Isostatic response of the Laccadive Ridge from admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry data

The Laccadive Ridge (L-R), trending roughly parallel to the west coast of India, is an intriguing segment of the northernmost Chagos-Laccadive Ridge (C-L-R) system. Although crustal nature and isostatic response of the southern C-L-R is well known, there are no similar studies on the L-R. In the present study, the isostatic response of the lithosphere beneath the L-R is estimated so as to characterize its crustal nature, total crustal as well as effective elastic plate thickness and mode of compensation. Twelve gravity and bathymetry profiles across the ridge were analyzed using linear transfer function and forward model techniques. The observed admittance function within the diagnostic waveband of 250 < λ > 80 km (0.025 < k > 0.080 km⁻¹) fits well with (i) the Airy model whose average crustal thickness (T_c) and density are 17 ± 2 km and 2.7 × 10³ kg m⁻³, respectively, and (ii) the thin plate flexure model of isostasy with an effective elastic plate thickness (T_e) of 2–3 km. The estimated average crustal thickness and density are in good agreement with published seismic refraction results over the ridge. The results of the present study support an Airy model of isostasy for the L-R. The low T_e value, in view of other published results in the study area, suggests stretched and loaded continental lithosphere of the L-R during the evolution of the western continental margin of India.     

A spectral approach to estimation and smoothing of continuous spatial processes

This paper is concerned with developing computational methods and approximations for maximum likelihood estimation and minimum mean square error smoothing of irregularly observed two-dimensional stationary spatial processes. The approximations are based on various Fourier expansions of the covariance function of the spatial process, expressed in terms of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the spectral density function of the underlying spatial process. We assume that the underlying spatial process is governed by elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE's) driven by a Gaussian white noise process. SPDE's have often been used to model the underlying physical phenomenon and the elliptic SPDE's are generally associated with steady-state problems.A central problem in estimation of underlying model parameters is to identify the covariance function of the process. The cumbersome exact analytical calculation of the covariance function by inverting the spectral density function of the process, has commonly been used in the literature. The present work develops various Fourier approximations for the covariance function of the underlying process which are in easily computable form and allow easy application of Newton-type algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This work also develops an iterative search algorithm which combines the Gauss-Newton algorithm and a type of generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, namely expectation-conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters.We analyze the accuracy of the covariance function approximations for the spatial autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models analyzed in Vecchia (1988) and illustrate the performance of our iterative search algorithm in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters on simulated and actual data.     

基于重磁异常相关分析的场源位置及属性识别方法

针对传统的重磁对应分析在场源区域外趋于高相关度的缺点,本文提出了一种基于相关系数和垂向导数的重磁场源位置及属性识别方法,给出了一个新的重磁场源平面位置及属性判别参数（GMCP）,该参数能够有效地缩小重磁场源的识别范围.判别参数GMCP值非零分布范围反映了场源的规模.GMCP值的正负反映了场源属性,当GMCP大于零时为正相关,代表了该区域存在高磁高密度或低磁低密度的重磁同源地质体;当GMCP小于零时为负相关,代表了该区域存在高磁低密度或低磁高密度的重磁同源地质体;GMCP趋于零,则表示无重磁同源地质体.两组不同干扰水平的同源复杂组合模型实验、两组不同源组合模型试验以及南海中央海盆实际重磁数据处理结果均验证了该重磁场源位置及属性识别方法的正确性和有效性.

     

Curie-point depth from spectral analysis of magnetic data in central-southern Europe

The basal depth of the outer layer with internal magnetic sources was calculated from magnetic data available within a roughly 500 km wide and 1200 km long area, running from central Germany to southern Italy. The dataset, deriving from different aeromagnetic surveys, is reduced to the reference altitude of 3000 m a.s.l. and a reference year of 1980.0. The adopted method, which transforms the spatial data into the frequency domain, provides a relationship between the two-dimensional spectrum of the magnetic anomalies and the top and centroid depths of the magnetic sources. The magnetic layer bottom depth (MLBD) thus obtained is 29-33 km deep in the stable areas (central Europe Variscan units, Corsica-Sardinia Variscan block) and corresponds to the Moho, having an average temperature of 560 °C. From the Alps to the Apennines, MLBD ranges between 22 and 28 km and is clearly shallower than the Moho. In these units, the wide variation of MLBD appears to be compatible with the presence of shallow magnetised bodies, consisting of lower crustal rocks (Ivrea-Verbano zone), ophiolitic units (Penninic zone and Voltri Massif) and intrasedimentary basic volcanic bodies (Po Basin). An average value of 25 km can be attributed to MLBD, which corresponds to a temperature of 550 °C. In the peri-Tyrrhenian zone and the Ligurian Sea, MLBD is below the Moho, which ranges from 17 to 20 km depth, and it has a temperature matching approximately to the Curie temperature of magnetite (580 °C).     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

北天山地区部分中强震前小震震源深度变化特征

利用双差定位法修订后的新疆北天山地区地震目录, 以1990年以来该区发生的8次7组5级以上中强地震作为震例样本, 分析研究主震前震源附近区域小震震源深度的变化特征。 研究结果显示, 在研究时段内7组地震中6组地震前出现小震震源深度趋深变化的异常图像。 类似异常图像共出现9次, 异常对应率66.7％。 这种异常图像可为地震预测综合判定提供参考依据。     

南北地震带南段地壳厚度重震联合最优化反演

重力反演方法是研究地壳结构和物性界面起伏的有效地球物理手段之一.本文收集了南北地震带南段67个已有的固定台站接收函数反演的Moho面深度结果,并使用基于EGM2008重力异常模型计算的布格重力异常,验证了本文提出的重震联合密度界面反演方法的有效性.利用接收函数对台站下方Moho面深度估计作为先验约束,定义了一类评价函数,通过对重力反演算法中尺度因子,平移因子和稳定性因子的最优选择,最小化重力反演结果与接收函数模型之间的差异.结果表明,本文提出的方法,可以有效地同化不同地球物理方法获得的反演模型,且通过重震联合反演可以改进由于对空间分布不均匀的接收函数结果插值可能而引起的误差.本文还通过引入Crust1.0的Moho面深度为初值,同时考虑地壳密度的横向不均匀分布,通过模型之间的联合反演有效改善了地球物理反演模型间的不一致性问题.本文反演得到的最优化Moho面深度模型与已知67个台站位置接收函数模型之间的标准差约1.9 km,小于Crust1.0与接收函数结果模型之间标准差为3.73 km的统计结果.本文研究结果对于同化重震反演结果、精化地壳密度界面模型,都具有十分重要的参考意义.     

Spatiotemporal estimation of snow depth using point data from snow stakes,digital terrain models,and satellite data

Snow availability in Alpine catchments plays an important role in water resources management. In this paper, we propose a method for an optimal estimation of snow depth (areal extension and thickness) in Alpine systems from point data and satellite observations by using significant explanatory variables deduced from a digital terrain model. It is intended to be a parsimonious approach that may complement physical‐based methodologies. Different techniques (multiple regression, multicriteria analysis, and kriging) are integrated to address the following issues: We identify the explanatory variables that could be helpful on the basis of a critical review of the scientific literature. We study the relationship between ground observations and explanatory variables using a systematic procedure for a complete multiple regression analysis. Multiple regression models are calibrated combining all suggested model structures and explanatory variables. We also propose an evaluation of the models (using indices to analyze the goodness of fit) and select the best approaches (models and variables) on the basis of multicriteria analysis. Estimation of the snow depth is performed with the selected regression models. The residual estimation is improved by applying kriging in cases with spatial correlation. The final estimate is obtained by combining regression and kriging results, and constraining the snow domain in accordance with satellite data. The method is illustrated using the case study of the Sierra Nevada mountain range (Southern Spain). A cross‐validation experiment has confirmed the efficiency of the proposed procedure. Finally, although it is not the scope of this work, the snow depth is used to asses a first estimation of snow water equivalent resources.     

青藏高原东南缘深部地壳流与地磁日变化短时畸变源电流的联系

在青藏高原东南缘,前人使用大地电磁探测和地震学方法得出的结果都揭示了可能存在部分熔融状态的地壳流,而这种地下熔融体与周围物质的作用可能引起了地下强电流异常,进一步导致地表地磁响应.基于连续的地磁观测,发现2018年7月31日在川滇块体周边出现大范围的地磁Z分量日变化短时畸变,畸变发生后100天内发生了4次5级以上地震.为了定量研究这一现象,本文基于Biot-Savart定理和采用SVD（Singular Value Decomposition,奇异值分解）的阻尼最小二乘法对地磁日变化短时畸变数据开展反演.结果显示：（1）以大地电磁测深给出的电性模型作为初始条件,反演得到的电流强度为3700~5000 A,有效深度为25~60 km;（2）地下畸变电流的空间分布位置和深度和地下电性高导体分布一致,与前人给出的地壳流位置吻合;（3）地壳流偶然微小运动可能引起了大范围的强电流,这种短时存在的高强度电流沿高导带分布,可能是地磁日变化短时畸变的源电流;（4）推测深部地壳流的运动具有传递应力作用,参与诱发了100天内发生多次5级以上地震.对源电流进行反演的定量化工作,以地下电流的方式佐证了可能存在地壳流.

     

Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies and Estimation of Depth of Magnetic Crust in Slovakia

The magnetic map of Slovakia used in the paper was compiled as part of a project titled Atlas of Geophysical maps and profiles in 2001. The residual magnetic data were analyzed to produce Curie point estimates. To remove distortion of magnetic anomalies caused by the Earth’s magnetic field, reduction to pole transformation was applied to the magnetic anomalies using the magnetization angle of the induced magnetization. Anomalies reduced to the pole tend to be better correlated with tectonic structures. We applied a 3-km upward continuation to the residually compiled magnetic anomalies in order to remove effects of topography. The depth of magnetic dipoles was calculated by an azimuthally averaged power spectrum method for the entire area. Such estimates can be indicative of temperatures in the crust, since magnetic minerals lose their spontaneous magnetization according to Curie temperature of the dominant magnetic minerals in the rocks. The computed Curie point depths in the Slovakia region vary between 15.2 km and 20.9 km. Heat flow higher than 100 mWm⁻² occurs at the central volcanics and eastern part of Slovakia, where the Curie point depths values are shallow. The correlation between Curie point depths, heat flow and crust depth was investigated for two E-W cross sections. Heat flow and Curie point depth values are correlated with each other however, these values could not be correlated with crust depth. The Curie point isotherm, which separates magnetic and non-magnetic parts of the crust, is represented in two cross sections.     

青藏高原东南缘深部地壳流与地磁日变化短时畸变源电流的联系

在青藏高原东南缘,前人使用大地电磁探测和地震学方法得出的结果都揭示了可能存在部分熔融状态的地壳流,而这种地下熔融体与周围物质的作用可能引起了地下强电流异常,进一步导致地表地磁响应.基于连续的地磁观测,发现2018年7月31日在川滇块体周边出现大范围的地磁Z分量日变化短时畸变,畸变发生后100天内发生了4次5级以上地震.为了定量研究这一现象,本文基于Biot-Savart定理和采用SVD （Singular Value Decomposition,奇异值分解）的阻尼最小二乘法对地磁日变化短时畸变数据开展反演.结果显示：（1）以大地电磁测深给出的电性模型作为初始条件,反演得到的电流强度为3700~5000 A,有效深度为25~60 km;（2）地下畸变电流的空间分布位置和深度和地下电性高导体分布一致,与前人给出的地壳流位置吻合;（3）地壳流偶然微小运动可能引起了大范围的强电流,这种短时存在的高强度电流沿高导带分布,可能是地磁日变化短时畸变的源电流;（4）推测深部地壳流的运动具有传递应力作用,参与诱发了100天内发生多次5级以上地震.对源电流进行反演的定量化工作,以地下电流的方式佐证了可能存在地壳流.     

稳定正则化参数估计方法及其在盆地基底重力异常反演中的应用

正则化方法通过带有正则化参数的约束项,将不适定问题转换为一个适定问题.如何选取最优正则化参数一直以来都是正则化研究的难点和热点.本文通过定义解的不稳定性度量来直接估算正则化参数μ的最优值,并将这种正则化参数估计方法应用到二维沉积盆地基底重力反演中.测试该方法在通过对一次野外测量的数据加不同噪声得到的多组数据与多次野外测量中得到的多组数据这两种情况中的反演效果.最后将该方法应用到非洲西海岸的北加蓬次盆进行盆地基底反演,测试该方法的实用性.模型测试的结果显示,在这两种情况下获得的反演解非常接近且能够反演得到较为准确的模型基底深度,故该方法适用于一般情况下只进行一次野外测量的实际重力勘探情况且能得到稳定的最优反演解;实际资料的最优反演结果稳定且符合当地的地质构造背景.在模型测试与实际资料测试中,都能够确定最优正则化参数并得到最优反演结果,证明了该方法在重力反演中的正确性和实用性.

     

Optimal design of snow stake networks to estimate snow depth in an alpine mountain range

Monitoring and estimation of snow depth in alpine catchments is needed for a proper assessment of management alternatives for water supply in these water resources systems. The distribution of snowpack thickness is usually approached by using field data that come from snow samples collected at a given number of locations that constitute the monitoring network. Optimal design of this network is required to obtain the best possible estimates. Assuming that there is an existing monitoring network, its optimization may imply the selection of an optimal network as a subset of the existing one (if there are no funds to maintain them) or enlarging the existing network by one or more stations (optimal augmentation problem). We propose an optimization procedure that minimizes the total variance in the estimate of snowpack thickness. The novelty of this work is to treat, for the first time, the problem of snow observation network optimization for an entire mountain range rather than for small catchments as done in the previous studies. Taking into account the reduced data available, which is a common problem in many mountain ranges, the importance of a proper design of these observation networks is even larger. Snowpack thickness is estimated by combining regression models to approach the effect of the explanatory variables and kriging techniques to consider the influence of the stakes location. We solve the optimization problems under different hypotheses, studying the impacts of augmentation and reduction, both, one by one and in pairs. We also analyse the sensitivity of results to nonsnow measurements deduced from satellite information. Finally, we design a new optimal network by combining the reduction and augmentation methods. The methodology has been applied to the Sierra Nevada mountain range (southern Spain), where very limited resources are employed to monitor snowfall and where an optimal snow network design could prove critical. An optimal snow observation network is defined by relocating some observation points. It would reduce the estimation variance by around 600 cm² (15%).     

Determination of depths to centroids of three-dimensional sources of potential-field anomalies with examples from environmental and geologic applications

A method is developed for determining the depth to the centroid (the geometric center) of ‘semi-compact' sources. The method, called the anomaly attenuation rate (AAR) method, involves computing radial averages of AARs with increasing distances from a range of assumed source centers. For well-isolated magnetic anomalies from ‘semi-compact' sources, the theoretical AARs range from 2 (close to the sources) to 3 (in the far-field region); the corresponding theoretical range of AARs for gravity anomalies is 1 to 2. When the estimated source centroid is incorrect, the AARs either exceed or fall short of the theoretical values. The levelling-off of the far-field AARs near their theoretical maximum values indicates the upper (deeper) bound of the centroid location. Similarly, near-field AARs lower than the theoretical minimum indicate the lower (shallower) bound of the centroid location. It is not always possible to determine usable upper and lower bounds of the centroids because the method depends on characteristics of sources/anomalies and the noise level of the data. For the environmental magnetic examples considered in this study, the determined deeper bounds were within 4% of the true centroid-to-observation distance. For the case of the gravity anomaly from the Bloomfield Pluton, Missouri, USA, determination of only the shallower bound of the centroid location (7 km) was possible. This estimate agrees closely with the centroid of a previously determined three-dimensional model of the Bloomfield Pluton. For satellite magnetic anomalies, the method is appropriate only for high-amplitude, near-circular anomalies due to the inherent low signal-to-noise ratio of satellite magnetic anomalies. Model studies indicate that the AAR method is able to place depths within ±20–30 km of actual center locations from a 400-km observation altitude. Thus, the method may be able to discriminate between upper crustal, lower crustal, and mantle magnetic sources. The results from the prominent Kentucky anomaly are relatively well-resolved (centroid depth 30 km below the Earth's surface). For the Kiruna Magsat anomaly, the deleterious effects from neighboring anomalies make a determination difficult (possible depth could be between 20 and 30 km). The centroid depths are deeper for the Kursk anomaly (40–50 km). These depths may indicate that magnetic anomalies from the near-surface Kursk iron formations (a known contributor) and deep crustal magnetic sources could combine to form the Kursk Magsat anomaly.     

太湖秋季真光层深度空间分布及浮游植物初级生产力的估算

基于2004年10月对全湖67个采样点水下光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation:PAR)和各光学活性物质浓度的测定,分析了真光层深度的空间分布及其影响因素.利用实测的叶绿素a浓度,真光层深度,PAR强度,由水温计算得到的最佳固碳速率以及由经纬度计算的日照周期等,在垂向归纳模型(vertically generalized production model:VGPM)的支持下估算了全湖秋季浮游植物初级生产力.真光层深度的变化范围为0.37-5.27m(均值为1.52±1.06m),高值出现在东太湖、胥口湾、东西山之间等水生植物分布茂盛的草型湖区,而在梅梁湾、湖心区以及西南面的开阔湖区真光层深度均较小.回归分析显示,真光层深度主要受制于非色素颗粒物浓度,浮游植物和溶解性有机物的贡献相对要小得多.叶绿素a浓度和VGPM模型估算的浮游植物初级生产力变化范围分别1.21-53.59μg/L、77.4-2484.9mg/(m2·d),其时空分布基本一致,高值出现在富营养化的藻型湖区梅梁湾,低值出现在胥口湾和西南开阔湖区.VGPM模型和经验模式对比结果显示两者值比较接近并存在显著相关(r2=0.79.P<0.0001).两类模型全湖的均值分别为694.5±492.0、719±84±315.4mg/(m2·d),但由于VGPM模型考虑到真光层深度、温度、PAR强度以及日照周期对初级生产力的影响,其变化范围明显大于经验模型,也更能反映初级生产力的空间变化.     

2010年以来四川地区中强地震震源机制反演及深度确定

2008年5月12日四川龙门山断裂带发生了汶川8.0级地震,之后四川境内发生了两次7.0级地震（其中一个是芦山地震）,为了研究汶川地震之后龙门山断裂带及周边区域的地震活动性,本研究收集了国家地震台网和四川区域地震台网2010年1月1日-2017年12月31日四川地区发生的17次M ≥ 5.0地震以及120多次5.0 > M ≥ 4.0地震的波形资料,利用波形拟合法反演了震源机制解及区域应力场.反演结果显示,位于龙门山断裂带上的地震,震源机制以逆冲型为主,鲜水河断裂带地震震源机制以走滑型为主,而川滇块体西南部的理塘断裂、金沙江断裂附近,震源机制解以正断层为主.根据震源机制解反演得到的龙门山地区、鲜水河地区的主压应力场方向为WNW、近EW向.川滇块体的巴塘、理塘等地区,其主压应力轴方向为12°左右,接近SN向,且仰角接近40°左右.本研究利用面波振幅谱特征对震源深度进行了精确定位,定位结果与中国地震台网中心（CENC）,美国地震调查局（USGS）,国际地震中心（ISC）等机构地震目录进行了对比.结果显示,四川地区强震震源深度主要分布在20 km以上的中上地壳.龙门山地区震源优势分布在10~20 km,鲜水河断裂地震震源深度在10 km左右,川滇块体西南部的理塘断裂,巴塘断裂,金沙江断裂等地区,震源深度一般在5~10 km范围.

     

地中电偶极源极低频电磁场的分布与传播特征

利用层状大地中偶极源响应的正演算法, 计算地中电偶极源激发的极低频地震电磁场并分析其在地球环境下的传播特征.设计了多个水平层状地球模型, 分别模拟和展示了深埋地中的电偶极源的响应和空间分布特征.重点分析了含地壳波导+LAI波导模型的高阻大地中, 倾斜电偶极源激励响应随观测点的偏移距和垂直位置、激励源深度、地壳波导结构和参数变化时各场量响应的幅频特征.研究表明, 用倾斜电偶极源模拟和分析高阻大地中孕震电磁辐射的响应及在大地电磁系统中的传播特性是可行的; 模拟的高阻大地中的电磁辐射在地壳波导和LAI波导中均表现有慢衰减或幅值增强特性, 但两个波导效应具有不同的频率选择性; 高阻大地中的电磁辐射在波导的高阻介质中具有幅值强、衰减慢的特点.建议在高阻地层出露的地表、井中或海底的高阻岩层中以及大气层中布设测站.

     

A robust approach to time‐to‐depth conversion and interval velocity estimation from time migration in the presence of lateral velocity variations

The problem of conversion from time‐migration velocity to an interval velocity in depth in the presence of lateral velocity variations can be reduced to solving a system of partial differential equations. In this paper, we formulate the problem as a non‐linear least‐squares optimization for seismic interval velocity and seek its solution iteratively. The input for the inversion is the Dix velocity, which also serves as an initial guess. The inversion gradually updates the interval velocity in order to account for lateral velocity variations that are neglected in the Dix inversion. The algorithm has a moderate cost thanks to regularization that speeds up convergence while ensuring a smooth output. The proposed method should be numerically robust compared to the previous approaches, which amount to extrapolation in depth monotonically. For a successful time‐to‐depth conversion, image‐ray caustics should be either nonexistent or excluded from the computational domain. The resulting velocity can be used in subsequent depth‐imaging model building. Both synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.     

CSAMT和重力方法在狮子湖温泉深部地球物理勘查中的应用

作为一种新型开发的绿色能源,地热资源被越来越多的人所重视.开采埋藏较深的地热资源风险大,因此开发前的地质和地球物理勘查是十分必要的.采用单一的地球物理方法勘探具有很大的风险,因此采用多种方法进行综合调查可以降低单一方法的风险,取得较好的效果.本文以狮子湖温泉为例,研究了地球物理方法在温泉勘探的应用.本次勘探采用可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT-Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics)和微重力测量,CSAMT是针对大地电磁测深法场源的随机性和信号微弱,提出的一种采用可以控制的人工场源改进方案.仪器采用美国Zonge公司生产的GDP-32Ⅱ.该方法由人工向地下供入音频谐变电流建立电磁场,通过仪器在地面接收从地下反馈来的信息,根据不同时代、岩性地层电性特征达到勘查目的.为此我们在测区做了两条剖面,从CSAMT反演图推断,自上而下可分为3个电阻率层,该剖面视电阻率具有很好的层理特征,反映了厚大的中新生代地层（Edn、K）覆盖.剖面西部有明显的泥盆系地层（D）存在.根据视电阻率的变化特点,可以推断这条剖面的5条断层.在剖面中部距地表400～800米深处存在一明显低阻区,推测应为含水破碎带或低阻泥岩.对数据进行二维反演,可以清楚的看到利于储水的盆地构造.CSAMT方法受静态效应影响很大.静态效应位移可能是由地形和电阻率的浅部的横向变化引起的,既是不可避免的,也是不可预测的.因此对数据进行预处理是十分必要的.减少静态效应的影响办法有以下三种：（1）、对效应进行理论计算;（2）、采用空间滤波和相位积分等处理方法;（3）、使用独立的、无静态效应的测量方法.计算静态效应理论值在理论上是简捷的,但在实际的野外条件下,由于无法预测引起静态效应的物体的几何尺寸和电性参数,因此这种方法无法得到可靠的校正值.空间滤波处理是目前广泛采用的一类方法,Bostick（1986）提出了消除MT数据中静态效应的电磁列阵剖面法（EMAP）.EMAP法由于采用连续的剖面测量,可采用窗口可变的自适应空间滤波器-汉宁窗（Hanning window）或叫余弦钟形滤波器消除静态效应.但是这种方法提供了静态效应的要求的数据密度,这就增大了大量的额外测量,提高了获得数据的代价.因此,我们做重力勘探与CSAMT相对比.微重力测量使用美国产LCR-D型重力仪.实测的微重力异常是地下由浅到深各类地质体的物性差异在地面综合叠加的效应,其中包括界面起伏、岩性不均匀、地壳与壳下物质的厚度变化等诸多地质因素在内.实测的重力异常值经过固体潮改正、零点漂移改正、布格改正、正常场改正之后,得到改正后的重力异常值.从微重力反演结果看来,自西往东重力异常逐渐减小,程台阶下降趋势,并趋于平缓,验证了CSAMT的异常结果.从而弥补了CSAMT法的不足.通过这两种方法,我们大致查明了新生代红层盆地的产出形态.该红层盆地西侧边缘位于青山小学一带,自西往东变深;并反演计算出新生代红层与晚古生代泥盆系地层的分界面.深部地球物理勘探的方法有很多,各有各自的优缺点,我们不能从单一的一种方法得到的结论来判断地下地质构造.CSAMT法勘探深度大,但由于本身的物理特性,导致静态效应、近场效应等影响甚大.严重影响我们对地下地质目标体深度的判断,重力和CSAMT法的相互验证,很好的说明了多种地球物理方法综合测定的优势.     

南海重力异常的沉积层密度改正及其对区域构造特征分析的意义

南海位于太平洋板块、印澳板块和欧亚板块交汇处,自晚中生代以来历经张裂作用、海底扩张以及印藏碰撞、菲律宾海板块西向运动等构造事件的叠加改造,不仅形成了复杂多样的构造格局,而且堆积了厚薄不均的沉积层.为了考察沉积层密度改正对利用重力资料分析南海不同尺度构造特征的影响,本文利用南海各区域不同深度沉积层的地震波速度及钻孔密度等数据,建立了沉积层与沉积基底密度差随深度变化的二次函数关系式,并基于该关系式,计算了南海沉积层相对基底密度低而产生的重力异常值.结果显示,南海沉积层的重力异常值在海盆区介于-40~-60 mGal,而在堆积巨厚沉积物的莺歌海盆地可达到-135 mGal;相对于空间重力异常、布格重力异常,经沉积层重力异常改正后的地壳布格重力异常更能突出深部不同尺度的密度结构和莫霍面的起伏特征,其总水平导数模更突显了南海西北部红河断裂带的海上延伸;利用谱分析技术估算岩石圈强度时,经沉积层重力异常改正的地壳布格重力异常数据获得的岩石圈有效弹性厚度值更为符合地质实际,特别是在长条形的巨厚沉积区如莺歌海盆地和马来盆地.分析表明,重力异常的沉积层密度改正对揭示南海构造特征具有重要的意义.