大气大尺度水平运动的稳定性

本文对大气大尺度水平(惯性)运动的稳定性进行了简单的理论分析,着重讨论非线性的影响.结果表明:与线性情况下满足惯性稳定度条件的运动为稳定态否则为不稳定态不同,在非线性条件下,即基本纬向气流的涡度随纬度有变化时(线性或非线性变化),运动会出现分岔现象,在惯性稳定区还会产生不稳定的平衡态,在惯性不稳定区还会出现稳定的平衡态.在运动的惯性不稳定区,如果基本气流的涡度随纬度非线性增加,则当初始位置的地转偏差达到某一强度时,运动可发生一种月尖形突变.     

The stability of large—scale horizontal air motion in the non—linear basic zephyr flow under the effect of rossby parameter

The stability of large-scale horizontal motion in the atmosphere is discussed in this paper by using qualitative analysis theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations. Both the non-linear distribution of basic Zephyr flow and the variation of geostrophic vorticity along the latitude (f=f0 + βδy ) are all included in this paper's mathematical model so as to analogue the background field of large-scale horizontal air motion more really in the rotating reference frame of the earth. Some significant results are drawn out from this paper and the conclusions of Li(1986)'s and Wan et al.(1990)'s are extended widely.     

Oscillatory Rossby Solitary Waves in the Atmosphere

The linear Rossby wave frequency expression is expanded at higher accuracy based on the scale difference char?acteristics of atmospheric long waves in the and directions. That the nature of the waves represented by the expan?sion is identical to that of the original ones is demonstrated both in phase velocity and wave energy dispersion speed , followed by the derivation of the nonlinear expression describing atmospheric long wave behaviors with the associated approximate analytic solution obtained. Then, for the first time atmospheric’ oscillatory Rossby solitary wave’ with its dispersion relation is obtained by numerical calculation with the aid of physical parameters of the real atmosphere. The solitary wave is found to be very close to such longwave systems as blocking highs and cut-off de?pressions in the actual atmosphere.     

Nodal surfaces in the atmosphere with special reference to isopycnic and horizontal motion levels

Summary Consideration of the physical explanation of the existence of an isopycnic level at 8 km permitted the existence of another isopycnic level at about 24 km to be foreseen. Further evidence suggesting the reality of this second isopycnic level is given. The study of the dynamical implications of the existence of the isopycnic level at 8 km led to the discovery of the existence of a level of horizontal flow of air nearby. This was found to exist at about 9 km. A further study showed the probable existence of another level of horizontal flow at about 17 km. The integration of the linearized Eulerian equations of atmospheric motion shows that for the periods and wavelengths observed in the large scale motion of the atmosphere the solution is cellular, with nodal surfaces for all independent variables.If the numerical value of the constant of integration in the equations giving the heights of the nodal surfaces is determined by means of the empirical value of the height of one such surface, the heights of all the other theoretical nodal surfaces can be computed. The numerical agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is rather satisfactory. The cell motion which is deduced to exist in the atmosphere explains a number of other features of atmospheric dynamics, such as the distribution of divergence and vertical motion. The frequency of mother-of-pearl clouds found byHesstvedt fits fairly well in the scheme; this scheme may also provide a physical explanation of other nodal surfaces found at higher levels, such as the level of horizontal motion at about 50–60 km and the isopycnic level at about 80 km, as well as the frequency of the noctilucent clouds.

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Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der physikalischen Erklärung einer isopyknischen Schicht in 8 km Höhe gestattete, die Existenz eines anderen isopyknischen Niveaus in ungefähr 24 km Höhe vorauszusagen. Es werden weitere Beweise für die Realität dieses zweiten isopyknischen Niveaus gegeben. Die Untersuchung der dynamischen Folgerungen aus der Existenz der isopyknischen Schicht in 8 km führte zur Entdeckung der Existenz eines Niveaus mit horizontaler Luftströmung in 9 km Höhe. Eine weitere Prüfung ergab die wahrscheinliche Existenz eines anderen Niveaus mit horizontaler Luftströmung in ungefähr 17 km. Die Integration der linearisierten Eulerschen Gleichungen der Luftbewegung zeigt, daß die Lösung für die Perioden und Wellenlängen, welche in der großräumigen Bewegung der Atmosphäre beobachtet werden, zellenförmig ist und Knotenflächen für alle unabhängigen Veränderlichen aufweist.Wenn der numerische Wert der Integrationskonstanten in den Gleichungen, die die Höhen der Knotenflächen geben, mittels des empirischen Wertes der Höhe einer dieser Flächen bestimmt wird, so können die Höhen aller anderen theoretischen Knotenflächen berechnet werden. Die numerische Übereinstimmung zwischen den experimentellen und theoretischen Resultaten ist ziemlich zufriedenstellend. Die Zellenbewegung, deren Existenz in der Atmosphäre abgeleitet wurde, erklärt eine Reihe anderer Merkmale der Dynamik der Atmosphäre, wie z. B. die Verteilung der Divergenz und der Vertikalbewegung. Die Häufigkeit der Perlmutterwolken, welcheHesstvedt gefunden hat, fügt sich ziemlich gut in das Schema ein, welches auch eine physikalische Erklärung für andere Knotenflächen in höheren Niveaus liefern könnte, wie z. B. im Niveau horizontaler Bewegung in ungefähr 50 bis 60 km und das isopyknische Niveau bei ungefähr 80 km; die Frequenz der leuchtenden Nachtwolken dürfte sich mit diesem Schema ebenfalls erklären lassen.

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Résumé En considérant l'explication physique de l'existence d'un niveau isopycnique à 8 km, on peut prévoir l'existence d'un autre niveau isopycnique à environ 24 km. On indique également d'autres preuves de la réalité de ce second niveau isopycnique. L'étude dynamique de l'existence du niveau isopycnique à 8 km a mené à la découverte de l'existence d'un niveau d'écoulement horizontal de l'air à environ 9 km. Une étude additionnelle a montré l'existence probable d'un autre niveau à courant horizontal à environ 17 km. L'intégration des équations linéaires d'Euler pour les mouvements atmosphériques montre que pour les périodes et les longueurs d'ondes observées dans les dits mouvements la solution est cellulaire à grande échelle, avec des surfaces nodales pour toutes les variables indépendantes.Si la valeur numérique de la constante d'intégration dans les équations qui donnent les hauteurs des surfaces nodales est déterminée par la valeur empirique de la hauteur d'une de ces surfaces, on peut calculer les hauteurs de toutes les autres surfaces nodales théoriques. L'accord numérique entre les résultats expérimentaux et théoriques est assez bon. Le mouvement cellulaire dont on déduit l'existence dans l'atmosphère explique plusieurs autres particularités de la dynamique de l'atmosphère, par exemple la distribution de divergences et de mouvements verticaux. La fréquence de nuages nacrés queHesstvedt a trouvée prend assez bien place dans le schéma qui peut aussi fournir une explication physique pour d'autres surfaces nodales qu'on trouve à des niveaux plus élevés, par exemple le niveau de mouvement horizontal situé à environ 50–60 km et le niveau isopycnique à environ 80 km. La fréquence des nuages lumineux nocturnes pourrait aussi bien être expliquée au moyen de ce schéma.

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With 5 Figures     

热带大气运动的特征

本文用小参数展开方法,探讨了热带大气中的特征运动及其基本属性.理论分析表明: 热带地区的超长波系统有中纬度长波的类似性质.其快过程是地转适应过程,有重力惯性波的活动;而慢过程在零级近似下是地转风,流场具有水平无辐散性质,在一级近似下是类似Rossby波的慢波,运动满足位涡度守恒的条件. 热带大气中的中间尺度运动,时间尺度远大于平流时间时为旋转风,是一种定常涡旋;时间尺度近于平流时间时,运动是水平无辐散的,且保持相对涡度守恒;若时间尺度远小于平流时间,则表现为重力波的活动. 热带大气中水平尺度近于10~6米     

Topographically Forced Rossby Wave Instability and the Development of Blocking in the Atmosphere

In this paper, the linear stability of disturbance superimposed on basic state Rossby wave forced by topography is investigated, and pointed out that when a certain criterion is satisfied by the basic flow and the height of topography for the subresonance, the small disturbance may be unstable. Furthermore, we also compare the evolution of the instability disturbance with the development of blocking in the Pacific, and we suggested that the topographically forced Rossby wave instability may provide a possible mechanism for the development of blocking in the Pacific.     

大气行星尺度运动的动力特性

本文首先利用尺度分析方法分析了行星尺度运动的动力特性,指出第二种地转运动方程——Burger方程只能描述经向度很大的而不能描述经向度较小的行星尺度运动. 本文还利用一个包含涡旋粘性、Newton冷却的β平面近似准地转模式,计算了中纬度地形与热源强迫所产生的准定常行星波,并且与用Burger方程的计算结果相比较,表明了准地转模式适用于经向度不太大的行星尺度运动,而Burger方程则不能正确描述这类行星尺度运动.     

热带大气中的地形强迫运动

本文研究了在基本气流无切变和有切变的情况下地形对低伟大气大尺度定常运动的影响。从赤道β平面的线性化正压原始方程出发,求得一个解析形式的地形影响函数。对它的分析表明:大气的受迫运动不仅取决于越过山脉的基本气流的方向,而且还与山脉所处的纬度以及山脉的尺度有关。当适度的西风越过山脉时,会在背风侧形成地形槽。在线性模式中,基本气流的东西风切变对地形强迫波的经向伸展范围起限制作用。利用本文的模式,对东南亚近赤道地区的气压场和流场进行模拟,其结果与观测事实定性一致。最后,本文还讨论了越赤道气流通道的形成机制。      

特定外源下的非线性Rossby椭圆余弦波和孤立波

本文讨论了在特定外源的条件下正压无辐散大气中存在的非线性Rossby椭圆余弦波和孤立波解,并求出了非线性波动的波速公式及其振幅与其它波参数间的诊断关系.证明了当不考虑外源时非线性波动的波速公式在振幅趋于零时即退化为通常的线性化的Rossby长波公式.     

The effect of horizontal resolution on simulation of very extreme US precipitation events in a global atmosphere model

We investigate the ability of a global atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) to reproduce observed 20 year return values of the annual maximum daily precipitation totals over the continental United States as a function of horizontal resolution. We find that at the high resolutions enabled by contemporary supercomputers, the AGCM can produce values of comparable magnitude to high quality observations. However, at the resolutions typical of the coupled general circulation models used in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the precipitation return values are severely underestimated.     

On the motion of a small particle in the atmosphere

Equations of motion, valid for a water droplet or a dust particle less than about 50Μm in radius moving through the air, are derived. Thus, the behaviour of a particle in some simple nonuniform fluid flows is discussed. In particular, it is found that a particle may follow an approximately closed trajectory in an axisymmetric flow about a horizontal axis. Thus, it is argued that turbulence should cause particles to fall at a much slower rate than their terminal velocity, even in the absence of a mean updraft.     

大尺度海气相互作用和长期天气预报

在五十年代初,我国气象工作者就注意到西北太平洋特别是黑潮海域,海表温度的冷暖和我国东部地区讯期的旱涝有密切的关系。六十年代开始,大尺度海气相互作用的研究在国外普遍受到重视。解放以后在党的领导下,通过广大台站预报员和专业科研人员的努力,我国长期天气预报有较大的进展,但是,预报准确率和和预报时效仍不能满     

大气中对称运动的非线性稳定性分析

本文利用分岔和突变理论讨论了非线性对称运动的稳定性,结果表明: (1)在的情况下,非线性对称运勃方程在平衡点P(0,0)和Q((fs)/β,0)附近具有完全不同的性质。 (2)在的情况下,当时,对称运动可以产生亚临界分岔,而当时,对称运动可以产生超临界分岔。 (3)在的情况下,当条件和同时满足时,对称运动可以产生尖点(cusp)突变。     

Inertial instability of large Rossby number horizontal shear flows in a thin homogeneous layer

A horizontal shear flow having a Rossby number, Ro, greater than unity on a rotating plane can become unstable when its shear value is less than −f, the Coriolis frequency. In this paper, this instability is investigated for an O(10 km) submesoscale, sinusoidal shear flow in a thin homogeneous fluid layer as in an oceanic mixed layer or a shallow sea. The most unstable mode is shown by a linear analysis to occur in a narrow localized region centered around the maximum anticyclonic current shear. However, nonlinear numerical calculations show that the instability can grow to encompass both unstable and stable regions of the current. A consequence of this finite-amplitude evolution is the formation of surface convergence/shear fronts. The possibility that inertial instability mechanism is a source of some surface convergence/shear features seen in remote sensing images of the sea surface is discussed. A comparison is made with the shear-flow instability that can occur concurrently in a sinusoidal shear current, and inertial instability is shown to be the dominant instability mechanism in the immediate range above Ro=2.     

On the low-frequency,planetary-scale motion in the tropical atmosphere and oceans

Scale analyses for long wave, zonal ultralong wave (with zonal scale of disturbance L1~104 km and meridional scale L2~103 km) and meridional ultralong wave (L1~103 km, L2~104 km) are carried out and a set of approximate equations suitable for the study of these waves in a dry tropical atmosphere is obtained. Under the condition of sheared basic current, frequency analyses for the equations are carried out. It is found that Rossby waves and gravity waves may be separated for n ≥ l where n is the meridional wave number, whereas for n = 0 and L1~1000 km, the mixed Rossby-gravity wave will appear. Hence it is confirmed that the above results of scale analyses are correct. The consistency be-tween frequency analysis and scale analysis is established.The effect of shear of basic current on the equatorial waves is to change their frequencies and phase velocities and hence their group velocities. It increases the velocity of westward travelling Rossby waves and inertia-gravity and mixed waves, but decelerates the eastward inertia-gravity waves and the Kelvin wave. The recently observed low-frequency equatorial ocean wave may be interpreted as an eastward Kelvin wave in a basic current with shear.     

An exact solution for two-dimensional frictionless motion in the atmosphere

A solution of the nonlinear problem for determining the wind velocity in frictionless atmosphere (the gradient wind) under given geopotential (pressure) field is proposed. The approach is analytical and is based on quadratic polynomial approximation of the geopotential field and linear approximation of the wind velocity field with respect to x and y, the coefficients of the expansions being functions of the time t. The derived system of ordinary nonlinear differential equations is analyzed as a dynamical system. Exact analytical solutions are found for some par-ticular cases, Some of their properties bear a resemblance to those or really existing atmospheric vortices (cyclones and anticyclones).     

Some phenomena of the interaction between vegetation and a atmosphere on multiple scales

This article studies the response of the distribution pattern and the physiological characteristics of the ecosystem to the spontaneous precipitation and the interaction between vegetation and the atmosphere on multiple scales in arid and semi-arid zones, based on measured data of the ecological physiological parameters in the Ordas Plateau of northern China. The results show that the vegetation biomass and the energy use efficiency of photosynthesis are especially sensitive to the annual precipitation; strong and complex interactions exist between the vegetation and the atmosphere on multiple scales leading to supernormal thermal heterogeneity of the underlying surface, the strong vortex movement and turbulence. This study can facilitate understanding of the land surface processes and the influences of global climate change as well as human activities on the human environment in the arid and semi-arid zones. It also aids in improving the parameterization schemes of turbulent fluxes of a heterogeneous underlying surface for land surface processes in climate models.     

Correlations between microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus and the state of the atmosphere

By making use of TOVS Path-B satellite retrievals and ECMWF reanalyses, correlations between bulk microphysical properties of large-scale semi-transparent cirrus (visible optical thickness between 0.7 and 3.8) and thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the surrounding atmosphere have been studied on a global scale. These clouds constitute about half of all high clouds. The global averages (from 60°N to 60°S) of mean ice crystal diameter, D_e, and ice water path (IWP) of these clouds are 55 μm and 30 g m⁻², respectively. IWP of these cirrus is slightly increasing with cloud-top temperature, whereas D_e of cold cirrus does not depend on this parameter. Correlations between D_e and IWp of large-scale cirrus seem to be different in the midlatitudes and in the tropics. However, we observe in general stronger correlations between D_e and IWP and atmospheric humidity and winds deduced from the ECMWF reanalyses: D_e and IWP increase both with increasing atmospheric water vapour. There is also a good distinction between different dynamical situations: In humid situations, IWP is on average about 10 gm⁻² larger in regions with strong large-scale vertical updraft only that in regions with strong large-scale horizontal winds only, whereas the mean D_e of cold large-scale cirrus decreases by about 10 μm if both strong large-scale updraft and horizontal winds are present.     

The effect of clouds on aerosol growth in the rural atmosphere

Measurements of accumulation mode aerosol in the atmospheric boundary layer under cloudy and cloud-free conditions, and in the lower free troposphere under cloud-free conditions, were conducted over the rural northwest of England. Normalised size distributions in the cloud-free boundary layer (CFBL) and the cloud-free free troposphere (CFFT) exhibited almost identical spectral similarities with both size distributions possessing a concentration peak mode-radius of ≈0.05 μm or less. By comparison, aerosol distributions observed in cloudy air exhibited a distinctive log-normal distribution with mode-radii occurring at ≈0.1 μm concomitant with a local minimum at ≈0.05 μm. The consistent and noticeable difference in spectral features observed between cloudy and cloud-free conditions suggest that a greater amount of gas-to-particle conversion occurs on cloudy days, presumably through in-cloud aqueous phase oxidation processes, leading to larger sized accumulation mode particles. Apart from the distinct difference between cloudy and cloud-free aerosol spectra on cloudy days, aerosol concentration and mass were observed to be significantly enhanced above that of the ambient background in the vicinity of clouds. Volatility analysis during one case of cloud processing indicated an increase in the relative contribution of aerosol mass volatile at temperatures characteristic of sulphuric acid, along with a smaller fraction of more volatile material (possibly nitric acid and/or organic aerosol). Growth-law analysis of possible growth mechanisms point to aqueous phase oxidation of aerosol precursors in cloud droplets as being the only feasible mechanism capable of producing the observed growth. The effect of cloud processing is to alter the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) supersaturation spectrum in a manner which increases the availability of CCN at lower cloud supersaturations.     

强迫耗散作用下的Rossby包络孤立波及其相互作用

本文讨论了强迫和耗散对Rossby包络孤立波的影响，得到了在强迫和耗散共同作用下，当准共振条件和锁相条件满足时，包络孤立波从外场那里获取能量来克服耗散并形成稳定的锁相包络孤立波。本文还研究了在强迫和耗散作用下两个包络孤立波的碰撞相互作用，发现在某些参数下，两波碰撞后性质变化不大，而在另外一些参数下，碰撞后两波性质显著改变。