四川盆地及周缘下古生界五峰组龙马溪组页岩岩相分类

基于涪陵焦石坝地区页岩气高产工业气流的推动,四川盆地及其周缘下古生界五峰组龙马溪组页岩已经成为了中国页岩气研究的重点,至今已取得大量相关研究成果,这进一步推动了页岩气研究工作的深入。但作为页岩及页岩气研究的基础--页岩岩相分类这个问题却一直存在明显争议,为此本文全面梳理了国内外页岩岩相分类方案及相关研究,有机结合了国内五峰组龙马溪组页岩的研究和勘探实例,确定了页岩岩相分类的两个核心指标(石英百分含量、纹层发育程度),构建了五峰组龙马溪组页岩岩相的分类流程,建立了9种不同类型的页岩岩相：(1)贫硅不平行纹层页岩;(2)中硅不平行纹层页岩;(3)富硅不平行纹层页岩;(4)贫硅平行纹层页岩;(5)中硅平行纹层页岩;(6)富硅平行纹层页岩;(7)贫硅不明显纹层页岩;(8)中硅不明显纹层页岩;(9)富硅不明显纹层页岩。在系统的页岩岩相分类基础上进一步提出了四川盆地及周缘进行页岩气勘探最有利层段的页岩岩相的三高特征：高石英含量、高TOC含量及高压裂性。     

四川盆地东南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩基本特征

下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地东南缘最为重要的烃源岩和页岩气勘探层位之一.在岩石学研究的基础上,利用岩石热解、色谱-质谱等分析技术,对研究区龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征进行了系统分析.龙马溪组厚为60 ～ 420 m,主要由8种岩性构成:层状-非层状泥/页岩、白云质粉砂岩、层状钙质泥页岩、泥质粉砂岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥/页岩...     

阿拉善右旗杭乌拉地区下二叠统埋汗哈达组烃源岩特征

通过对阿拉善右旗杭乌拉地区下二叠统埋汗哈达组岩性特征、暗色泥页岩油气地球化学特征研究,总结了烃源岩纵向分布、有机质丰度、干酪根类型和热演化特征。下二叠统埋汗哈达组烃源岩分布层段集中,暗色泥页岩累计厚度160.1 m,占碎屑岩厚度的33.3%。有样品控制的暗色泥页岩厚度94.1 m,w（TOC）平均为0.75%,大于0.3%的样品占93.5%。其中:w（TOC）大于1.0%的好烃源岩厚度22.2 m,占样品控制厚度的23.6%;w（TOC）为0.5%~1.0%的中等烃源岩厚度45.5 m,占48.3%;w（TOC）为0.3%~0.5%的差烃源岩厚度16.5 m,占17.5%。甾烷相对含量具有明显的C₂₇优势,族组分饱和烃含量显著高于芳烃含量,干酪根类型为II型。R_c平均为0.77%,表明干酪根演化进入成熟阶段,最高热解温度（T_max）分布范围为350~550 ℃,属成熟-高成熟阶段。综合评价认为,下二叠统埋汗哈达组具有较好的生烃条件,以生气为主。     

Marginal rocks resembling the estimated bulk composition of the Kiglapait Intrusion

The southern margin of the Kiglapait Intrusion, Labrador, contains fine-grained rocks 5–6 m above a contact with anorthosite of the Nain Complex, and a laminated unit 3 m from the contact Three fine-grained samples and one of the laminated unit have a mean composition closely resembling that previously calculated by summation of the exposed Layered Group. Analyzed values agree closely with the earlier estimates for alkalies, Sr, and Y, thus they support the mineral/liquid partition coefficients previously calculated for these elements and for the rare earth elements. Based on new calculations, the value for ferric oxide is revised to 1.04% from its original value of 1.91%. The new samples are depleted in the incompatible elements titanium and phosphorus, suggesting that they have lost some residual liquid by sidewall fractional crystallization and downward motion of rejected solute. The marginal rocks provide no evidence for repeated injection of magma during Lower Zone time.     

Cyclic sedimentation of the Barren Measures Formation (Damuda Group), Talchir Gondwana basin: Statistical appraisal from borehole logs

The succession of lithofacies of a part of the Barren Measures Formation of the Talchir Gondwana basin has been studied by statistical techniques. The lithologies have been grouped under five facies states viz coarse-, medium-, and fine-grained sandstones, shale and coal for statistical analyses. Markov chain analysis indicates the arrangement of Barren Measures lithofacies in the form of fining upward cycles. A complete cycle consists of conglomerate or coarse-grained sandstone at the base sequentially succeeded by medium-and fine-grained sandstones, shales and coal at the top. The entropy analysis puts the Barren Measures cycles into A-4 type cyclicity, which consists of different proportions of lower, upper and side truncated cycles of lithologic states. Regression analysis indicates a sympathetic relationship between total thickness of strata (net subsidence) and number of cycles and an antipathic relationship between average thickness and number of sedimentary cycles. The cyclic sedimentation of the Barren Measures Formation was controlled by autocyclic process which occurred due to the lateral migration of streams triggered by intrabasinal differential subsidence. In many instances, the clastic sediments from the laterally migrating rivers interrupted the cyclic sedimentation resulting in thinner cycles in areas where the number of cycles are more. Principal component and multivariate regression analyses suggest that the net subsidence of the basin is mostly controlled by the thickness of sandstones, shale beds and coal stringers.     

吐哈盆地大河沿地区塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩特征

通过野外露头详细观察、薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析、微量元素分析等技术,对大河沿地区塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩矿物成分、沉积构造、岩性岩相类型及沉积环境进行研究。结果表明:塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩矿物成分以石英和方解石为主,含少量长石及黏土矿物;沉积构造类型包括较强水动力下的粒序层理、小型交错层理、脉状层理以及静水环境下的纹层状构造;以颜色、矿物成分、沉积构造等因素为依据将细粒沉积岩划分为5种岩相,包括灰黑色薄层状混合细粒岩相、深黑色页状黏土岩相、灰黑色纹层状混合细粒岩相、灰色薄层状粉砂岩相、灰白色页状灰岩相;岩石类型包括碳酸盐岩类、细粒长英沉积岩类、细粒混合沉积岩类3种岩石类型。塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩沉积期温暖湿润,整体上属于还原的半咸水-咸水湖盆的产物。     

东营凹陷细粒混积岩发育环境及其岩相组合:以沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒沉积为例

为了进行陆相断陷湖盆泥页岩细粒混积岩有利岩相预测,以指导页岩油气有利目标优选,综合运用岩心、薄片、全岩衍射、元素、古生物等资料,系统进行了东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积环境恢复、岩相精细表征,揭示了沉积环境对岩相及其组合、分布的控制作用.研究表明,东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积期整体上表现为气候由半湿润向湿润转化,自下而上显示碎屑物源输入量在增加、水体水深加大、盐度降低、还原性减弱的过程;有序复杂多变的沉积环境一定程度上控制了泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积组构复杂性,进而控制了细粒混积岩相的多样性、组合和分布规律性.建立基于“岩石组分、沉积构造、灰质结构和有机质丰度”四端元划分方案,将东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩划分为20类,实现了复杂细粒混积岩岩相划分;半湿润少物源条件下,浅湖强还原盐水环境主要发育膏盐、含有机质层状膏质泥岩和含有机质层状泥质灰（云）岩相组合,半深湖强还原咸水环境主要发育富有机质纹层状微晶泥质灰岩和富有机质纹层状灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,半深湖强还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质水平泥晶纹层泥质灰岩和富有机质纹层灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,深湖还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状泥质灰岩夹富有机质层状灰质泥岩相组合;湿润多物源条件下,深湖强还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状泥质灰岩和富有机质层状灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,深湖还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状灰质泥岩夹富有机质层状泥质灰岩相组合.      

Depositional environments of the Triassic system in central Saudi Arabia

Facies analysis of Triassic rocks in central Saudi Arabia indicates a wide expanse of interfingering siliciclastic and carbonate rocks with some evaporites. Eight distinctive sedimentary facies have been recognized. The distribution of these facies show a systematic gradual change in their presumed depositional environments, laterally as well as vertically. The Lower Triassic Sudair facies represents a widespread regressive condition where the Upper Permian marine conditions gave way to the Lower Triassic with predominantly fine clastic deposits representing a restricted shallow marine shelf. This fine-grained clastic facies consists mainly of unfossiliferous, laminated or massive, varicoloured shale with some silty shale, siltstone and very fine-to fine-grained sandstone. The facies is highly calcareous and gypsiferous in the northern area. A belt of Middle Triassic rocks of mostly non-marine sandstone with some shale is present in the southern area passing into mixed siliciclastic-carbonate facies of continental aspect with some intermittent emergence and nearshore conditions in the central area. This facies grades in the northern area into carbonate-evaporite facies of restricted to more open marine shelf conditions. Thick siliciclastic deposits characterize the Upper Triassic Minjur facies, where a uniform repeated fining-upward sequence of mainly sandstone and some shale developed in a non-marine environment with some intermittent emergence in the northern area.     

鄂尔多斯盆地长7段细粒沉积岩特征与古环境——以铜川地区瑶页1井为例

三叠系延长组长7段是鄂尔多斯盆地中生界重要的烃源岩层系。为探究长7段细粒沉积岩发育特征、沉积环境及有机质富集控制因素,以盆地南缘瑶页1井为例,运用X射线衍射、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、XRF成像等方法,对长7段细粒沉积岩沉积特征及其纵向演化规律开展系统分析。研究表明,长7段主要发育三种细粒沉积岩类型:块状泥岩、水平纹层状页岩和透镜纹层状页岩。其中块状泥岩主要位于长7段的上部和下部,发育块状构造,石英长石含量较高,黄铁矿多以八面体自形晶产出,判断块状泥岩是高能环境中的产物,水体富氧,不利于有机质的生成和保存,有机质丰度较低。透镜纹层状页岩主要发育于长7段的中部,黄铁矿异常丰富,含有大量火山灰组分;草莓状黄铁矿粒度分布指示水体缺氧但具有一定波动;在较好保存环境和火山营养物质注入的双重作用下,透镜纹层状页岩的平均有机质丰度最高。水平纹层状页岩则多位于长7段中上部,以"有机质+黏土"或"有机质+黏土+火山灰"的结构产出,黄铁矿粒度分析指示沉积环境安静,水体缺氧,有利于有机质保存,有机质丰度介于块状泥岩和透镜纹层状页岩之间。瑶页1井长7段有机质丰度与黄铁矿含量的高相关性指示铜川地区长7期水体可能具有较高的硫酸盐浓度,硫酸盐的来源可能与湖底热液、海侵、火山喷发等事件相关。     

沧东凹陷孔二段混合细粒沉积岩相特征及形成环境

沧东凹陷孔二段页岩层系广泛发育混合细粒沉积岩.混合细粒沉积岩的岩石类型划分和沉积环境分析是其成因研究的重要组成部分,有助于总结混合细粒沉积岩的沉积规律,寻找有利勘探目标.通过岩心与薄片观察、二维XRF（X射线荧光光谱）扫描,结合XRD（X射线衍射）、元素地球化学测试等资料,以矿物成分和沉积构造为主要依据,将孔二段混合细粒沉积岩划分为21种岩相;通过Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、Sr/Ba、V/（V+Ni）、Al、Ti含量、Fe/Mn和（Fe+Al）/（Ca+Mg）等地球化学指标的垂向变化及岩相分析沉积环境演化.沧东凹陷孔二段混合细粒沉积岩主要发育在气候干旱、微咸水-咸水相、水体贫氧、陆源输入较强的半深湖-深湖环境中;岩相类型的发育同时受到水体的高盐度和陆源输入的影响,均一细粒沉积岩分布最广,其次为灰云细粒沉积岩,黏土细粒沉积岩不发育.      

济阳坳陷下第三系湖相生油岩的微观特征

利用背散射电子成像技术、扫描电镜和能谱分析对山东济阳坳陷下第三系主要湖相生油岩的微观组构、成分特征进行了高分辨率的观察和分析,同时对其中藻类化石丰度进行了定量统计。结果显示,这些生油岩既有共性又有显著的差异。共性表现在它们都具有纹层状构造,而且有机质都特别丰富,呈纹层分布。差异性表现在纹层单元的成分明显不同:富有机质纹层页岩由有机质纹层和粘土矿物纹层组成;钙质纹层页岩则有两种情况:一类由有机质纹层和钙质超微化石纹层组成,另一类由有机质纹层和粗粒方解石纹层组成,粗粒方解石中含有钙质超微化石;钙质纹层泥岩由细粒方解石纹层和含有机质的粘土矿物纹层组成。生油岩中有机质的分布也有两种形式:一类是有机质纹层,另一类则是藻类化石层,如沟鞭藻化石层和钙质超微化石 (颗石藻 )层.     

Subduction of solar-type noble gases from extraterrestrial dust: constraints from high-pressure low-temperature metamorphic deep-sea sediments

Solar-type helium (He) and neon (Ne) in the Earths mantle were suggested to be the result of solar-wind loaded extraterrestrial dust that accumulated in deep-sea sediments and was subducted into the Earths mantle. To obtain additional constraints on this hypothesis, we analysed He, Ne and argon (Ar) in high pressure–low temperature metamorphic rocks representing equivalents of former pelagic clays and cherts from Andros (Cyclades, Greece) and Laytonville (California, USA). While the metasediments contain significant amounts of ⁴He, ²¹Ne and ⁴⁰Ar due to U, Th and K decay, no solar-type primordial noble gases were observed. Most of these were obviously lost during metamorphism preceding 30 km subduction depth. We also analysed magnetic fines from two Pacific ODP drillcore samples, which contain solar-type He and Ne dominated by solar energetic particles (SEP). The existing noble gas isotope data of deep-sea floor magnetic fines and interplanetary dust particles demonstrate that a considerable fraction of the extraterrestrial dust reaching the Earth has lost solar wind (SW) ions implanted at low energies, leading to a preferential occurrence of deeply implanted SEP He and Ne, fractionated He/Ne ratios and measurable traces of spallogenic isotopes. This effect is most probably caused by larger particles, as these suffer more severe atmospheric entry heating and surface ablation. Only sufficiently fine-grained dust may retain the original unfractionated solar composition that is characteristic for the Earths mantle He and Ne. Hence, in addition to the problem of metamorphic loss of solar noble gases during subduction, the isotopic and elemental fractionation during atmospheric entry heating is a further restriction for possible subduction hypotheses.     

Teacher''s Aide: Geologic Characteristics of Hole-Effect Variograms Calculated from Lithology-Indicator Variables

Variograms calculated from binary variables, such as from two lithologies, tend to show sinusoidal forms with decreasing amplitudes for increasing lag distances. This cyclicity is observed often when analyzing drill-hole data for rock sequences with alternating lithologies, and the variograms are thus labeled hole-effect variograms. Such variograms show a variety of forms: (1) Low to moderate variation in lithologic-body dimensions causes variograms to have strong cyclicity with decaying amplitude. (2) Variograms with one or more peaks and troughs usually result from a binary variable for which lithologies are about equally abundant but possibly large variations exist in the size of lithologic bodies. (3) Variograms show poor cyclicity if one lithology has highly variable body sizes and the other has moderately variable body dimensions. (4) Variograms that attain a plateau at short lag distances represent extremely high or low sandstone fraction, high variability in size of the most abundant lithology, and low variability in the other. Information about the dimensions of lithologic bodies makes it possible to approximate characteristics of the variogram of the lithology variable without numerous wells. Conversely, a hole-effect variogram of lithology may be used to estimate lithologic dimensions.     

基于大数据的基性-超基性岩定量分类及成矿预测研究——以北山地区为例

岩浆岩分类是研究岩浆岩成因及其成矿作用的基础,传统的岩浆岩二维图解分类方法,因仅有个别元素参与分类、岩石矿物学定名无法保证统一性等因素,其分类结果不够精确。本文基于地质大数据研究基本思想、方法,应用多元统计"聚类分析"和"判别分析"的算法,分别构建起"北山地区基性-超基性岩氧化物定量分类系列模型"和"北山地区基性-超基性岩氧化物+微量元素定量分类系列模型"。前者将北山地区406件基性-超基性岩样本,在10个氧化物变量空间分为2大类共9个小类,其中89%的含矿样本分布在占总样本量44%的3个小类中。后者将北山地区266件基性-超基性岩样本,在34个氧化物及微量元素变量空间分为2大类共8个小类,其中98%的含矿样本分布在占总样本量33%的2个小类中,且81%的含矿样本分布在仅占总样本量21%的Ⅰ222分类中,在该分类中含矿样本数占该分类样本的61%,则有理由认为剩余39%的样本所在岩体为找矿的有利岩体。上述二个模型分类结果中含矿样本对定量分类的高度选择性,充分证明所建定量分类系列模型对北山地区基性-超基性岩成矿岩体分类的高度有效性,为北山地区基性-超基性岩成矿岩体预测研究提供了依据。     

火山—热液作用相关细粒沉积岩研究现状及前沿探索

陆相细粒沉积岩是中国含油气盆地中重要的烃源岩和致密油储集层。随着对烃源岩、致密油、页岩油-气勘探开发研究的不断深入,陆相细粒沉积岩取得了一系列重要进展并持续进行着前沿探索。作者论述了传统细粒沉积岩基本概念及演变,岩石、矿物组成特征、成因机制与分类方法。结合近年来在陆内裂谷盆地陆相细粒沉积岩中广泛分布的火山—热液物质的新报道及研究成果,认为火山物质、热液喷流物质不仅参与了陆相黑色细粒岩系的沉积和成岩作用,也与油气生成有密切关系。加强对陆相细粒沉积研究,探讨深源碎屑及热液流体的来源及其对细粒沉积过程的影响,既有利于丰富、完善沉积学和陆相含油气盆地生油理论,也有利于更好地指导致密油、页岩油-气的勘探开发。     

Lithofacies and Pore Structure of Fine-grained SedimentaryRocks of Qing-1 Member of Cretaceous in the SouthernSongliao Basin

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks often contain hydrocarbon and mineral resources.Compared with coarse-grained sedimentary rocks,fine-grained sedimentary rocks are less studied.To elucidate the lithofacies and pore structure of lacustrine fine-grained rocks,the 340.6 m continuous core of Cretaceous Qing-1 Member from five wells in the southern central depression of the Songliao Basin was analyzed using X-ray diffraction,Rock-Eval pyrolysis,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption,high-pressure mercury injection,argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy,and laser scanning confocal microscopy.Based on mineral compositions,organic matter abundance and sedimentary structure,lacustrine fine-grained rocks in the study area were divided into ten lithofacies,with their spatial distributions mainly influenced by tectonic cycle,climate cycle and provenance.Furthermore,pore structure characteristics of different lithofacies are summarized.(1)The siliceous mudstone lithofacies with low TOC content and the laminated/layered clay-bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with medium TOC content have the highest proportion of first-class pores (diameter > 100 nm),making it the most favourable lithofacies for the accumulation of shale oil and shale gas.(2)The massive clay-bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with low TOC content has the highest proportion of second-class pores (diameter ranges from 10 to 100 nm),making it a favourable lithofacies for the enrichment of shale gas.(3) The massive clay-bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with high TOC content has the highest proportion of third-class pores (diameter < 10 nm),making it intermediate in gas storage and flow.Laser confocal oil analysis shows that the heavy component of oil is mainly distributed in the clay lamina,while the light part with higher mobility is mainly concentrated in the silty lamina.     

济阳坳陷古近系页岩的纹层组合及成因分类

在济阳坳陷古近系中发育大量湖相页岩及纹层状的碳酸盐岩,页岩类型多样。通过对300多块页岩薄片的显微镜下观察分析表明,这些湖相页岩和纹层状碳酸盐岩均由3种基本纹层构成:富有机质纹层(即富含有机质的黏土矿物纹层)、隐晶碳酸盐纹层和黏土纹层。按纹层组合和比例的不同,可将页岩和纹层状碳酸盐岩系统地划分为黑页岩、钙质纹层页岩、富有机质纹层页岩、泥页岩、钙质页岩、纹层状泥灰岩和纹层状灰岩等7种类型,并尝试提出利用纹层组分划分页岩类型的三角形成因分类方案。由于不同纹层形成的古湖泊条件不同,该分类方案不仅能够反映各种页岩的纹层组成,同时也可反映页岩的成因。     

Application of Correspondence Analysis in the Assessment of Groundwater Chemistry

Correspondence Analysis (CA) was used to determine the sources and processes that may explain the variation observed in datasets of groundwater analyses. The following method was adopted: (1) based on the observation of sympathies and antipathies between loadings signs, correspondence factors were represented by parameters with some pertinent geochemical meaning: (2) the relation between factors and parameters then was checked by Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) where factors acted as independent variables and parameters as dependent variables. Sample scores of the selected parameters gave the ability to separate polluted from nonpolluted waters, identify areas where pollution is dominated by agriculture and areas where contamination is controlled by domestic effluents, and describe weathering and agricultural activities in the sampled area. The practical example presented here anticipates the impact of agriculture and urban pollution on the chemistry of 160 water samples collected in a granitoid area at central Portugal (Fundão).     

陆相咸化湖盆细粒沉积岩分类及其石油地质意义

细粒沉积岩作为地壳表层最多的岩石类型,蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,是近些年油气工业领域研究的一个热点。由于细粒沉积岩主要由粒径小于0.062 5 mm的颗粒或晶体构成,成分多样复杂,导致其岩石类型术语运用混乱,该问题在陆相湖盆细粒沉积岩研究中尤为突出。为了建立科研人员之间清晰、高效的沟通渠道,提出一套三级命名分类方案,由大到小分别为沉积构造、结构与成分、盐组分。首先,按沉积构造分为层状细粒沉积岩和块状细粒沉积岩;然后,根据沉积结构和成分,划分出7种主要岩石类型;最后,根据盐组分再划分陆相湖盆不同演化阶段的岩石类型。该方案基于描述性的属性作为分类的标准,分级逐级描述,具有反映物源、水动力条件、咸化湖盆演化等成因意义。陆相湖盆细粒沉积岩的岩石学分类,不仅有助于理解细粒沉积岩层系中生烃母质类型和丰度的层位归属及演变,而且有助于预测地质“甜点”空间分布等,对细粒沉积岩的油气资源评价、科学优选目标、提升勘探开发整体效益等具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

内蒙古锡林浩特地区中元古代锡林浩特岩群的厘定及其意义

通过大比例尺填图和剖面研究, 将内蒙古锡林浩特地区的"锡林郭勒杂岩"解体分为3大部分: 一套表壳岩、晚元古代基性-超基性侵入岩和早古生代酸性侵入岩.在此基础上根据变质岩的岩性组合和变形变质特点, 可将其中的表壳岩化分为4个岩性段: 黑云(石榴石)斜长片麻岩, 间夹多层条纹状斜长角闪岩, 在其顶部多见薄层含磁铁石英岩; 中粗粒黑云斜长片麻岩和细粒长英质片麻岩; 混合岩化条带状黑云(角闪)斜长片麻岩, 含石榴石黑云二长片麻岩夹条纹状斜长角闪岩组合; 夕线石黑云斜长片麻岩, 条纹状黑云斜长片麻岩, 间夹含石榴石黑云母石英片岩.通过对比区域内宝音图群、艾勒格庙组、白乃庙群等古老地块的岩石组合, 发现在原岩建造、变质级别、沉积环境等特征上均有区别, 应将这套表壳岩单独厘定为锡林浩特岩群, 它们组成了锡林郭勒微陆块前寒武变质基底岩系, 其地质特征的研究对锡林郭勒微陆块基底的形成和演化及华北板块与西伯利亚板块的构造关系演化有重要意义.