Combined use of field observations and SAR interferometry to study ice dynamics and mass balance in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

In the region of the Schirmacheroase (71 °S, 12°E) various geodetic and glaciological research activities have been carried out in the last decade. Several times three geodetic-glaciological traverses were undertaken to study ice velocity, accumulation and ablation, and ice surface height changes. Repeated ground surveys show a significant decrease in surface heights by about 15 cm/y for a large blue-ice area. This paper presents the first interferometrically derived ice velocity field of the inland ice close to the Schirmacheroase. The interferometric analysis of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is performed in combination with ground-based information. Since only ERS-1&2 tandem mission image couples are available for this region a digital elevation model (DEM) is used to remove the effect of topography. Ice velocities up to 100 m/y are proved interferometrically for this part of the inland ice.     

ERS-2 PRI去噪评价及其在土地利用/覆盖分类中的应用

雷达成像原理和回波信号处理的特殊性,使得斑点噪声是雷达数据所固有的。斑点噪声滤除是雷达数据分析、处理不可或缺的工作。针对ERS-2 PRI产品,分别基于传统方法、模型方法、局域统计自适应滤波法和几何滤波法进行滤噪处理及其去噪质量评价,发现几何滤波的Gamma MAP消除雷达噪声效果最佳,并基于去噪后的多时相数据进行土地利用/覆盖分类。     

利用SAR影像区域分割方法提取海洋暗斑特征

在SAR强度影像中,包括海洋溢油在内的许多海洋现象呈现为暗斑。为从诸多暗斑中辨识海洋溢油,需要在SAR影像中提取暗斑的几何和统计分布特征,以此作为进一步分类（辨识）海洋溢油的依据,将基于几何划分技术的区域分割方法应用于SAR影像暗斑特征提取。首先建立高分辨率SAR影像暗斑或然率模型,然后利用最大化期望值和M-H算法实现其几何及统计分布特征参数提取。实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以精准提取暗斑的几何形状,同时还能有效估计其统计分布参数。     

基于Radarsat-2 SAR图像分类与HY-2微波辐射计反演获取北极海冰密集度的比较研究

在北极东北航道东西伯利亚海和楚科奇海交汇的关键区域,利用四景2012年北极夏季Radarsat-2 SAR海冰图像,通过图像分类提取了海冰密集度;同时采用NASA TEAM算法,基于海洋二号(HY-2)卫星扫描微波辐射计亮温数据反演了对应区域的海冰密集度;并引入美国冰雪数据中心(NSIDC)发布的SSMIS海冰密集度产品进行了对比研究。通过不同来源海冰密集度数据的分析发现HY-2、SAR和SSMIS的结果在4个研究区域上的分布趋势基本吻合;但在海冰边缘区,由SAR图像分类得到的海冰密集度高于HY-2和SSMIS的反演结果,说明了高分辨率的SAR图像在监测边缘区小尺寸浮冰上有优势。三种数据中,原始分辨率相同(25 km)的HY-2与SSMIS的结果最为相近,而HY-2同SAR的相关性与SAR同SSMIS的相关性一致。在冰边缘,HY-2的反演值偏低于SAR和SSMIS的结果,这是受该处较高水汽含量影响的结果,也是未来发展HY-2微波辐射计反演算法需要重点改进的地方。     

利用SAR影像时间序列的耕地提取研究

卫星遥感是耕地资源调查的一种重要技术手段,利用遥感时间序列数据进行耕地提取具有很强的实践意义。光学遥感成像过程易受光照和大气条件影响,在云雨多发地区所能获取的可用数据十分有限;合成孔径雷达(SAR)能够全天时、全天气进行对地观测,但受斑点噪声影响,少见利用其构建时间序列进行信息提取的研究。本文研究了SAR影像时间序列在耕地提取中的适用性,利用江苏省徐州市2009年12月-2010年12月共11景ENVISAT ASAR 影像构建时间序列,目视选取30个5像元×5像元大小的耕地样区,分别统计样区内(相邻位置)与样区间(不同位置)耕地时域后向散射特征的一致性(变异系数);然后利用欧氏距离法、相关系数法以及动态时间弯曲法(DTW)进行研究区的耕地提取。结果显示：相邻位置耕地像元后向散射特性较为一致,平均变异系数为9.96%;不同位置耕地像元后向散射特性一致性也较好,平均变异系数为15.27%。在所选的3种方法中,相关系数法耕地提取精度最高,正确率与完整率分别为86.25%与80.70%;欧氏距离法精度次之,正确率与完整率分别为76.40%与71.93%;DTW效果较差,正确率和完整率分别为62.15%和77.78%。SAR影像时间序列作为一种新的数据组织形式,可用于耕地的有效提取。     

Estimation of seasonal changes in the flow of Shirase Glacier using JERS-1/SAR image correlation

This paper presents estimates of detailed seasonal variations in ice-flow velocity for Shirase Glacier calculated using data obtained by Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR). We used 12 pairs of images (44-day repeat cycle) over the interval from 30 April 1996 to 1 July 1998 to estimate ice-flow fields using an image correlation method. Geometric registration was performed with reference to the RADARSAT Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) image dataset. Error analysis based on feature mismatch indicated an absolute error of ±0.30 km/a and relative error of ±0.04 km/a in the estimated flow velocity. The obtained ice-flow velocity increases rapidly from the upstream region (1.18 km/a) to the grounding line, where it becomes stagnant (2.32 km/a), before accelerating gradually to 2.62–2.82 km/a in the downstream region and then increasing to 3.05–3.50 km/a at the terminus of the floating ice tongue. The ice-flow velocities in the downstream region are highly variable, depending on both the distance from the grounding line and the observed epoch (season). Most of the obtained seasonal variations in ice-flow velocity at the floating ice tongue are within the range of the associated error estimate, but the annual difference between 1997 (3.11 km/a) and 1998 (3.50 km/a) is significant, reflecting a possible acceleration in the ice-flow velocity in association with the disappearance of the floating ice tongue between April and May of 1998. In terms of the summer–winter difference in averaged air temperature, the large difference recorded in 1997 (17.0 °C) relative to 1996 (13.9 °C) corresponds to a reduced ice-flow velocity in 1997 (approximately 0.20 km/a) relative to that in 1996 (approximately 0.30 km/a), indicating interactions between air, sea ice, and glacier flow in Lützow-Holm Bay.     

High resolution simulations of Arctic sea ice, 1979–1993

To evaluate improvements in modelling Arctic sea ice, we compare results from two regional models at 1/12° horizontal resolution. The first is a coupled ice-ocean model of the Arctic Ocean, consisting of an ocean model (adapted from the Parallel Ocean Program, Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL]) and the "old" sea ice model. The second model uses the same grid but consists of an improved "new" sea ice model (LANL/CICE) with a simple ocean mixed layer. Both models are forced with European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data for 1979–1993. A comparison of the two sea ice models focuses on the winter of 1987 to emphasize the internal ice stress and to minimize biases towards a particular Arctic climate regime. The "new" sea ice model gives improved ice deformation and drift fields. These improvements are associated at least in part with the multi-category representation of the ice thickness distribution and more realistic parameterization of the ice strength. Long, narrow features in ice divergence and shear fields resemble those observed in SAR imagery, except that their average width is overestimated, possibly due to insufficient horizontal resolution. We also compare the mean sea ice drift and its decadal variability in two "old" sea ice models at different horizontal resolutions: 18-km and 9-km. We find no significant change in ice drift between the two models, except in areas of significant ice-ocean interactions due to more realistic ocean currents and water mass properties in the 9-km model.     

哨兵卫星Sentinel-1A数据特性及应用潜力分析

Sentinel-1A是欧空局"哥白尼计划"发射的首颗对地观测卫星,其搭载的C波段SAR传感器有效地延续了ERS-1/2和ENVISAT ASAR对地观测任务。简要介绍了Sentinel-1A卫星的特点和轨道参数,并与ERS-1/2和ENVISAT ASAR进行了对比。详细介绍了Sentinel-1A的成像模式(SM,IW,EW,WV)以及每种模式下数据产品(Level-0,Level-1,Level-2)的特征。最后分析了Sentinel-1A数据在不同领域的实际应用,为其在对地观测中的广泛应用提供了参考。     

空间信息技术支持下的沿海风能资源评价

沿海地区是我国重要的风能资源区,由于近地面风场具有很强的时空变异性,给风能资源定量评价带来了很大困难.空间信息技术的发展为我们提供了新的视角和手段,近年来,利用星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)进行沿海风场信息遥感反演已从试验逐步走向成熟,它以布拉格原理为依据,建立合成孔径雷达后向散射系数与海面风场之间的关系,反演风速、风向等关键参数,并进而对研究区风能资源进行准确的定量评价.本文回顾了本领域国内外研究进展,重点阐述了风场要素反演的基本方法和校验手段,探讨了目前存在的一些问题和改进方法,并对本方法在我国的应用前景作了展望.     

基于JERS-1雷达干涉测量的格罗夫山冰盖信息提取

东南极格罗夫山地区是由我国科学家最新发现的南极内陆冰盖陨石富集地。本文采用该地区1996年三个时相的JERS-1合成孔径雷达(SAR)原始数据,进行了成像和干涉处理;分析了该地区的雷达图像特征,干涉条纹图与冰面地形、干涉基线(时相、空间)和冰川流动的关系,干涉相干性与基线和冰面变化的关系;定性地揭示了格罗夫山地区冰流的模式,发现了存在于角峰群内部的冰流。此外,本文还分析了该地区干涉去相干的主导因素。     

船载卫星遥感图象处理系统在南北极科学考察中的应用

船载卫星遥感图象处理系统是针对南极考察气象航线预报、冰区航行的海冰预报和导航需要而研制的船陆两用多功能软件系统。采用了最新的 DEL PHI可视化软件开发工具 ,开发了用于 WINDOWS98环境下的 32位的程序 ,并针对接收系统开发了 WINDOWS设备驱动程序 ,提高了在 WIND0 WS98多任务环境下 ,接收程序的实时性和可靠性 ;采用面向对象的程序开发方法和开放式的体系结构 ,便于功能的更新和提高 ;采用 SGP4/SDP4轨道模式及两行元素的轨道参数计算出卫星星下点的位置 ,实现了在 1 A图象上计算逐点经纬度的快速动态定位和图象显示的功能 ;采用迭代法利用电子地图网格数据 ,在接收的卫星云图上迭代套上地形及海岸线。组成了适合船陆两用的多功能快速灵活的图象处理系统 ,可以在 1～ 2分钟瞬间内完成一幅图的定位套网格和套地形线的工作。解决了南极海冰监测和冰缝、水道预报的难点。可以使图象上下滚动、左右移动、任意放大、缩小和剪取 ;可以随着鼠标的移动显示出图上任意一点的经纬度 ;能够在图上标出任意目标物 ,如船位、站位、岛屿等等 ;能够方便地在图上画出航线 ,直观地判断船所处的位置和航线周围的气象和海洋环境状况 ;解决了在茫茫海洋和冰区中航行找不到参照物时的困惑 :能够输出任意大小的 2 4位真     

Cyclones over Fram Strait: impact on sea ice and variability

The relation between sea ice drift and cyclone activity in the Fram Strait region was studied by both in situ observations and long-term time series. In a 1999 field campaign, the atmospheric forcing and the ice drift were determined using a research aircraft and drifting ice buoys. One cyclone entered the experimental area and caused a temporal increase in ice drift speed. Long-term studies are based on 16 years of cyclone statistics and model, satellite and sonar ice drift estimates. The actual impact of a cyclone depends on its particular track through Fram Strait. On the average, cyclones increase the Arctic ice export through Fram Strait.     

基于G0分布的SAR图像水边线提取方法

为了更加精准地从合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中提取水边线,提出基于G0分布的SAR图像水边线提取方法。首先,将SAR图像域划分为大小相等的子块,并假设每个子块内像素强度服从独立同一的G0分布;利用矩估计方法得到对应每个子块的粗糙度和散射性参数;根据设定的参数阈值,可划分出粗略的水域,并确定该区域的几何中心;以该几何中心为圆心,向四周做射线,保留经过陆地区域的射线;利用似然函数确定每条射线上的水-陆分界点,依次连接分界点,进而实现SAR图像水边线提取。采用本文方法,分别对模拟和真实SAR图像进行水边线提取实验。定性和定量结果表明：采用基于G0分布的SAR图像水边线提取方法能够有效地克服斑点噪声的影响。     

Tidal ice dynamics in the area of Svalbard and Frans Josef Land

This study is part of the Soviet-Norwegian Oceanographic Programme (SNOP) on ice and water dynamics in the region between Svalbard and Frans Josef Land. The effects of the movements of water and ice on the ice regime are discussed. Due to the scarcity of data, numerical hydrodynamica] simulations are used. The tidal ice drift is visualized on satellite images as elliptically shaped traces in the ice fields formed by grounded icebergs. These traces are a result of the joint action of tides, wind and permanent currents.     

El Niño southern oscillation influences represented in ERS scatterometer-derived soil moisture data

Over the past decade, soil moisture products derived from microwave remote sensing data have gained increasing attention for the monitoring of agricultural, hydrological and climate processes. ERS-1 and ERS-2 scatterometer-derived time series of data available since 1992 enable the user to analyze the change of soil moisture patterns over time and to monitor events deviating from the normal. In this paper, ERS scatterometer-derived soil moisture products are compared with known occurrences of heavy rain and drought related to the strong El Niño (EN) event of 1997/1998. We investigated globally if the typical EN-related short term climate changes can be depicted in soil moisture data. EN consequences and their manifestation in the data are presented for the Americas, Africa and Asia. Furthermore, the weather situation during the EN event in China is compared to the scatterometer-derived soil moisture data set in more detail. It could be observed that most EN-related climate variations on the different continents are clearly reflected by remote sensing soil moisture data. Heavy rain and drought conditions reported in daily media, science papers, and forecasts by the NOAA Climate Prediction Center can be observed in anomaly data sets showing the deviation of soil moisture from the average. This also applies for the strong EN-related flood, which hit China in 1998 and following La Niña-related droughts. These analyses thus serve to demonstrate that information relevant to climatology is contained in the satellite scatterometer-derived soil moisture product, as well as in anomaly time series, derived from the existing soil moisture time series. Our procedure thus consisted of soil moisture time series calculation, soil moisture anomaly calculation, creation of time series and anomaly maps and the comparison of anomalies with meteorological data on three continents for the time period of outstanding El Nino years. The soil moisture data of TU Wien is available via the internet free of charge.     

Mountain Glacier Flow Velocities Analyzed from Satellite Optical Images

Mountain glaciers are sensitive to environment. It is important to acquire ice flow velocities over time for glacier research and hazard forecast. For this paper, cross-correlating of optical images is used to monitor ice flow velocities, and an improvement, which is called ＂moving grid,＂ is made to this method. For this research, two remote-sensing images in a certain glacier area, dur-ing different times are selected. The first image is divided into grids, and we calculated the correlation coefficient of each window in the grid with the window on the second image. The window with the highest correlation coefficient is considered the counter-part one on the first image. The displacement of the two corresponding windows is the movement of the glacier, and it is used to calculate glacier surface velocity. Compared to the traditional way of dividing an image with ascertain grid, this method uses small steps to move the grid from one location to another adjacent location until the whole glacier area is covered in the image, thus in-creasing corresponding point density. We selected a glacier in the Tianshan Mountains for this experiment and used two re-mote-sensing images with a 10-year interval to determine this method.     

Numerical modelling of the Storfjorden (Svalbard) polynya development due to wind stress: role of the sea ice rheology and damping forces

Remote sensing of the ice cover in Storfjorden (Svalbard) revealed the persistence and evolution of latent heat polynyas during the winter of 1997/98. Latent heat polynyas open mechanically under wind stress or ocean currents that transport the ice cover away. In the present work we used mathematical modelling to simulate the Storfjorden polynya size and geometry caused by wind stress, measured at the meteorological station on the island of Hopen in winter 1997/98. The dependence of the polynya outlines on the wind velocity is presented. Two approaches were used: quasi-static and dynamic. Quasi-static simulations are based on a time-independent, linear ice stress-strain relationship valid for the low strain rates only. Time dependence of the ice cover fracture is joined with stress-strain nonlinearity caused by ice delayed-elastic recovery and viscosity. Results are compared to satellite observations from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) of ERS-2. The simulation results show that a northern wind opens a larger polynya (ca. 30%) than does a north-eastern wind with the same speed. The results also indicate that the bathymetry and geometry of the fjord might have a stronger influence on the polynya opening and development than the location of individual islands and reefs.     

The effects of soil moisture on synthetic aperture radar delineation of geomorphic surfaces in the Great Basin, Nevada, USA

RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the western Great Basin, North America are used to map geomorphic features using environmental data (increased soil moisture), differences in incidence angles and ascending/descending satellite passes. These attributes are shown to increase the ability to delineate subtle geomorphic features along old shorelines. The change in moisture and the temporal resolution of the images provides a unique opportunity to use moisture as a geomorphic mapping tool in addition to traditional techniques such as image texture and the size and shape of the image features.     

基于影象融合的干旱区城镇居民地信息提取研究

针对TM多波段图象中城镇居民地与裸地光谱特征相似难以准确提取城镇居民地信息的问题,利用雷达图象对居民地信息的敏感性,采用HIS变换方法,融合了2003年西安地区的Landsat TM和Radarsat SAR影象,并对融合影象做二类监督分类提取出城镇居民地信息,结果显示与TM图象监督分类相比,融合后的图象能很好地消除裸地对城镇居民地提取影响,其精度可达到84.21%,大大高于由TM多光谱影象监督分类所得到的精度71.79%,为提取干旱区城镇居民地信息提供一种新方法。     

Rock mapping of glaciated areas by satellite image processing

A model is presented that performs spectral deicing of mixed pixels in satellite images of glaciated areas. The model was tested in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. For this region we assumed that pixels could be grouped in two broad categories representing pure ice and pure rock. Naturally mixed ice and rock pixels are present in satellite images; these were recomputed to separate the spectral component related to the rock fraction. We used Landsat TM images as input data and aerial photographs, maps and field surveys as reference data. By making use of sample populations of pixels corresponding to pure ice and to pure rock groundels (i.e. ground elements, the ground portions corresponding to each pixel), we detected the linear correlation between pairs of bands and selected the two most suitable bands. For every pixel falling between the correlation lines of the two categories, the rock fraction in the corresponding groundel was computed. This fractional value was then used to perform the automatic deicing process with which the DNs of the selected mixed pixels were recomputed. In the utilised Antarctic image, this process increases about 2.7 times the number of pixels in the pure rock category, allowing the production of enhanced images and, as a side product, a thematic map of rock percentage in the groundels.