental conditions, it does not significantly improve the simulated intensity of the typhoon. By contrast, initializing the typhoon simulation using bogus data in tandem with satellite data improves not only the environmental conditions but also the simulated inner-core structure of the typhoon. Assimilation of both types of data therefore improves the simulation of both the typhoon track and the typhoon intensity. The results of these experiments offer new insight into improving numerical simulations of typhoons.     

Application of ATOVS microwave radiance assimilation to rainfall prediction in Summer 2004

Experiments are performed in this paper to understand the influence of satellite radiance data on the initial field of a numerical prediction system and rainfall prediction. First, Advanced Microwave Sounder Unit A （AMSU-A） and Unit B （AMSU-B） radiance data are directly used by three-dimensional variational data assimilation to improve the background field of the numerical model. Then, the detailed effect of the radiance data on the background field is analyzed. Secondly, the background field, which is formed by application of Advanced Television and Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder （ATOVS） microwave radiance assimilation, is employed to simulate some heavy rainfall cases. The experiment results show that the assimilation of AMSU-A （B） microwave radiance data has a certain impact on the geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity and flow fields. And the impacts on the background field are mostly similar in the different months in summer. The heavy rainfall experiments reveal that the application of AMSU-A （B） microwave radiance data can improve the rainfall prediction significantly. In particular, the AMSU-A radiance data can significantly enhance the prediction of rainfall above 10 mm within 48 h, and the AMSU-B radiance data can improve the prediction of rainfall above 50 mm within 24 h. The present study confirms that the direct assimilation of satellite radiance data is an effective way to improve the prediction of heavy rainfall in the summer in China.     

利用AMSU分析热带气旋结构特征

搭载在美国新一代极轨业务系列气象卫星上的先进的微波探测器 (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit , AMSU) 提供了对于大气中温度、湿度以及云雨分布特征的探测能力。 研究选择 2003 年发生在西北太平洋上的多个热带气旋个例, 利用 NOAA16/17 卫星的 AMSU 数据分析热带气旋热力及云雨结构特征, 结果显示: 热带气旋中心的增暖在 AMSU-A 微波温度观测表现显著, 特别是在对流层上层通道尤其明显; AMSU 观测热带气旋中心增暖与强度相关性统计分析显示, 两者相关性达 0.778; AMSU-B 高频通道可以揭示热带气旋的云雨结构分布和对流发展旺盛情况, 分析显示热带气旋云雨结构变化与气旋强度密切相关, 气旋强度滞后于系统对流过程的发展 。     

基于DVB-S数据共享平台的NOAA/ATOVS资料获取、处理与显示系统

充分利用国家科技部大力推行的DVB-S共享数据平台,加强气象卫星遥感数据的广泛应用,特别是发挥卫星垂直探测器(ATOVS)资料在我国数值天气预报以及监测重大灾害性天气系统中的作用。该文介绍了基于DVB-S系统的NOAA/ATOVS资料的处理、分析与显示系统的概况及主要功能,并以2005年7月人们关注的台风“海棠”为个例,展示了利用该系统在监测和分析台风或强对流天气时的独特优势。该系统的建立,将解决省、地气象部门不能实时获取ATOVS资料的问题,并将推动ATOVS资料在气象以及相关部门的实际应用。     

基于DVB-S数据共享平台的NOAA/ATOVS资料获取、处理与显示系统

充分利用国家科技部大力推行的DVB-S共享数据平台, 加强气象卫星遥感数据的广泛应用, 特别是发挥卫星垂直探测器 (ATOVS) 资料在我国数值天气预报以及监测重大灾害性天气系统中的作用。该文介绍了基于DVB-S系统的NOAA/ATOVS资料的处理、分析与显示系统的概况及主要功能, 并以2005年7月人们关注的台风“海棠”为个例, 展示了利用该系统在监测和分析台风或强对流天气时的独特优势。该系统的建立, 将解决省、地气象部门不能实时获取ATOVS资料的问题, 并将推动ATOVS资料在气象以及相关部门的实际应用。     

Application of direct assimilation of ATOVS microwave radiances to typhoon track prediction

In order to solve the difficult problem of typhoon track prediction due to the sparsity of conventionaldata over the tropical ocean, in this paper, the No. 0205 typhoon Rammasun of 4-6 July 2002 is studiedand an experiment of the typhoon track prediction is made with the direct use of the Advanced TIROS-NOperational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) microwave radiance data in three-dimensional variational dataassimilation. The prediction result shows that the experiment with the ATOVS microwave radiance datacan not only successfully predict the observed fact that typhoon Rammasun moves northward and turnsright, but can also simulate the action of the fast movement of the typhoon, which cannot be simulated withonly conventional radiosonde data. The skill of the typhoon track prediction with the ATOVS microwaveradiance data is much better than that without the ATOVS data. The typhoon track prediction of theformer scheme is consistent in time and in location with the observation. The direct assimilation of ATOVSmicrowave radiance data is an available way to solve the problem of the sparse observation data over thetropical ocean, and has great potential in being applied to typhoon track prediction.