河西走廊水文过程变化对荒漠绿洲过渡带NDVI的影响

在中国干旱区内陆河流域,人为活动几乎控制了所有的地表水文过程,而且人为对水文过程的调控力度随塔里木河、黑河和石羊河流域水资源综合管理等工程的实施而逐渐明显.对人为调控水文过程所引起的绿洲水文与生态变化及其环境效应虽然引起了广泛的关注,但相关研究仍很薄弱.本文研究了地处黑河中游荒漠绿洲边缘的平川灌区绿洲荒漠过渡带水文与生态过程的变化,结果表明,近20年来,特别是自2000年实施国务院确定的黑河分水方案以来,平川灌区河水灌溉量年平均减少1.498×107 m3,井水灌溉量年平均增加1.457×107 m3,分水前地下水埋深变化在2.44~3.19 m,平均(2.73±0.24)m,而分水后地下水埋深变化在3.08~4.01 m,平均(3.79±0.62)m.在空间上表现为埋深3 m的分布区域面积减少,由原来的3612 hm2减少到394 hm2,而埋深3 m的分布区域面积增加,由原来的853 hm2增加到3843 hm2.尽管绿洲的水文过程发生了变化,但尚未对荒漠-绿洲过渡带的植被生产力产生明显影响.     

A case study of spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in the Loess Plateau, western China： A geostatistical approach

Soil moisture distribution shows highly variation both spatially and temporally. This study assesses the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture on a hill-slope scale in the Loess Plateau in West China by using a geostatistical approach. Soil moisture was measured by time-domain reflectometry （TDR） in 313 samples. Two kinds of sampling scales were used （2 × 2 m and 20 ×20 m） at two soil layers （0-30 cm and 30-60 cm）. The general characteristics of soil moisture were analyzed by a classical statistics method, and the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture was analyzed using a geostatistical approach. The results showed that the spherical model is the best-fit model to simulate soil moisture on the experimental hill-slope. The parameters of this model indicated that the spatial dependence of soil moisture in the selected hill-slope was moderate. Even the 2 × 2 m sampling scale was too coarse to show the detailed spatial variances of soil moisture in this area. The dependent distance increased from 27.4 m to 494.16 m as the sampling scale became coarse （from 2× 2 m to 20 ×20 m）. A map of soil moisture was generated by using original soil moisture data and interpolated values determined by the Kriging method. The average soil moisture （area weighted） in the different layers of soil was calculated on the basis of this map （10.94% for the 0-30 cm soil layer, 11.88% for the 30-60 cm soil layer）. This average soil moisture is lower than the corresponding average effective soil moisture, which suggests that the soil moisture is not sufficient to support vegetation in this area.