西藏最新非碳酸盐海相沉积及其对新特提斯关闭的意义

西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰北部的定日遮普惹山地区存在一套与过去斩最新海相沉积不同的新地层－朋曲组。它与下伏遮普惹组呈整合接触，与上覆第四系呈不整合，识别的钙质微化石带NP15、NP16和NP20将本区的最高海相层位提高到了始新世普里亚本末期（31Ma），较之过去的认识推了迟16－19Ma，朋曲线为一套非碳酸盐沉积厚约180m，分为下部黄绿色页岩含砂岩和上部紫红色砂页岩两部分，系入海三角洲相。该套最新非碳酸盐海相沉积对东段新特提斯的关闭时间和方式具有重要参考价值，并概括为：（1）始新世鲁帝特期初期（巴基斯坦北部和印度西北部）→（2）普里亚本末期（西藏南部的仲巴－定日）（－岗巴））→（3）渐新世末期（塔里木海湾＋印度－缅甸山岭地区－安达曼岛弧）→（4）中新世早期的末期（巴基斯坦Katawaz残留盆地）。     

朋曲组——西藏南部最高海相层位一个新的地层单元

西藏南部定日地区遮普惹山向斜核部近来发现一套非碳酸盐型海相沉积 ,由黄绿色页岩含砂岩、紫红色砂页岩组成 ,总厚约 180 m,产丰富的钙质超微化石 ,时代属始新世中—晚期 (路特中晚期—巴顿早期 ) ,延时约 10个Ma(5 0～ 40 Ma B.P.)。这套地层显然与过去在该区命名的碳酸盐型最高海相层位不同 ,本文命名为朋曲组 ,包括两个段 :下部恩巴段 ,黄绿色页岩夹砂岩 ,含超微化石带 NP15 ,限时路特中—晚期 ,属残留海浊流沉积 ;上部扎果段 ,紫红色砂、页岩 ,含超微化石带 NP16 ,局限于路特末期—巴顿早期 ,系入海三角洲相。这套非碳酸盐型最高海相层的发现有三点重要意义 :1)第一次在研究区建立了始新统的较为精确的化石、年代地层 ;　 2 )在西藏特提斯喜马拉雅发现了真正碰撞型残留海沉积建造 ;　 3)为新特提斯洋在西藏南部最后关闭和西藏南部早期隆升的时间确定提供了直接依据。     

Latest marine horizon north of Qomolangma (Mt Everest): implications for closure of Tethys seaway and collision tectonics

The newly discovered marine horizon at Zhepure Syncline, north of Qomolangma, revises timing of the closure of the eastern Neo-Tethys seaway in the central Himalayas. The marine Pengqu Formation conformably overlies a Lutetian shallow-water carbonate platform and comprises shales interbedded with sandstones deposited in a neritic shelf environment. The strata are dated by nannofossils and foraminifera as late early Lutetian to late Priabonian age (NP15–NP20, deposited ≈ 47–34 Ma), indicating that the final closure of the Tethys seaway in this region occurred at ∼ 34 Ma. The newly discovered strata provide evidence about emplacement of a major thrust sheet south of southern Tibet prior to ∼ 37 Ma, which affected the regional climate.     

西藏南部早第三纪钙质超微化石及东特提斯在西藏境内的封闭时限

研究了西藏南部定日地区曲密巴剖面早第三纪遮普惹组上页岩段的钙质超微化石 ,自下而上划分出 3个超微化石组合 :N annotetrina fulgens-Chiasmolithusgigas组合 ;Discoaster bifax-Chiasmolithussolitus组合及 Sphenolithuspseudoradians-Reticulofenestra bisecta组合 ,确定了上述3组合可与 Martini( 1 971 )超微化石分带的 NP1 5、NP1 6及 NP1 7带对比。还确认了第三超微化石组合的层位是西藏地区海相第三纪目前已知的最高层位 ,它的时代应为中始新世晚期 ,即属 Bartonian期。根据超微化石属种的时限分布的分析 ,东特提斯在西藏境内的封闭时间大约在3 8Ma左右 ,即至该时期 ,海水完全退出青藏高原 ,印度板块和欧亚板块完全拼合 ,青藏高原开始大幅度的隆升。     

伊朗中伊朗盆地库姆组地层的时代

对伊朗中伊朗盆地卡尚地区库姆组的微体化石样品分析 ,不仅发现了新的有孔虫和介形虫化石组合 ,而且还首次发现了较丰富的钙质超微及少量的沟鞭藻化石。依据这些化石的组合面貌 ,认为库姆组含始新世地层无疑 ,修正了以往认为库姆组地层时代为中—晚渐新世至早中新世的观点。     

Stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous and lower tertiary strata in the Tethyan Himalayas of Tibet (Tingri area,China)

The 1500-m-thick marine strata of the Tethys Himalaya of the Zhepure Mountain (Tingri, Tibet) comprise the Upper Albian to Eocene and represent the sedimentary development of the passive northern continental margin of the Indian plate. Investigations of foraminifera have led to a detailed biozonation which is compared with the west Tethyan record. Five stratigraphic units can be distinguished: The Gamba group (Upper Albian - Lower Santonian) represents the development from a basin and slope to an outer-shelf environment. In the following Zhepure Shanbei formation (Lower Santonian - Middle Maastrichtian), outer-shelf deposits continue. Pebbles in the top layers point to beginning redeposition on a continental slope. Intensified redeposition continues within the Zhepure Shanpo formation (Middle Maastrichtian - Lower Paleocene). The series is capped by sandstones of the Jidula formation (Danian) deposited from a seaward prograding delta plain. The overall succession of these units represents a sea-level high at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary followed, from the Turonian to Danian, by an overall shallowing-upward megasequence. This is followed by a final transgression — regression cycle during the Paleocene and Eocene, documented in the Zhepure Shan formation (?Upper Danian - Lutetian) and by Upper Eocene continental deposits. The section represents the narrowing and closure of the Tethys as a result of the convergence between northward-drifting India and Eurasia. The plate collision started in the Lower Maastrichtian and caused rapid changes in sedimentation patterns affected by tectonic subsidence and uplift. Stronger subsidence and deposition took place from the Middle Maastrichtian to the Lower Paleocene. The final closure of remnant Tethys in the Tingri area took place in the Lutetian.     

Stratigraphy and sedimentology of lower carboniferous (Dinantian) boreholes from West Co. Meath,Ireland

The 2-km deep Athboy Borehole (1439/2) together with the lower part of boreholes EP30 and N915 form a standard type section for strata of Dinantian (Courceyan to Asbian) age in west Co. Meath. Above a thin basal red-bed siliciclastic sequence, the marine Courceyan shelf succession is almost 600 m thick. It comprises the Liscartan, Meath, and Moathill Formations of the Navan Group and the Slane Castle Formation of the succeeding Boyne Group. The shallow-water limestones include micrites, oolites, and sandy bioclastic packstones and grainstones with subordinate skeletal wackestones and shales. Lateral facies changes from north to south in the Navan area suggest deepening across a shelf towards a depocentre further to the south around Trim. The deeper-water Waulsortian Limestones of late Courceyan to Chadian age (Feltrim Formation, ca. 213 m thick) form a series of five sheet-like mudbanks, interbedded with generally thin units of nodular crinoidal limestones and shales. The mudbanks are formed of bryozoan-rich peloidal wackestones and lime-mudstones with phase C and D components. Rare soft-sediment breccias occur at the bottom and top of banks. The succeeding Fingal Group commences with a thin interval (3–20 m) of black shales, laminated packstones, and micritic limestones of Chadian age, the Tober Colleen Formation. This is followed by the Lucan Formation (Chadian to Asbian) predominantly of laminated and graded calciturbidites, laminated sandstones, cherts, and black shales, which is over 1300 m thick. Ten sedimentary units have been informally defined, based on lithofacies and facies associations. The oldest unit, the Tara Member, is characterized by proximal debris-flow breccia deposits and nodular mudstones. A thick bioturbated micrite and shale unit (Ardmulchan Member) in the middle of the formation is overlain directly by a coarse oolitic and crinoidal grainstone unit (Beauparc Member). Near the top of the formation is a distinctive unit of coarse-grained laminated sandstones and shales (Athboy Member). The highest rocks in the Borehole are clean thickly-bedded limestones of the Asbian Naul Formation (>90 m thick). The youngest Dinantian strata in the area, the Brigantian Loughshinny Formation, marks a return to shale-dominant basin sedimentation. The significance of this work lies in the fact that the Athboy borehole is the longest continuously cored borehole in the Carboniferous of Ireland and provides a continuous sedimentary and biostratigraphic record for the northern part of the Dublin Basin. Foraminiferal biozones (Cf2–Cf6) have been recognized in this and in borehole N915, and Stage boundaries identified, which can be applied throughout the Basin. The sedimentary record for the Lucan Formation indicates four tectonic pulses during the Viséan, in the late Chadian/early Arundian, mid-Arundian, Holkerian, and late Holkerian/early Asbian.     

Sequence stratigraphic framework for mixed aeolian,peritidal and marine environments: Insights from the Pennsylvanian subtropical record of Western Pangaea

Due to difficulties in correlating aeolian deposits with coeval marine facies, sequence stratigraphic interpretations for arid coastal successions are debated and lack a unifying model. The Pennsylvanian record of northern Wyoming, USA, consisting of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sequences deposited in arid, subtropical conditions, provides an ideal opportunity to study linkages between such environments. Detailed facies models and sequence stratigraphic frameworks were developed for the Ranchester Limestone Member (Amsden Formation) and Tensleep Formation by integrating data from 16 measured sections across the eastern side of the Bighorn Basin with new conodont biostratigraphic data. The basal Ranchester Limestone Member consists of dolomite interbedded with thin shale layers, interpreted to represent alternating deposition in shallow marine (fossiliferous dolomite) and supratidal (cherty dolomite) settings, interspersed with periods of exposure (pedogenically modified dolomites and shales). The upper Ranchester Limestone Member consists of purple shales, siltstones, dolomicrites and bimodally cross‐bedded sandstones in the northern part of the basin, interpreted as deposits of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate tidal flats. The Tensleep Formation is characterized by thick (3 to 15 m) aeolian sandstones interbedded with peritidal heteroliths and marine dolomites, indicating cycles of erg accumulation, preservation and flooding. Marine carbonates are unconformably overlain by peritidal deposits and/or aeolian sandstones interpreted as lowstand systems tract deposits. Marine transgression was often accompanied by the generation of sharp supersurfaces. Lags and peritidal heteroliths were deposited during early stages of transgression. Late transgressive systems tract fossiliferous carbonates overlie supersurfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are lacking, either due to non‐deposition or post‐depositional erosion. The magnitude of inferred relative sea‐level fluctuations (>19 m), estimated by comparison with analogous modern settings, is similar to estimates from coeval palaeotropical records. This study demonstrates that sequence stratigraphic terminology can be extended to coastal ergs interacting with marine environments, and offers insights into the dynamics of subtropical environments.     

Tectonic repetitions of the Early Cretaceous Agrio Formation in the Chos Malal fold-and-thrust belt,Neuquén Basin,Argentina: Geometry,kinematics and structural implications for Andean building

The Neuquén Basin, developed in a retroarc setting in the central-west of Argentina, contains more than 6000 m of Mesozoic marine and continental sedimentary rocks. These rocks were deformed during the Andean orogeny leading to several thick and thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts. The Early Cretaceous Agrio Formation is composed by a thick marine succession predominantly of black shales in which highlights a thin fluvial-aeolian sandy interval named Avilé Member. The Avilé Member, one of the most important hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Neuquén Basin, constitutes an excellent structural marker. At the Chos Malal fold-and-thrust belt, the strong mechanical anisotropy given by the contrasting lithology of the Avilé Member within the Agrio Formation favored the location of detachments along the shales and ramps affecting the sandstones during the Andean compression. Detailed field mapping at the Chacay Melehue area allowed us to recognize tectonic repetitions of the Avilé Member, which form imbrications in the simplest case whereas in other places constitute a more complex combination of imbrications, including fault-bend folding that duplicates stratigraphic sequences and fault-propagation folding that deforms more intensely the duplicated units. Along three structural cross-sections we illustrate the geometry of these tectonic repetitions of the Agrio Formation, which in the northern area have an eastward-vergence and in the central and southern regions show a clear westward-vergence. A tear fault along the arroyo Chacay Melehue could explain this vergence change. Forward modeling of the structures at the central cross-section, where a backthrust system produced imbrication, duplication and folding of the Agrio Formation, allows us to propose a balanced kinematic reconstruction of this complex structure and to compare the features produced at different stages of the deformation sequence with field observations. Our kinematic interpretation shows that the tectonic repetitions of the Agrio Formation involve 3 km of shortening above a basal detachment within the lowermost black shales. Based on a regional balanced cross-section constructed from the basement-cored Cordillera del Viento anticlinorium toward the east, across the thin-skinned sector of the Chos Malal FTB, it is possible to connect the backthrust system with east-vergent fault-bend folds that involve the stratigraphic units below the Agrio Formation. Finally, we propose a regional structural model considering the Cordillera del Viento as a basement wedge related to a low angle Andean thrust that is inserted into the sedimentary cover producing structures of different order, which evidence a strong relationship between thick and thin-skinned structures during the Andean orogeny.     

西藏第三纪有孔虫生物地层及地理环境

西藏南部海相第三系自下而上划分为:基堵拉组、宗浦组和遮普惹组。基堵拉组的归属直接关系到白垩——第三系的界线问题。以往在证据不充分的情况下将基堵拉组归于白垩系。本次工作在该组中找到了具时代意义的化石,有双壳类、介形虫、有孔虫等。通过化石群的研究确定了基堵拉组属于古新世丹宁早期。白垩—第三系界线应位于宗山组与基堵拉组之间。通过基堵拉组的横向对比得出了该组在空间上穿时的结论。浮游有孔虫动物群的发现确定了本区最高海相层为遮普惹组上段,时代属于始新世晚期。 西藏第三纪有孔虫类型丰富。据动物群的古生态研究得出了不同时代的有孔虫生物相:丹宁期为Rotalia生物相和Textularia生物相;朗德期为Miscellanea生物相和Ranikotbalia生物相;伊普尔期至路坦丁期包括Orbitolites生物相、Assilina生物相及冈底斯有孔虫生物相;普里亚波期以Globigerina生物相为特征。据有孔虫生物相的特征及氧碳稳定同位素的测试结果综合得出了西藏南部第三纪包括两次海侵旋回,即古新世和始新世旋回。二者又分别包括两回次一级的旋回,即古新世的丹宁期旋回和朗德期旋回;始新世的伊普尔期至路坦丁期旋回和普里亚波期旋回。     

A tidal-inlet complex in the Cretaceous epeiric sea of North America: Virgelle Member, Milk River Formation, southern Alberta, Canada

The upper portion of the Virgelle Member (Upper Cretaceous Milk River Formation) at Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park of southern Alberta preserves evidence of tidal processes along an otherwise wave-dominated, progradational shoreline in the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of North America. The upper Virgelle Member is underlain by offshore transition to lower shoreface deposits of the Telegraph Creek Member and the lower Virgelle Member, respectively, and is overlain by the non-marine shales and sandstones of the Deadhorse Coulee Member. The sediments of the upper Virgelle Member were deposited along a prograding shoreline and are interpreted here as those of a tidal-inlet complex. Most inlet sections consist of an erosional base overlain by a shale-pebble conglomerate, followed by cross-bedded sandstones which become finer-grained and decrease in scale upwards. Indicators of tidal processes include palaeocurrent distributions, mud couplets, tidal bundles, re-activation surfaces and herringbone cross-beds. The sequence through the tidal-inlet complex can be differentiated, according to prevalent palaeoflow directions and sedimentary structures, as ebb-dominated, flood-dominated, or mixed-tidal influence. Ebb-dominated sections commonly contain lateral accretion surfaces whereas flood-dominated sections contain tidal-ramp deposits. Back-barrier lagoon deposits are dominated by sandstones of an extensive flood-tidal delta with only thin shales preserved locally at the top of the inlet complex. Deposits of ebb-tidal deltas are absent, presumably due to the effective sediment dispersal by waves and wave-induced longshore currents acting on the regionally wave-dominated shoreline.     

论淮南生物群

淮南生物群 (Huainan Biota)产于安徽淮南地区新元古代淮南群中 ,由宏观藻类 Chuaria- Tawuia组合和蠕形动物 Pararenicola- Paleolina组合组成 ,可与加拿大西北麦肯齐山新元古代小达尔群 (L ittle Dal Group)小达尔生物群 (L ittle Dal Biota)对比 ,为新元古代大冰期前的一个特有生物群落 ,地质时代为前震旦纪 (本文的震旦纪即目前的南华纪至震旦纪 ) ,时限约为 85 0— 75 0 Ma,从而将前人所定淮南生物群为青白口纪至震旦纪的时代结论修订为前震旦纪。这对我国乃至国际上新元古代地层层序的重新划分与对比 ,以及新元古代早期生命演化研究等都具有重大的理论意义和实际价值。文中还着重论述了淮南生物群的组合特征和特定的生物发展阶段 ,而区别于青白口纪和震旦纪的生物群落 ,并通过洲际对比 ,讨论了淮南生物群的地层学意义     

青海木里聚乎更天然气水合物潜在区中侏罗世岩相古地理特征

青海聚乎更矿区不仅赋存丰富的煤炭资源,同时也是全球陆域中纬度高海拔地区天然气水合物的首要发现地,同时也是我国非常规天然气(煤层气和页岩气)勘探开发的潜在热点地区,且天然气水合物勘探的层位主要为中侏罗世含煤岩系。通过对青海聚乎更矿区中侏罗世含煤地层野外露头、钻孔岩心、测井等资料整理分析的基础上,对研究区内中侏罗世含煤岩系沉积时期的沉积环境及古地理进行了分析。以定量和定性分析相结合的方法对研究区岩相古地理进行重建。以钻孔沉积相分析为基础,结合单因素分析多因素综合作图法及研究区目的层段沉积相断面图分析,最终恢复各段沉积期的岩相古地理格局。木里组下段岩性主要为细砾岩、含砾粗砂岩及粗砂岩等粗粒岩性,分析认为木里组下段主要发育辫状河沉积;木里组上段随着水体的不断加深,发育形成 了研究区主采的下1、下2煤层,该段主要以三角洲沉积为主,同时研究区西南区域发育滨浅湖沉积;江仓组上段沉积时期,水体进一步加深,成煤环境逐渐变差,发育形成多套薄煤层,以三角洲沉积为主,西南区域的滨浅湖沉积范围进一步扩大;江仓组上段是发现水合物的主要层段,其岩性主要以油页岩、暗色泥岩等为主,含有典型的湖泊沉积的瓣鳃类化石,为湖泊沉积。总体上,聚乎更矿区在中侏罗世经历了辫状河、三角洲平原、三角洲前缘、滨浅湖、半深湖-深湖的持续变深的演化过程。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部下二叠统山西组山2段成岩相划分及展布

鄂尔多斯盆地东部下二叠统山西组山2段岩石类型主要为石英砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,储集层经历了压实、压溶、硅质胶结、碳酸盐胶结交代、高岭石胶结、杂基蚀变以及溶蚀等多种成岩作用。在成岩作用研究的基础上,通过大量的岩心观察和薄片鉴定,结合阴极发光、探针分析等方法,将研究区划分出7种单因素成岩相,即：强压实、压溶-石英次生加大、蚀变高岭石、沉淀高岭石、杂基充填、碳酸盐胶结交代、不稳定组分溶蚀成岩相,在此基础上对其进行平面叠加,确定了利于储集层发育的优势成岩相。其中压溶-石英次生加大与杂基、假杂基溶蚀作用的综合作用（叠加和改造）决定了山西组山2段有利的成岩相带,在陕141井区、榆37井区、子洲-清涧地区山西组山2段形成了天然气优质储集层。     

THE TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE OF YANYUAN BASIN IN THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

THE TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE OF YANYUAN BASIN IN THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAUYoungGeologistofGMR(Qn979816 )andNSFCGeneralProjects(4980 2 0 13)     

湘黔桂交界区富禄组与富禄间冰期的再划分

在中国南华系层型剖面优选区之一——湘黔桂交界区,富禄间冰期可再分为3个相对较暖热的气候阶段(间冰段)和2个相对寒冷的气候阶段(冰段),即(自老而新)：三江间冰段、龙家冰段、烂阳间冰段、两界河冰段、大塘坡间冰段。相应地,富禄间冰期沉积地层——富禄组可分5个段,即：三江段、龙家段、烂阳段、两界河段、大塘坡段。另外,对古城组和铁丝坳组层型的湖北长阳古城剖面、贵州松桃大塘坡剖面和相关资料的再研究揭示,“古城组”和“铁丝坳组”都是富禄间冰期晚冰段(即两界河冰段)的沉积,均不宜替代长安组作为南华纪早冰期沉积的代表。     

湘黔桂交界区富禄组与富禄间冰期的再划分

在中国南华系层型剖面优选区之一--湘黔桂交界区,富禄闻冰期可再分为3个相对较暖热的气候阶段(间冰段)和2个相对寒冷的气候阶段(冰段),即(自老而新):三江间冰段、龙家冰段、烂阳闻冰段、两界河冰段、大塘坡间冰段.相应地,富禄间冰期沉积地层--富禄组可分5个段,即:三江段、龙家段、烂阳段、两界河段、大塘坡段.另外.对古城组和铁丝坳组层型的湖北长阳古城剖面、贵州松桃大塘坡剖面和相关资料的再研究揭示,"古城组"和"铁丝坳组"都是富禄间冰期晚冰段(即两界河冰段)的沉积,均不宜替代长安组作为南华纪早冰期沉积的代表.     

藏南日喀则弧前盆地帕达那组沉积相分析

藏南桑桑地区帕达那组是上白垩统日喀则弧前盆地浅水沉积。基于野外实测剖面对帕达那组进行了详细的沉积相研究。帕达那组岩相类型主要有五类:砾岩相、砂岩相、粉砂岩相、页岩相和灰岩相。砂岩中发育大量楔状和板状交错层理、平行层理、粒序层理及泥砾、潜穴、生物扰动等沉积构造,页岩中发育潜穴及大量钙质结核。根据岩相和沉积构造特征识别出陆棚相和三角洲相。三角洲相包括前三角洲、三角洲前缘及三角洲平原三个亚相,可进一步划分为水下分支河道、河口砂坝、支流间湾、分流河道、洪泛平原、沼泽等微相。帕达那组地层自下向上发育陆棚相和三角洲相（依次为前三角洲、三角洲前缘及三角洲平原亚相）,整体显示出古水深变浅的趋势。这一沉积环境的变化代表着日喀则弧前盆地由欠充填到过充填阶段的演化。     

Paleogene-Neogene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecological inferences from northern Campos Basin,Brazil (well Campos-01)

Quantitative analyses of calcareous nannofossils were performed on 50 ditch-cuttings samples from a well drilled in the northern Campos Basin, Brazil. Nine zones and two subzones were recognised in the Paleogene-Neogene section. The absence of zones NN9-NN7 (earliest late-latest middle Miocene), NP25-NP21 (Oligocene) and NP18-NP1 (earliest late Eocene-Paleocene) implies the occurrence of three stratigraphic breaks/unconformities within the studied interval. Nannofossil assemblages present suggest an open-ocean depositional environment under oligotrophic-surface water conditions for the Miocene section of the well. Hughesius spp. and Umbilicosphaera spp., here named the “small dark” group, were recognised as an index of high nutrient concentration. We suggest that small coccolith/nannolith size is a better indicator of eutrophic condition than taxonomic affinity. Morphometric analysis of specimens of Sphenolithus belemnos and Sphenolithus disbelemnos showed that size tends to decrease within the highstand system tract. The influx of nutrients associated with the highstand could explain this size reduction and may also support our hypothesis that small specimens are indicative of high nutrient concentrations in the surface water.