洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土一维固结蠕变模型研究

利用一维固结蠕变试验研究洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土的蠕变特征,建立了适用于描述洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土应力-应变-时间关系的经验蠕变模型。研究结果表明,轴向应变 与时间t在双对数坐标系中呈良好的线性递增关系。随着固结应力的增加, - 关系曲线的斜率显著减小,且相邻两级荷载作用下 - 关系曲线的间距逐渐变短。在高应力水平下, - 关系曲线趋于水平,同时曲线斜率减小的速率明显降低。双曲线函数比指数函数更为适合描述洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土的应变-应力关系,将Singh-Mitchell模型中的应变-应力关系修正为双曲线型比较符合工程实际。发现 - 关系曲线的斜率与固结应力呈双曲线函数关系。在此基础上,建立了反映应力水平影响、适用于描述洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土蠕变特性的5参数修正Singh-Mitchell模型。     

用双曲线切线模量方程计算地基非线性沉降

提出了一种利用原位试验成果求解非均质非线弹性地基最终沉降的新方法。对分层原状土载荷试验或螺旋板试验成果进行双曲线拟合,建立分层原状土切线模量与竖向附加应力的关系方程;在沉降计算公式中引入附加应力修正系数,以考虑基础埋深、地基非均质非线性特征等因素对应力分布的影响;利用双曲线切线模量方程及附加应力弹性解,可准确求解地基的总沉降。通过对几个压板载荷试验成果的拟合分析,得出了各土类的双曲线切线模量方程,用于求解地基在各级荷载下的沉降。计算结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合得很好。该方法原理简单、参数可靠、结果准确,为地基沉降计算开辟了一条新途径。     

沉降-时间曲线呈“S”型的证明

从一维固结理论出发，严格证明了在线性加载或近似线性加载情况下（这和工程实际加载相类似），沉降-时间曲线呈“S”型。     

试论连云港海相软土路堤沉降规律

根据连云港至徐州高速公路连云港段60多个断面的现场实测沉降资料,分析了在路堤荷载作用下连云港海相软土的沉降和固结规律。实测数据表明,在路堤荷载作用下连云港海相软土地基的沉降曲线符合双曲线形式,故可采用双曲线法预测最终沉降。由此可以分析在不同施工期的地基沉降和固结特性,得到不同地基处理条件下路堤填筑期和预压期地基平均固结度与施工时间的关系。分析亦表明,粉喷桩加固能加速地基的固结速率。最后,针对沉降和固结理论计算中计算参数的难以合理确定的局限性,对现场实测沉降数据采用数理统计方法,提出了适用于连云港地区海相软土路堤沉降和固结估算经验公式。     

竖向应力及干密度对砾石土土-水特征曲线的影响研究

利用SWC-150 Fredlund土-水特征曲线压力仪,对不同干密度的砾石土进行不同竖向应力作用下的土-水特征试验,探讨了干密度和竖向应力对土-水特征曲线(SWCC)的影响。采用Fredlund & Xing三参数模型对试验所得的土-水特征曲线进行最小二乘法拟合,获得了土-水特征曲线的模型参数,并探讨了其变化规律。随着竖向应力及干密度的增大,模型参数n增大,m减小。除吸湿阶段拟合参数a随干密度略微减小外,其余情况a随竖向应力和干密度密度的增大而增大。结合土-水特征曲线拟合函数,分析研究了竖向应力和干密度对土-水特征曲线的进气值或进水值以及斜率的影响规律,提出了土-水特征曲线的进气值或进水值以及过渡段斜率与竖向应力和干密度的定量关系。结果表明：进气值或进水值与竖向应力和干密度呈线性关系,但吸湿阶段的进水值随干密度变化不明显;土-水特征曲线的斜率与竖向应力呈双曲线关系,与干密度呈直线关系。     

盾构掘进速度及非正常停机对地面沉降的影响

软土中盾构隧道施工不可避免地扰动周围地层,进而引起地面沉降,沉降过大时将危及邻近建（构）筑物的正常使用和结构安全。全面理解盾构隧道施工引起的地面沉降的影响因素及对沉降的准确预测,对于减少施工环境危害十分重要。考虑盾构压重后,引入Mindlin解计算盾构下卧土层中的附加应力,采用单向压缩分层总和法计算盾构下卧土层的总固结沉降,由盾构掘进速度及停机时间确定附加应力作用时间后,应用太沙基一维固结理论计算在该作用时间内的固结沉降,应用Peck公式建立了盾构下卧土层沉降与地面沉降的关系,并以杭州庆春路过江隧道地面沉降的实测验数据对上述理论进行了验证。分析表明,考虑盾构掘进速度及停机时间的地面沉降计算理论基本合理;盾构掘进速度及停机时间会对隧道施工引起的地面沉降产生显著影响;在其他施工条件相同的前提下,提高盾构掘进速度和减少停机时间有利于减少地面沉降。     

基于双曲线法的分级填筑路堤沉降预测

在软土地基上修筑路堤多采用分级施工的方法。基于传统双曲线沉降预测法基础上,提出一种软土地基上路堤分级施工情况下沉降预测的新模型,该模型考虑了土体变形的非线性特性和固结性质随荷载的变化,将沉降拟合方程中的待定参数在2个不同荷载级中分别确定。利用有较长预压期的前一级实测沉降,确定与土的固结性质有关的参数,待预测沉降荷载级的最终沉降量由该级较短预压期内实测沉降确定。通过工程实例验证了所建议模型的适用性。     

基于标准压缩模量和液限推求地基土全压力段压缩模量的分析方法

以京沪高铁深厚地层细粒土固结试验数据为基础,以e-lgp曲线包含分式函数的复合函数表达和土体液限与压缩指数的线性关系为依据,提出了基于土体基本物性指标标准压缩模量E1?2和液限wL推求正常固结原状地基土全压力段压缩模量的简化方法,其适用性得到了京津城际铁路试验数据的验证。结果表明,Harris函数能较好地描述土体压缩的e-lgp曲线特征,E1?2和wL能分别反映曲线低压力段割线斜率和高压力点切线斜率,建立的地基土压缩模量估算方法具有良好精度,其中,100～1 000 kPa常压力段的误差均值仅为7.89%,高压力段约为13.70%,只在低压力段变异性较大;研究成果提供了缺少e-lgp曲线情况下简便快速获取土体压缩模量的新途径。     

竖向排水井地基工后沉降预测

预测工后沉降是排水固结预压加固软土地基的关键问题之一。根据等应变竖向排水井地基固结理论,提出了沉降曲线的近似计算方法。通过实测沉降资料与近似理论曲线的拟合,获得竖向排水井地基的最终沉降量和平均固结度,从而预估其工后沉降量。将该方法分别应用于真空预压和堆载预压处理的竖井地基,进行工后沉降预测,结果表明该方法是可行的     

变荷载下层状非饱和土地基全耦合固结特性研究

非饱和土是地球表层土体一种常见的存在形式。与经典的饱和土Biot固结理论相比,非饱和土固结理论还亟待发展。基于Fredlund非饱和土双应力变量固结理论,放弃传统理论固结过程中骨架总应力不变的假设,推导出变荷载作用下非饱和土全耦合轴对称固结理论的控制方程组。通过Laplace-Hankel变换处理变量t和r,所得的控制方程被处理为常微分方程组;扩展的精细积分法将被进一步运用求解方程组以得到层状非饱和土地基在变换域内的固结解答,而最终的解答将通过Laplace-Hankel逆变换技术求得。将非饱和土地基退化为饱和土地基,与现有文献结果进行对比,验证所提方法结果的可靠性;最后,提供3个数值算例,以讨论加载时间T0、孔隙水关于净应力的体积变化系数m1w以及土体分层性对非饱和土固结特性的影响。     

增加曲线模型在路基沉降预测中的应用研究

增加曲线模型自身的特点，决定了它能很好地拟合一级荷载下的地基沉降．时问曲线，这已得到了验证。将其引入到多级填土荷载下的软土路基沉降的预测中，提出了相应的预测数学模型，并通过工程实例予以验证。其结果表明：与传统的针对多级荷载的指数曲线模型以及双曲线模型相比，该模型的理论更为充分，其预测结果也更接近实际，具有一定的工程实用价值。     

Coupled modelling of hydro‐mechanical behaviour of unsaturated compacted expansive soils

The Barcelona basic model cannot predict the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, whereas the Barcelona expansive model (BExM) can only predict the stress–strain behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils without the water‐retention behaviour being incorporated. Moreover, the micro‐parameters and the coupling function between micro‐structural and macro‐structural strains in the BExM are difficult to determine. Experimental data show that the compression curves for non‐expansive soils under constant suctions are shifted towards higher void ratios with increasing suction, whereas the opposite is true for expansive soils. According to the observed water‐retention behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, the air‐entry value increases with density, and the relationship between the degree of saturation and void ratio is linear at constant suction. According to the above observation, an elastoplastic constitutive model is developed for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils, based on the existing hydro‐mechanical model for non‐expansive unsaturated soil. The model takes into consideration the effect of degree of saturation on the mechanical behaviour and that of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour. The concept of equivalent void ratio curve is introduced to distinguish the plastic potential curve from the yield curve. The model predictions are compared with the test results of an unsaturated expansive soil, including swelling tests under constant net stress, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests under constant suction. The comparison indicates that the model offers great potential for quantitatively predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated expansive soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

现场软土欠固结程度孔压消散试验评价方法

原位测试技术分析软土的应力历史可以避免取样及室内土工试验对土样的扰动,其结果能真实地反映现场土体的工程特性。以往基于孔压静力触探（CPTU）测试技术的超固结比（OCR）计算方法主要是针对超固结土取得的,缺乏对现场处于欠固结状态土体的考虑,具有一定的局限性。在已有研究成果的基础上,提出采用不完全孔压消散曲线的末段及时间平方根倒数外推法计算原位初始孔压,如果初始孔压大于静水压力,表明原位土层中存在固有孔压,为欠固结土。在此基础上,通过计算固结状态参数,可进一步对软土层的欠固结程度进行定量评价。工程应用表明,该方法不受软土性质和地域限制,具有普遍适用性,是合理可行的。在缺乏室内固结试验成果的情况下,可高效快捷地判别软土层的固结状态。研究成果对合理评价欠固结软土的工程特性具有一定的指导意义。     

砂-黏土混合物高压压实性能试验研究

利用自行设计高压固结仪对5种不同含砂率的饱和砂-黏土混合物开展一系列高压压缩试验,研究砂-黏土混合物压缩性和渗透性演化规律及其对矿物组分的依赖性。试验结果表明,饱和砂-黏土混合物的孔隙比-压力(e-lgP)曲线随着含砂率增高呈现出指数函数模式向双曲线函数模式转化,而e-P曲线在压力高于8.1 MPa则呈线性变化,其斜率依赖于含砂率。最优含砂率随固结压力的增大而逐渐从75%移向30%。不同含砂率的砂-黏土混合物的孔隙率、固结压力和含砂率存在统一的幂函数关系。渗透系数与含砂率有关,渗透系数与孔隙率符合指数函数关系。从砂-黏土混合物骨架结构和孔隙类型的角度出发,从本质上分析含砂率、固结压力对混合物压缩性和渗透性的作用规律。结合SEM微细观结构观测结果,验证砂-黏土混合物骨架结构与含砂率之间的相关性。     

基于原位试验成果的地基非线性沉降分析

提出了利用小尺寸载荷试验（PLT）及标准贯入试验（SPT）成果准确求解地基非线性沉降的新方法。首先利用压板载荷试验成果经过双曲线拟合,确定出某一土层地基土的修正切线模量;然后根据不同深度的SPT标贯击数按照线性相关关系,确定该土层不同深度各分层土的修正切线模量;最后依据分层总和法求解地基或基础的非线性沉降。该方法的特点是能进行加载至极限状态的全过程非线性沉降分析,而计算原理简单,计算参数全部来自现场原位测试,附加应力依据压板试验成果进行自动修正。分析广东某大型油罐地基及某高层建筑筏板基础的沉降结果表明,该方法计算结果准确可靠,能满足以沉降控制为目标的地基基础工程设计要求。     

真空-堆载预压作用下软土蠕变特性试验研究

采用改进的、可施加负压的三轴仪开展了真空预压、堆载预压以及真空-堆载联合预压作用下软土的固结蠕变试验,描述了加载率、应力比和时间等对软土蠕变特性的影响,分析了轴向应变（率）、体积应变（率）及偏应变（率）与应力比和时间之间的关系。结果表明：轴向应变率和体积应变率与时间的对数关系并非线性,但经过若干天以后可近似认为是线性关系;在不同应力比n下,体应变与时间的关系可用双曲线方程来表示;偏应变、偏应变率与时间的关系符合双曲线方程,通过温州软黏土样的蠕变试验结果验证了其有效性。     

Three-dimensional analysis of embankments on soft soils incorporating vertical drains by finite element method

Three-dimensional behaviour of an embankment on soft soils incorporating vertical drains is analysed by a numerical model based on the finite element method. The model, which incorporates the Biot’s consolidation theory (coupled formulation of the flow and equilibrium equations) and constitutive relations simulated by the p–q–θ critical state model, is applied on both the embankment with vertical drains (three-dimensional analysis) and the same problem but without vertical drains (two-dimensional analysis). Special emphasis is given to the analysis, during and after the construction period, of the excess pore pressures, settlements, horizontal displacements and stress levels.     

Finite element consolidation analysis of soils with vertical drain

This paper presents a finite element procedure for the analysis of consolidation of layered soils with vertical drain using general one‐dimensional (1‐D) constitutive models. In formulating the finite element procedure, a Newton–Cotes‐type integration formula is used to avoid the unsymmetry of the stiffness matrix for a Newton (Modified Newton) iteration scheme. The proposed procedure is then applied for the consolidation analysis of a number of typical problems using both linear and non‐linear soil models. Results from this simplified method are compared with those from a fully coupled consolidation analysis using a well‐known finite element package. The average degree of consolidation, excess porewater pressure and average vertical effective stress are almost the same as those from the fully coupled analysis for both the linear and non‐linear cases studied. The differences in vertical effective stresses are tolerable except for the values near the vertical drain boundaries. The consolidation behaviour of soils below a certain depth of the bottom of vertical drain is actually one‐dimensional for the partially penetrating case. Therefore, there are not much differences in whether one uses a one‐dimensional model or a three‐dimensional model in this region. The average degree of consolidation has good normalized feature with respect to the ratio of well radius to external drainage boundary for the cases of fully penetrating vertical drain using a normalized time even in the non‐linear case. Numerical results clearly demonstrate that the proposed simplified finite element procedure is efficient for the consolidation analysis of soils with vertical drain and it has better numerical stability characteristics. This simplified method can easily account for layered systems, time‐dependent loading, well‐resistance, smear effects and inelastic stress–strain behaviour. This method is also very suitable for the design of vertical drain, since it greatly reduces the unknown variables in the calculation and the 1‐D soil model parameters can be more easily determined. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of secondary consolidation of soil: Finite element application

A rheological model has been developed for simulating the secondary consolidation of soils. Numerical procedures have been incorporated into a coupled consolidation program using results from a representative oedometer test. A solution of a two-dimensional problem has also been performed. The technique is numerically stable and has provided satisfactory predictions for the consolidation settlements and the dissipation of pore water pressure within soils.     

Swelling behaviour of expansive soil treated with fly ash–GGBS based binder

In this article, the potential of a binder developed by admixing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilise expansive soils is evaluated. Laboratory tests included determination of free swell index, swell potential and swelling pressure tests of the soil/binder mixtures at different mixing ratio. The test results showed decrease in the swelling behaviour of the soil with increase in binder content. The percent swell–time relationship was observed to fit the hyperbolic curves enabling us to predict the ultimate percent swell from few initial test results. Addition of 1% of lime to the binder showed further improvement in reducing swelling. A good linear relationship is established between percent oedometer swell and modified free swell index (MFSI) for soil/binder mixtures without lime but the same has not been observed in the presence of lime. The compressibility characteristics of the soil/binder mixtures reduced nominally with increase in binder content but in the presence of lime, the compressibility reduced significantly. Binder used in this study has been found to be effective and economic to stabilise expansive soils with lesser amount of chemical additives such as lime.