Prediction of the phase state of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Mesozoic deposits of northwestern Siberia

The phase state of hydrocarbon accumulations was predicted using recent drilling data for three oil and gas complexes of the northern regions of the West Siberian petroliferous basin: Lower and Middle Jurassic, Upper Jurassic, and Berriasian-lower Valanginian (Achimov member); these results were compiled in simplified maps presented in the paper. In order to develop a plausible model and distinguish the zones of hydrocarbon accumulation of various phase states, we analyzed and systematized the existing concepts on the distribution of oil, oil-gas condensate, and gas condensate pools in the Mesozoic sequences of this region, types of organic matter in rocks, and stages of catagenetic alterations. Based on the data of the Tyumen SG-6 superdeep well, the oil-generating capacity of source deposits was assessed. Three zones differing in the phase state of hydrocarbons, oil, gas condensate-oil (transitional), and gas condensate, were distinguished in the map of the distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Early-Middle Jurassic petroliferous complex of northwestern Siberia. Only two zones of hydrocarbon accumulations, oil and transitional, were detected in the Late Jurassic complex of the Nadym-Taz and Ust’-Yenisei regions. The same zones but within different boundaries were distinguished in the Achimov sequence. In contrast to the Jurassic beds, the zone of occurrence of oil accumulations in the Achimov member occupies a larger area and extends further north. In terms of density, the oils of the Achimov deposits were subdivided into three types: ultralight, light, and medium. The zones of their occurrence are shown in the map. Original Russian Text ? S.A. Punanova, T.L. Vinogradova, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 983–995.     

岩体初始地应力场分析方法研究

初始地应力场是影响岩土工程稳定性的重要因素之一,如何合理地模拟初始地应力场一直是岩体力学中的重要研究课题。以国内某大型水利水电工程构筑区域实测空间地应力资料为基础,以边界位移为控制对象,采用有限元（无界元）方法对工程区大范围内的岩体初始地应力场进行了分析和研究。尝试在实际边界上满足无穷远处位移为0的模型边界上引入了无界单元,实测点上的应力拟合结果有较明显的改善,这表明所采用的方法是切实可行和有效的。     

基于有限区间联系云的围岩稳定性评价模型

围岩稳定性评价指标分布具有有限区间分布和等级边界模糊特性。基于联系数理论和云理论的耦合方法,探讨了能考虑指标区间分布特点和级别界限模糊转换特性的围岩稳定性分类联系云模型。首先探讨了有限区间内的联系云模型,以描述有限区间内的围岩稳定性分类指标的模糊性和转换态势,结合样本指标权重和联系概率概念分析实测评价指标对各等级的综合确定度,判定了样本的围岩稳定性级别。实例应用和与其他方法对比分析结果表明,该模型应用于围岩稳定性评价是有效可行的,取得较好效果,且弥补了理想云模型不能整体描述有限区间分布的指标间确定和不确定关系的缺陷,拓广了云模型应用的适应性。     

基于模糊层次分析方法的泥质有效低熟气源岩评价

在特定地质背景下,低熟气可以聚集成藏。由于沉积盆地的古环境、母质类型及有机质演化程度的不同,仅以低熟气源岩物理化学性质为侧重点的烃源岩评价方法很难对不同沉积盆地中的烃源岩的生烃潜力进行相对优劣排序。因此,为了快速有效评价低熟气源岩的生烃潜力,分析了w(TOC)、I_H、w("A")等10个因素对气源岩生气能力的影响,建立有效低熟气源岩评价指标体系。并运用层次分析法和模糊数学,建立低熟气源岩生烃潜力评价模型。应用此模型对乌连戈伊气田进行了生烃潜力评价,评价结果表明:Achimov气藏、Bazhenov气藏、Vasyugan气藏、Pokur气藏烃源岩是低熟气源岩;Neocomian气藏和Tyumen气藏烃源岩介于低熟气源岩和常规气源岩之间;Tampey气藏烃源岩属于常规气源岩。这与Galimov所得结论是完全吻合的,说明模型的评价结果是可靠的,可以实现低熟气源岩的综合评价,值得推广应用。     

Effect of Surcharge on the Stability of Anchored Rock Slope with Water Filled Tension Crack under Seismic Loading Condition

In this paper, an analytical expression is derived for the factor of safety of the rock slope incorporating most of the practically occurring destabilizing forces as well as the external stabilizing force through an anchoring system. The slope stability is analyzed as a two-dimensional problem, considering a slice of unit thickness through the slope and assuming negligible resistance to sliding at the lateral boundaries of the sliding block. A detailed parametric study is presented to investigate the effect of surcharge on the stability of the rock slope for practical ranges of governing parameters such as inclination of the slope face, inclination of the failure plane, depth of tension crack, depth of water in tension crack, shear strength parameters of the material at the failure plane, unit weight of rock, stabilizing force and its inclination, and seismic load. For the range of parameters considered in the present study, it is found that the factor of safety of the rock slope decreases with increase in surcharge; the rate of decrease being relatively higher for lower values of surcharge. It is also observed that for a specific surcharge, the factor of safety depends significantly on all other parameters, except for unit weight of rock and higher values of inclination of stabilizing force to the normal at the failure plane. For any combination of these variables, the surcharge plays a vital role in the stability. A perfectly stable slope at relatively low surcharge can become unsafe with the increase in surcharge. The deterioration in the stability can be quite rapid, depending on the combination of the factors under consideration. The analysis and the general expression proposed herein can be used to carry out a quantitative assessment of the stability of the rock slopes.     

边界条件对碎石层降温效果及机理的影响

对平均粒径为22.1 cm, 厚度1.3 m, 边界为开放和封闭的碎石层进行了一系列的实验. 从环境温度为最高和最低时刻封闭碎石层内的温度和速度分布可知: 当碎石层上表面温度低于下表面时,碎石层自下向上的散热由空气对流和碎石间的热传导来完成; 当上表面温度高于下表面时, 自上向下传递的热量由碎石接触面间的热传导完成, 此时, 由于其内部的空气几乎静止, 能阻隔热量的传入, 因此封闭边界的碎石层具有热半导体特性. 而开放边界的碎石层, 当平均温度为 0.5℃的空气从上表面吹过时, 碎石体内的热量传递主要是靠强迫对流来完成, 热半导体效果不明显, 不利于使其下面的冻土降温.     

Reconstructing fluvial bar surfaces from compound cross‐strata and the interpretation of bar accretion direction in large river deposits

The interpretation of fluvial styles from the rock record is based for a significant part on the identification of different types of fluvial bars, characterized by the geometric relationship between structures indicative of palaeocurrent and surfaces interpreted as indicative of bar form and bar accretion direction. These surfaces of bar accretion are the boundaries of flood‐related bar increment elements, which are typically less abundant in outcrops than what would be desirable, particularly in large river deposits in which each flood mobilizes large volumes of sediment, causing flood‐increment boundary surfaces to be widely spaced. Cross‐strata set boundaries, on the other hand, are abundant and indirectly reflect the process of unit bar accretion, inclined due to the combined effect of the unit bar surface inclination and the individual bedform climbing angle, in turn controlled by changes in flow structure caused by local bar‐scale morphology. This work presents a new method to deduce the geometry of unit bar surfaces from measured pairs of cross‐strata and cross‐strata set boundaries. The method can be used in the absence of abundant flood‐increment bounding surfaces; the study of real cases shows that, for both downstream and laterally accreting bars, the reconstructed planes are very similar to measured bar increment surfaces.     

论碳酸盐岩现代风化壳和古风化壳

从地质学关于风化作用的基本原理和观点出发,结合作者以往的研究成果,进一步论述了碳酸盐岩现代和古风化壳形成和基本特征问题; 运用“将今论古”地质学基本方法,应用作者关于溶蚀- 交代由基岩到土体等体积成土作用的理论,解决了100多年以来铝土矿地质学家一直争论不休的钙红土成因的铝土矿的物源问题;研究指出,碳酸盐岩风化壳是一种耗散结构系统,组成该系统的各单元构成一个整体、且具有不可替代的功能和作用; 作者特别强调了水- 岩、岩- 土界面上溶滤层的关键作用,据此从成因上解释了红粘土为何具有高孔隙(孔隙度、孔隙比)特性。      

济阳坳陷优质烃源岩特征与隐蔽油气藏的关系分析

通过对济阳坳陷优质烃源岩的研究,尝试建立勘探中、后期烃源岩研究的流程和工作方法。结合大量的分析资料,建立了本区优质烃源岩的评价标准,该标准可适用于中国的陆相断陷湖盆研究。对烃源岩的生排烃特征模拟结果表明,普通烃源岩、优质烃源岩以及有机质富集层三种不同类型的烃源岩生烃时间基本相同,但在排烃方面三者区别较大,普通烃源岩开始排烃最晚,优质烃源岩次之,而有机质富集层则最早进入排烃阶段。本区优质烃源岩的分布与隐蔽油气藏密切相关。沙四上亚段和沙三下亚段是本区广泛分布优质烃源岩的重点层位,它们与隐蔽油气藏的关系非常密切。优质烃源的分布直接或间接地决定了隐蔽油气藏勘探的成功率。对东营凹陷和沾化凹陷已经发现的隐蔽油气藏油气源的分析结果表明,在沾化凹陷,隐蔽油气藏主要以沙三段下部优质烃源岩为主。但罗家油田原油则是以沙四上亚段和沙三下亚段的碳酸盐岩源岩层所生成的混源油为主。沙四上亚段烃源岩主要形成地层性的隐蔽油气藏,而沙三下亚段烃源岩和沙四上亚段烃源岩均可以形成岩性型油气藏。在此基础上,建立了坳陷不同位置与其烃源岩和油气运移特点相关的隐蔽油气藏形成模式图。     

岩体风化卸荷数值判别

风化作用和卸荷作用都会导致岩体破碎。在探硐腰线上测试岩体的纵波速度和岩石的回弹值,并对测得的纵波速度和回弹值分别进行聚类分析,分成不同的数据组。根据风化与卸荷的本质特征,无论岩体风化还是卸荷,其纵波速度都存在级差;但风化岩体回弹值存在级差,卸荷岩体回弹值不存在级差。利用玻尔兹曼函数数学模型,通过拟合计算分析纵波速度和回弹值,对岩体风化与卸荷进行数值判别,并进一步定量划分风化带与卸荷带,确定带的界线。实例应用结果表明：该数值判别方法操作简易,能科学客观地判别风化与卸荷,精确确定风化带与卸荷带的界线,定量解决工程地质问题。     

Microplane damage model for jointed rock masses

The paper presents a new microplane constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of jointed rock masses that takes into account the mechanical behavior and geometric characteristics of cracks and joints. The basic idea is that the microplane modeling of rock masses under general triaxial loading, including compression, requires the isotropic rock matrix and the joints to be considered as two distinct phases coupled in parallel. A joint continuity factor is defined as a microplane damage variable to represent the stress‐carrying area fraction of the joint phase. Based on the assumption of parallel coupling between the rock joint and the rock matrix, the overall mechanical behavior of the rock is characterized by microplane constitutive laws for the rock matrix and for the rock joints, along with an evolution law for the microplane joint continuity factor. The inelastic response of the rock matrix and the rock joints is controlled on the microplane level by the stress–strain boundaries. Based on the arguments enunciated in developing the new microplane model M7 for concrete, the previously used volumetric–deviatoric splits of the elastic strains and of the tensile boundary are avoided. The boundaries are tensile normal, compressive normal, and shear. The numerical simulations demonstrate satisfactory fits of published triaxial test data on sandstone and on jointed plaster mortar, including quintessential features such as the strain softening and dilatancy under low confining pressure, as well as the brittle–ductile transition under higher confining pressure, and the decrease of jointed rock strength and Young's modulus with an increasing dip angle of the joint. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低应力区岩石变形记忆效应形成机制及失忆性

地应力信息储存于开挖后的岩石中,变形率变化法(DRA)是基于岩石变形记忆效应测量地应力的方法,正确的机制是认识变形记忆效应与推广、改进DRA法的基础。传统推测的机制并不能解释低应力区存在变形记忆效应及失忆性等现象。首先进行火山沉积岩试样的物理试验,证明低应力区仍然存在变形记忆效应,记忆信息可同时采用侧向应变及轴向应变测量,两者精度一致。提出在低应力区,岩石变形记忆效应机制为微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动。基于此机制,采用弹性元件、黏性元件和圣维南体构建相应的轴对称理论基本单元模型及多接触面理论模型。进行不同放置时间下的单轴循环压缩试验。结果表明,由轴对称理论模型可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应、侧向DRA曲线与轴向DRA曲线准确度一致且在记忆信息处向上弯曲等、并对失忆性现象进行了初探。理论模型与物理试验结果一致,由此证明微裂纹接触面及颗粒接触面的摩擦滑动可以得到低应力区岩石变形记忆效应。同时,理论模型及物理试验结果为提高DRA法的测量准确度提供了依据。     

地下矿山裂隙岩体结构均质区三维划分方法研究

针对现有岩体结构均质区划分方法应用于地下矿山时存在细节辨识能力偏弱等问题,开展地下矿山岩体结构均质区三维精确划分方法研究。以广西铜坑矿锌多金属矿体3^#矿块为例,从岩体空间结构展布特性出发,构建由确定性与随机性结构面耦合的裂隙岩体三维模型;将岩体模型正交网格离散化,并选取模型网格子区的块体化程度值为均质区划分判据;利用K-means算法衡量不同数据源(网格)的相似性,结合误差平方和(SSE)度量聚类质量;最后重构三维岩体结构均质区,形成了一种地下矿山岩体结构均质区三维划分方法。研究成果表明:利用该方法能够从三维角度精确划分地下矿山岩体结构均质区,可为后续岩体质量评价及岩体离散元模拟的模型构建等工作提供有益参考。     

A proposal for time‐stratigraphic subdivision of the Australian Precambrian

Sufficient stratigraphic and radiometric data are now available to provide the basis for a time‐stratigraphic subdivision of the Precambrian in Australia.

The data show that a major stratigraphic break occurred from about 2,600 to 2,300 m.y. and another at about 1,800 m.y., and that igneous activity was widespread from 2,700 to 2,600 m.y., and at about 1,800 m.y. and 1,500 m.y. Three largely unmetamorphosed rock sequences represent most of the time‐interval from 2,300 m.y., to the start of the Cambrian.

The terms Archaean and Proterozoic are tentatively retained with a boundary dated at or before about 2,300 m.y. Time‐rock subdivision of the Proterozoic is proposed in terms of the three unmetamorphosed rock sequences deposited after 2,300 m.y. The oldest time‐rock unit is to be defined from the Hamersley Range area of Western Australia and is tentatively named the Lower Proterozoic ("Nullaginian") System with a base dated at about 2,300 m.y. The other units are the Carpentarian and Adelaidean Systems which have bases dated at about 1,800 m.y. and 1,400 m.y., respectively. The top of the Adelaidean System is defined by the base of the Cambrian.

The boundaries between the proposed time‐rock units have ages comparable with those of boundaries between some overseas Precambrian subdivisions based on plutonic events.     

岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法研究

数值计算中利用随机分布对各单元赋予不同的物理力学参数来考虑岩石的非均质性,赋值过程是纯随机的,并没有考虑岩石矿物组成的结构特征。故提出一种新的岩石非均质参数赋值方法--岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法,基于岩石矿物种类及其含量定义细胞元类别判定区间,利用Monte Carlo方法对各个细胞元进行矿物类别判定,并进行相应的参数赋值,通过各矿物细胞元的随机混合体来描述岩石的非均质性。该方法既考虑了组成岩石的矿物种类及其含量（结构特征）,又考虑了组成矿物在岩石中的随机分布特征。针对矿物分布的随机特征,利用两矿物细胞元混合模型和三矿物细胞元混合模型进行数值试验,研究了矿物细胞元随机分布特征对岩石宏观力学参数的影响。研究结果表明,岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法具有结构性和随机性的双重特性,其随机性不依赖于随机参数,岩石宏观力学参数受细胞元随机性特征的影响很小。     

复杂边界的FLAC二维地质模型构建

FLAC3D是一款优秀的岩土力学分析软件,但其建模效率较低,尤其面对复杂地质条件时,其应用受到一定程度的限制。本文分析了FLAC建模命令的特点,提出一种新的较简单的建模方法,并开发了相应的计算机辅助建模程序,该方法通过坐标变换、复杂边界点坐标均匀化处理、逐列定义子网格坐标,可生成具有复杂边界的地质模型,且便于赋材料参数及应力边界条件参数,有效提高工作效率。     

3D GIS支持下盐腔围岩三维计算模型的生成

目前盐腔围岩蠕变模拟中计算网格生成多是理想化的,并没有充分利用真实探测数据。针对这些问题,提出了一种新的三维计算模型生成方法。借助HalfEdge数据结构,基于研究区域边界、DEM（digital element model,数字高程模型）和钻井数据,构建了研究区域地层三维模型;基于声纳测腔数据构建了盐腔三维模型,并对其进行了拓扑检查与修正;将地层三维模型与盐腔三维模型进行三维空间布尔运算,获取盐腔围岩三维模型;通过对该模型进行三维空间网格离散,得到盐腔围岩四面体网格单元,即数值模拟计算模型。通过该方法构建的三维计算模型,可以为后期盐腔围岩蠕变数值模拟过程提供有效的计算网格,进而可以为盐腔的建造,尤其是安全合理地利用盐腔提供科学依据和技术支持。     

国际前寒武纪地质年代表划分方案研究进展

传统的前寒武纪地质年代表划分方案以全球标准地层年龄（GSSA）为基础,不代表任何特殊的岩石实体,仅以推测的绝对测年值为界线进行单元划分,脱离了客观的岩石记录和地球演化系统,不利于对前寒武纪地球系统的研究。2004年—2008年前寒武纪划分参考方案,以反映地球历史阶段特征的“关键事件”为界线,创建前寒武纪地层划分的“金钉子”,建立客观的、“自然的” 前寒武纪地质年代表,并且通过全球一级事件群把前寒武纪划分为5个宙,即创世宙、冥古宙、太古宙、过渡宙和元古宙。另外,经过综合分析建议将埃迪卡拉纪归到显生宙。因此,对前寒武纪的研究实际上变为对“前埃迪卡拉纪”的研究,使术语“显生宙”在内涵和应用上更加一致。虽然“参考方案”在一定程度上还仅仅是一个理论框架,需要大量的研究去充实和细化,但是对这两种划分方案的系统研究和对比,可以给我国前寒武纪工作者提供重要的研究思路和方向。     

A Microstructure-Based Model to Characterize Micromechanical Parameters Controlling Compressive and Tensile Failure in Crystallized Rock

A discrete element model is proposed to examine rock strength and failure. The model is implemented by UDEC which is developed for this purpose. The material is represented as a collection of irregular-sized deformable particles interacting at their cohesive boundaries. The interface between two adjacent particles is viewed as a flexible contact whose stress–displacement law is assumed to control the material fracture and fragmentation process. To reproduce rock anisotropy, an innovative orthotropic cohesive law is developed for contact which allows the interfacial shear and tensile behaviours to be different from each other. The model is applied to a crystallized igneous rock and the individual and interactional effects of the microstructural parameters on the material compressive and tensile failure response are examined. A new methodical calibration process is also established. It is shown that the model successfully reproduces the rock mechanical behaviour quantitatively and qualitatively. Ultimately, the model is used to understand how and under what circumstances micro-tensile and micro-shear cracking mechanisms control the material failure at different loading paths.