鲁西南平原区大气干湿沉降元素输入通量及来源浅析:以巨野县为例

大气干湿沉降是农耕区表层土壤中某些元素的主要输入途径,其沉降物质中的重金属等元素对土壤环境质量有着很大的影响。对山东省巨野县大气干湿沉降的调查研究发现,随着近年来区内煤炭开采和化工工业的快速发展,区内大气干湿沉降物质总量有明显升高,显著高于我国其他一些地区。同时,区内重金属元素沉降通量也较高,其中Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni可达我国其他地区的2～3倍。大气沉降物质中Cd、Pb、Hg等的富集程度较高,其富集因子(EF)的高值区与煤炭开采和煤炭化工排放源分布吻合,说明工业区大气干湿沉降是Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属污染元素进入土壤环境的重要途径,工矿业活动对区内大气干湿沉降的增加有重要影响。此外,富集因子显示燃煤尘是大气沉降物及当地土壤S、Se的主要来源,而大气沉降物中Ni、Cr、As主要源自土壤扬尘,Ca和Mg与区内石材开采或水泥制造密切相关。     

长沙、株洲、湘潭三市土壤中重金属元素的来源

为追踪长沙、株洲、湘潭3个城市表层土壤中Cd、As、Pb等重金属元素的来源,分析了土壤、基岩、大气干湿沉降、水、悬浮物等介质之间重金属元素的质量平衡和土壤自身重金属元素含量随时间变化的特点。结果显示,除As外,区内基岩中的重金属元素含量低于克拉克值;残积物中Cd相对基岩贫化,As、Pb、Cu、Hg等重金属元素相对基岩的富集小于3倍;大气干湿沉降重金属元素相对土壤富集了数倍至数十倍;湘江水体主要向沿江潮土提供As、Cd物源:近50年内土壤重金属元素有较高的增加速率。不同介质间重金属元素的质量变化特点支持长沙、株洲、湘潭三市土壤重金属元素富集的主要物源为大气沉降,地表水及悬浮物是沿江湖土重金属元素的主要物源,基岩对土壤提供的物源有限的结论。     

江苏矿山生态地质环境问题及防治对策

全面总结江苏省矿产资源开发利用诱发的各类矿山生态地质环境问题，归纳为环境资源破坏与影响、矿山地质灾害和环境污染三大类型。环境资源破坏与影响有对土地资源、植被资源、地表设施、水资源、矿产资源的破坏和对自然景观、文化遗迹、地质遗迹的影响；矿山地质灾害主要有采空区地面塌陷、采矿滑坡、崩塌、矿坑突水、尾矿库坝基渗漏与溃堤、泥石流和岩溶地面塌陷；环境污染有采矿对地下水、地表水、土壤和大气造成的污染。针对省内的矿山生态地质环境问题，提出相应的防治对策。     

利用原子荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法研究济南市大气干湿沉降重金属含量及年沉降通量特征

大气降尘是地表土壤重金属元素的重要来源,研究大气降尘中重金属元素的地球化学特征并进行源解析对制定污染防控政策具有重要的指导作用。本文采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、X射线荧光光谱法分析济南市大气干湿沉降中8种重金属(砷镉铬铜汞镍铅锌)含量特征;采用相关分析及主成分分析方法对大气干湿沉降重金属进行源解析。结果表明,大气干湿沉降物中镉铬铜汞镍铅锌平均含量分别为2.07 mg/kg、135.9 mg/kg、65.7 mg/kg、218.6μg/kg、110.7 mg/kg、380 mg/kg,显著高于土壤背景值,且富集程度高,明显受人为活动污染。镉铜汞铅主要来源于燃煤,砷铬来源于道路尘,镍来源于土壤,锌来源于交通尘;燃煤和道路尘对大气降尘的贡献率为50.13%,两者是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源。大气干湿沉降对城区表层土壤中镉汞铬铅锌及砷的含量水平影响显著,其中锌年沉降通量最高(均值148 mg·m-2·a-1),汞年沉降通量最低(均值0.085 mg·m-2·a-1),且镉汞含量增长速率较高;大气干湿沉降对砷铬在土壤中的累积影响显著。     

沈阳细河地区土壤镉污染源地球化学研究

镉是一种毒性很大、在自然界中分布广泛的重金属元素。利用辽河流域生态地球化学调查中取得的土壤、大气干湿沉降、灌溉水及农药化肥等样品,对沈阳细河地区土壤中镉污染源进行了甄别及追踪。结果表明: 沈阳细河地区土壤中镉元素污染是由人为源引起,且镉元素污染源主要为污水灌溉、大气降尘及磷肥三种途径。     

安徽省砀山县大气干湿沉降物地球化学特征研究

为了解砀山县大气环境中元素的沉降通量特征,以及对砀山县土壤环境质量的影响,在该地区采集20个大气干湿沉降物样品,计算As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn元素的年沉降通量。结果显示：除As和Cr的含量低于砀山县土壤背景值,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量平均值均高于本县表层土壤元素含量。年沉降通量平均值从大到小依次为Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>As>Cd>Hg,且均远低于全国几何平均值。大气干湿沉降物元素和年沉降通量空间分布均有一定的规律性,高值区主要分布在Q05、Q09、Q10、Q15这四个样点位置。砀山县大气干湿沉降物环境Cd、Hg元素地球化学等级均评价为一等,环境地球化学综合等级为一等,说明砀山县大气环境整体质量较好,在短期内对土壤环境质量影响不大。     

大气污染物向海洋的输入及其生态环境效应

纵观20年来，特别是近几年来逐渐成为生物地球化学循环研究热点之一的大气对海洋物质输入的研究，从大气物质入海通量，大气物质入海对海洋生态系统和环境的影响，大气物质入海的科学研究计划和项目等方面分析了这一领域的研究现状和未来趋势。给出了不同海区各种主要大气入海物质的通量或在同类物质入海总量中的比例，讨论了氮、磷、铁等营养物质和持续性有毒污染物，如PAH、PCBs、杀虫剂和重金属对海洋生态系统和环境的不同影响。     

城市高氮沉降下植物组织游离氨基酸的代谢响应

<正>全球活性氮的释放和大气氮沉降在最近几十年显著增强,中国加剧的氮沉降(近30年由13.2增加到21.1 kg N ha–1 year-1)主要来自于快速增长的能源消耗(机动车和燃煤)和农业、畜牧业发展(化肥、家畜)等。大气氮沉降主要包括气态、气溶胶及降水中的各种化合物,如氮氧化物、氨、硝酸盐和有机氮等。大气氮沉降是生态系统最重要的氮源之一,而大量的可利用活性氮使得水体系统富营养化以及陆地生态系统氮饱     

大庆市大气干湿沉降重金属元素通量及来源

大庆市是我国最大的陆上油田和重要的石油化工基地,开展重金属沉降通量及来源研究对于评估土壤重金属的来源及人类活动对土壤环境的影响具有重要意义。于2008年4月至次年4月采用被动采样技术共收集大气干湿沉降样品17份,配套土壤17份。通过AFS-230E原子荧光光度计法和ICP-AES全谱直读电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测试与分析了样品中的重金属含量,计算了沉降通量和富集因子。元素沉降通量与配套土壤的相关分析结果表明:Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Pb的沉降通量较低,而主要来源于人为污染源的Zn、Pb、As、Cd表现出较强或极强度的富集;土壤Zn、Cd的积累与大气沉降之间具有显著的相关关系。其他元素来源较为复杂,不同地区元素沉降通量之间差异显著。沉降量主要与城市地理位置、气候条件、人口数、工业结构、城市化水平等因素有关。     

天津市城区不同功能区绿地土壤重金属分布特征及来源研究

对天津市中心城区内居住文教区、交通绿化带、工业区、公园、河岸5类功能区的绿地土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn进行了调查研究。结果表明:天津市绿地土壤中重金属累积程度HgCdPbZnCu; As、Cr、Ni平均含量接近背景值。Pb、Zn、Cu、As在工业区绿地土壤中含量最高,Cd、Hg、Ni、Cr在河岸绿地土壤中含量最高。大气沉降是重金属进入绿地土壤的主要途径;大气沉降物质重金属平均含量和土壤背景值的比值与绿地土壤重金属累积系数显著相关。大气重金属沉降量的差异是造成不同功能区绿地土壤重金属差异的主要原因;河岸绿地还受到河道污水灌溉和河道底泥的影响;生产和生活垃圾也可能造成重金属的局部累积。     

Concentrations and possible sources of PAHs in sediments from Bohai Bay and adjacent shelf

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants were investigated in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, North China. Total concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 140.6–300.7 ng/g (dry wt), with an average of 188.0 ng/g. The three predominant PAHs were phenanthrene, acenaphthene and naphthalene. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the north and central Bohai Bay were higher than those of the southern side of this bay. PAHs source analysis suggested that PAHs in most of the sediments were mainly from grass, wood and coal incomplete combustion. At other stations near the estuaries (Luanhe River Estuary and Chaohe River Estuary) or the oil drilling platform, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. The pyrogenic PAHs close to the oil drilling platform were mainly from petroleum combustion.     

Black carbon in soils from different land use areas of Shanghai,China: Level,sources and relationship with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Black carbon (BC) in soils plays a key role of carrying hydrophobic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, little is known about the spatial distribution, sources of BC and its relationship with PAHs in urban soils. We studied BC, total organic carbon (TOC) and PAHs concurrently in 77 soils collected from downtown area, suburban and rural area and industrial area of Shanghai, China. BC was determined by both chemical oxidation (dichromate oxidation, BC_Cr) and chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO-375, BC_CTO). BC sources were identified qualitatively by BC/TOC concentration ratios and BC-cogenerated high molecular weight (HMW) PAH isomer ratios and quantitatively by principal component analysis followed by multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR). Results showed that BC_Cr concentration (4.65 g/kg on average) was significantly higher than BC_CTO (1.91 g/kg on average) in Shanghai soils. BC_Cr concentrations in industrial area were significantly higher than those in other two. Stronger correlation was found between PAHs and TOC, BC_Cr than that between PAHs and BC_CTO, which indicates the possibility of PAHs being carried by charcoal and other organic matters thus negating its exclusive dependence on soot. Charcoal was therefore suggested to be taken into account in studies of BC and its sorption of PAHs. BC/TOC ratios showed a mixed source of biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. PCA scores of BC-cogenerated HMW PAHs isomer ratios in potential sources and soil samples clearly demonstrated that sources of BC in urban soils may fall into two categories: coal and biomass combustion, and traffic (oil combustion and tire wear). PCA-MLR of HMW PAHs concentrations in soil samples indicated that coal and oil combustion had the largest contribution to BC in urban soils while tire wear and biomass combustion were important in downtown and rural area, respectively, which indicated they were main sources of HMW PAHs and presumably of BC.     

多年冻土区土壤多环芳烃污染研究进展

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）是一种难降解、毒性强的致癌性污染物,其广泛分布于各环境介质中,陆地环境中90%的PAHs累积在土壤中。随着资源的开发,由油品泄漏、垃圾渗滤、污水排放等行为造成的多年冻土区PAHs土壤污染问题日益突显,并且在气候变化背景下,多年冻土中的PAHs具有重新释放而造成二次污染的风险,多年冻土区土壤多环芳烃污染分布特征和迁移规律研究对评估多年冻土区生态环境风险,防治土壤持久性有机物污染,保障广大多年冻土居民生命健康安全具有重要意义。通过回顾目前国内外多年冻土区土壤中PAHs污染的相关研究,分析发现多年冻土区未受污染的土壤中PAHs的污染水平远低于中低纬度人口密集区域,可代表地球土壤中PAHs的背景值;高纬度或高海拔的地理位置以及严寒的气候使得冻土区土壤中PAHs一个普遍且最重要的来源是大气远距离传输;活动层的冻融作用主要通过改变土壤理化性质和控制水分运移方向影响PAHs在多年冻土区土壤中的垂向分布特征,多年冻土的低渗透性具有阻碍PAHs垂向迁移的作用。综合分析已有研究成果,表明目前冻土区土壤PAHs污染研究还是大量集中于表层土壤中的污染分布调查和来源解析,而关于PAHs在活动层和多年冻土层中的垂向迁移研究还仅限于对其在土壤剖面中分布状况的解释性分析,冻融作用对PAHs在土壤中的迁移、转化和归宿的影响机制还不清楚。未来多年冻土区土壤中PAHs的研究将集中于迁移转化机理与污染治理技术两方面,针对PAHs在多年冻土区土壤中迁移行为的模拟模型亟待研究开发,以实现PAHs污染储量和迁移通量的定量预测;此外,多年冻土区土壤污染问题的深入研究还需要紧密联系多圈层、多界面、多介质、多要素以及多目标污染物而开展。     

山东半岛典型海岸带多环芳烃分布特征、来源解析及风险评价

山东半岛海岸带面临着各类复杂的环境问题,尤其是受到了多环芳烃(PAHs)等持久性有机物的污染,本文研究了整个山东半岛典型海岸带62个站点表层沉积物中PAHs的含量及其分布特征,并对其来源和潜在风险进行解析与评价。研究表明,该地区表层沉积物中16种PAHs总含量为0.06~3191.40 ng/g(平均值262.08 ng/g),与国内外海岸带相比,山东半岛海岸带表层沉积物中PAHs整体污染状况处于较低水平,但个别站点的PAHs含量偏高。运用特征比值法、相关性分析及主成分分析法解析研究区PAHs主要来源为木柴、煤炭、油类的燃烧以及油类泄露的联合作用。采用效应区间低值法(ERL)和中值法(ERM)对PAHs进行生态风险评价,结果表明莱州湾周边所有站点及威海、青岛周边个别站点苊、芴浓度位于ERL值与ERM值之间,但多数站点对生态环境潜在负面效应很小。山东半岛典型海岸带中PAHs对生物的毒副作用尚在安全可控范围内,极少对生态环境产生负面效应。     

Study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） contents and sources in the surface so~l or l-lmznou City, South China, based on multivariate statistics analysis

Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil were conducted in Huizhou City, which is located in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Sixteen PAHs in 42 soil samples were detected. The results showed that 4 components of PAHs were detectable in all soil samples, and other 12 components were also detectable to some extent. The total PAHs contents range from 35.40 to 534.5 μg/kg with the mean value of 123.09 μg/kg. Soil in Huizhou was slightly polluted by PAHs according to Maliszewska-Kordybach’s study. It can be confirmed that the increase of PAHs contents in the surface soil of Huizhou City is closely connected to human activities. Multivariate analysis was also made in this study. Principal component analysis was used to constrain their origins, and 3 principal components (PCs) were extracted. The results showed that coal combustion and oil spilling made the major contributions to PAHs. Cluster analysis was made and 16 priority PAHs were classified as 4 sorts, and the result revealed the differences in environmental behavior, chemical properties and sources of PAHs.     

河北省宣化地区原煤与燃煤污染及其生态环境效应评价

通过对河北省宣化原煤及燃煤污染区表土和近地降尘的野外调查和样品分析,查明了表土及降尘中Hg、Cd、V、Zn、Mo、U、Mn、Cr等13种重金属元素及16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的地球化学特征。结果表明,原煤区土壤以Hg、Cd污染为主,污染区在煤带两侧约100 m范围内,燃煤区土壤以Hg、Cd、V污染为主,污染范围在燃煤企业下风口超过2 km。原煤区表土中Hg、Cd、Zn、Mo、U及PAHs与燃煤区表土中Hg、V、Mo、U、Mn、Cr及PAHs主要通过大气沉降带入。区内土壤中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性均受到不同程度抑制,其中以β-葡萄糖苷酶最为明显,且燃煤区较原煤区抑制更为显著,反映了煤污染对土壤碳循环过程影响较大。     

北京首钢地区大气颗粒物中有机污染物的初步研究

对北京首钢地区大气颗粒物中有机物浓度、族组成及其饱和烃、多环芳烃的组成和分布特征进行了研究.在大气颗粒物中共检测出40多种多环芳烃, 其中属于美国国家环保局(EPA) 优先控制污染物9种, 且大多具有致癌和致突变性.根据生标特征, 有机污染物主要来源于煤的不完全燃烧, 部分来源于汽车尾气的排放.燃煤对首钢地区造成的污染更为严重.      

Evidence for wildfire in the Meishan section and implications for Permian-Triassic events

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon (BC) in sediments are powerful tools in the identification of the combustion process throughout geologic history. In this study, combustion-derived PAHs and BC were carefully investigated in sediments from the Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic (P/Tr) boundary in Meishan, China. Quantitative analyses of combustion-derived PAHs and BC demonstrate anomalously high concentrations in the boundary event beds that coincide with the mass extinction horizon. The prevalence of parent polynuclear aromatics (e.g., phenanthrene) in PAHs, together with non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, confirms that the PAHs are mainly derived from vegetation burning instead of having a coal and/or oil origin. BC detected in sediment occurs in various forms from large irregular charcoal particles to fine aciniform soot, with an equivalent reflectance of up to 3.5%. The results strongly suggest that a wildfire occurred during the P/Tr boundary, which served as one of the possible triggers of mass extinction on land. The wildfire occurrence indicates that the O₂ concentration of the atmosphere during (or before) the P/Tr mass extinction was probably >17%. The temporal coincidence of the mass extinction with intensive volcanic eruption, marine anoxia and wildfire events in the region of the Meishan section provides new insight into the mechanisms of the P/Tr biotic crisis. Our results show that wildfires could have played an important role in the collapse of the ecosystem in the Meishan P/Tr events.     

Levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in selected irrigated urban agricultural soils in Accra, Ghana

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in urban environments including urban soils. Elevated concentrations of PAHs in urban soils are caused by incomplete combustion of petroleum and coal. This study assesses 16 individual PAH compounds in a total of 112 surficial soil samples. The objective was to assess and compare the levels of contamination as well as examine the main sources of PAHs in four urban agricultural soils using molecular ratios of some specific hydrocarbons. The study showed that PAH levels in soil ranged from 1.23 ng/kg in soil collected from Dzorwulu to 2.95 ng/kg in soil collected from Ghana Broadcasting Cooperation (GBC) vegetable irrigation site. Of the total PAHs, the more water soluble PAHs (2–4 rings), which tend to be concentrated in the vapour phase were found to dominate the soils. The percentage dominance were Dzorwulu (52.8 %), Marine Drive (62.5 %), CSIR (53.2 %) and GBC (49.2 %). However, there were significant levels of the more carcinogenic PAHs (5–6 rings) present with percentages as 47.1, 37.5 46.8 and 50.8 % for Dzorwulu, Marine Drive, CSIR and GBC vegetable irrigation sites, respectively, and therefore, may impact negatively on public health. Based on the classification by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Pulawy, Poland, urban soils in Accra could be classified as contaminated to different levels. Molecular ratios of Flu/pyr and PA/Ant were calculated to determine the main sources of PAHs. Results showed that PAHs could originate mainly from incomplete combustion of petroleum products, especially from atmospheric fallout from automobile exhausts. The study further showed that B(a)P concentration of 0.05 ng/kg in soil from GBC urban vegetable irrigation site requires immediate clean-up exercise and monitoring to mitigate human health impact.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in urban soils representing different land use categories in Shanghai

An extensive soil survey was carried out in Shanghai to investigate the spatial distribution and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils. Soil samples were collected from highways, iron-smelting plants, steel-smelting plants, shipbuilding yards, coking plants, power plants, chemical plants, urban parks, university campuses and residential areas and were analyzed for 16 PAHs by gas chromatography with mass detection. High PAH concentrations were found in all locations investigated, with mean values of soil total PAH concentrations in the range 3,279–38,868 μg/kg DM, and the PAH concentrations were significantly influenced by soil organic matter content. Soil PAH profiles in all districts were dominated by PAHs with 4–6 rings. Principal components analysis and diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicate that they were mainly derived from coal combustion and petroleum but in soils from highways the PAHs were derived largely from vehicle exhaust emissions. The high concentrations of PAHs found indicate that many urban soils in Shanghai represent a potential hazard to public health.