柔性管道骨架层压溃失效机理和安全评价方法研究进展

非黏结柔性管道作为深水油气开发领域的关键设备,是连接海底井口和海洋平台的主要纽带。海洋油气开发水深已经超过了3 000 m,高静水压力是深水软管设计和安全评价的主要挑战,明确深水柔性管道压溃失效机理,并准确地预测柔性管道的压溃压力可以为柔性管道结构设计和安全评价提供依据,柔性管道的压溃压力与骨架层的几何形状以及骨架层之间复杂的相互作用有关,准确高效地预测压溃压力变得极具挑战性。针对柔性管道失效机理研究和压溃压力预测方法进行了总结,指出当前柔性管道压溃失效分析中薄弱的环节,为我国非黏结柔性管道的结构设计和安全评价提供参考。     

海洋平台浮托安装分析及其关键技术

大型海洋工程结构一般采用吊装法进行海上安装。随着海洋结构物重量的不断增大以及受到起重船吊装能力的限制,大型海上结构物浮托安装技术正成为海上施工安装的1种新方法,并成功应用于浅海固定式平台大型组块和深海浮式海洋平台的海上安装。本文介绍了海洋平台海上浮托安装的步骤、关键缓冲设备,列举了一些国内外的安装工程实例,指出了浮托法的关键技术,最后针对某工程实例,利用SESAM软件进行浮托法水动力分析。     

国外深水铺管方法与铺管船研究现状及发展趋势

深水铺管船是深水油气田开发的主要施工装备,它担负着浮式生产平台的安装、海底管线的铺设以及立管系统安装任务。通过对国外主要深水铺管船和重点工程项目的分析,简要介绍了国外深水铺管船的基本特征、性能和设备能力;重点阐述了深水铺管船的关键设备及其对施工能力的影响;最后,对国外深水铺管船的发展趋势作了进一步的分析。为我国的深水铺管船研发提供有益的参考。     

An installation system of deepwater risers by an S-lay vessel

Along with the consumption increase of the petroleum products,more countries have transferred their attentions to the offshore fields,especially the deepwater oil and gas reserves.For deepwater exploitation,the risers must be installed to act as the conduits connecting surface platforms to subsea facilities.In this paper,the typical risers sorted by different classes are introduced,and the correspondent installation methods are presented.By investigating the recent projects performed in the deepwater hot spots,and combining the challenges of HYSY201 for riser installation,a lifting device developed for assisting riser installation is proposed and detailed to satisfy the installation of deepwater risers in the LW3-1 Gas Field of in the South China Sea.Tests on both the functions and performances of such a new system exhibit the satisfaction of meeting all challenging requirements of HYSY201 for application to riser installation in waters up to a depth of in the South China Sea.     

深水海底管道铺设安全辅助系统

此次研发的铺管安全辅助系统是一套自动化、简易化、旨在提高安装经济性和安全性的实时运行安全辅助系统,通过实时数据采集及处理,达到对安装期海管强度进行实时监测目的。系统组成包括设备系统和监测软件两部分。设备为系统提供辅助决策数据源;监测软件采用C++语言编写,用于数据接收、解析,并通过OrcaFlex API调用商业有限元软件OrcaFlex为分析内核进行实时分析计算,以可视化界面输出管道应力、应变、触地点等信息,给予船上作业人员安全指导,及时作出决策。     

张力腿平台水下丛式井口圆形布局方法研究

张力腿平台(TLP)水下丛式井口布局设计关系到立管服役期间的安全性,是含有丛式井口平台设计过程中考虑的主要因素。根据TLP立管安装、钻井以及防碰等要求,考虑尾流效应对丛式立管的影响,研究水下丛式井口布局设计准则,对丛式井口—立管系统进行碰撞分析以确定水下井口间距阈值,提出水下丛式井口圆形布局方法和相应的布局设计流程。通过算例对计算方法进行了具体运用。研究表明:与目前采用的"等边三角形网格"方法相比,水下丛式井口圆形布局方法可允许水下整体基盘安装位置误差达到水下井口间距阈值的20%,立管的最大倾角可达到0.5°,安装作业窗口增加1倍以上。本方法对水下整体基盘安装位置误差的容错能力强,能有效扩大丛式立管钻井和安装作业窗口,提高丛式立管作业安全性,研究结果可为TLP丛式井口的设计提供参考。     

A Finite Element Based Study on Lowering Operation of Subsea Massive Structure

Subsea production system has been increasingly used in recent South China Sea offshore developments. With deepwater applications, constituent parts of subsea systems become more complicated and enlarged. Increases on the weight and geometry of each component bring challenges to installations. A recent accomplished deployment on a subsea massive jumper shows the weight and length have been up to 120 tons and 90 m, respectively with sophisticated geometry. It is considerably difficult to install heavy and large subsea structures, especially in South China Sea where severe environmental conditions are common. In addition, deepwater deployment may alter natural frequency of the hoisting system and the altered frequency may be close to possible environmental conditions. To deal with the above two issues, traditionally, engineers need to carry out series of complicated numerical analyses which are on case basis and significantly time-consuming. Existing studies focus on the optimization on analysis techniques by conducting laboratory testing and numerical simulations. However, easy-to-use guidance on massive subsea structure installation are somewhat limited. The studies presented in this paper aim to achieve a simplified guidance which can briefly screen the cases subject to axial resonance and provide visible correlations between hoisting system integrity and key installation parameters.     

深水水下管汇安装方法研究与进展

水下生产系统由于其在开发深水油气田和边际油气田时具有明显的综合经济优势,已被世界上很多国家作为油田开发的一种重要方式广泛研究和应用。基于大量水下生产系统开发方案和工程实例的调研,针对其中水下管汇安装的工程实例,在安装方法的确定、设计和应用方面进行了深入研究,总结了适应不同要求下的多种安装方法,列举和比较各自的优点和限制条件。为油气田开发尤其是深水油气田采用水下生产系统的开发方式时,选择合适的安装方法给出了参考和建议。     

Modeling for the optimization of layout scenarios of cluster manifolds with pipeline end manifolds

The pipeline end manifold (PLEM) is an important subsea facility, which can greatly reduce the cost and risk of the development scenarios of deepwater oil and gas fields by declining the number of export pipelines and risers. However, the employment of PLEMs is a multidiscipline task involving substantial financial and technical factors. Due to various uncertainties of influencing factors, the evaluation process may take several months or years by the engineers with rich project experience. Thus, how to develop quantified reference tools using mathematical models to assist engineers in efficiently making their crucial decisions is essential. In this paper, the optimization of the layout scenarios of cluster manifolds with PLEMs is discussed, where a proposed mathematical model and its dedicated algorithm are illustrated. The optimal solution at the lowest cost can be obtained through in-house routine in MATLAB, including the optimal layout scenario, the number and locations of PLEMs, and the connection relations. Besides, the numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the validity of the proposed mathematical model and its algorithm. The results show that this optimization layout problem in engineering can be described accurately by the presented mathematical model and the convergence rate of the given algorithm is efficient.     

滩海油田海底注水管道施工技术探讨

在滩海油田首次进行海底注水管道的铺设、受其结构等因素的影响,其施工工艺及技术性远比海底输出管道更复杂,难度更大。本文介绍了滩海油田海底注水管道的施工工艺,并对接口内防腐技术,底拖法海管拖运技术、海上接口技术及立管吊装技术做了详细的阐述。     

TLP干式钻完井技术特点分析

TLP使得干式井口在深水的应用成为可能,与常规的深水开发模式水下井口相比,TLP降低了钻完井作业的难度和费用,尤其在后期修井和调整并作业时,能够大大降低项目的投资,经济效益明显.TLP目前在墨西哥湾、北海及印度尼西亚深水油气田均有采用.目前针对TLP的钻完井设计和作业程序国内开展研究较少,制约了深水油气田开发前期方案设计工作的开展.因此,重点介绍了TLP对钻完井程序的影响;对于不同的平台钻机配置,总结了TLP的钻完井程序;提出了钻完井设计和作业过程中,TLP对回接套管、升沉补偿等问题的要求,分析了与常规深水湿式井口的温度剖面差异,为开展TLP钻完井技术研究和前期方案设计提供参考.     

水下连接器故障分析及预防

介绍了海洋石油钻井设备水下连接器,以H-4型水下连接器在现场使用中出现的故障现象为例,通过对H-4型水下连接器的结构原理的分析,分析在现场使用连接器发生脱不开故障的原因,并根据原因介绍了其预防的措施;旨在为海洋浮式钻井平台现场使用水下连接器作业提供借鉴和指导作用.     

Axial friction response of full-scale pipes in soft clays

The axial friction response of subsea pipelines in soft clays is a very important aspect for designers of subsea pipelines but the response is not well understood so far. There is a pressing need for the comprehension of the response. In this paper, model tests are performed using full-scale pipes coated with polyethylene (PE) to study the effects of the set-up period, the pipe diameter, the buried depth of the pipe, the shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate on the axial friction response of pipelines in soft clays. The variations of the axial friction coefficient are analyzed using the effective stress method based on model test results. The results show that the axial friction resistance increases with the increasing pipe diameter but the effect of the pipe diameter on the axial friction coefficient can be neglected. The ultimate axial resistance also increases with the increase of the buried depth of pipelines, the undrained shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate. The axial friction coefficient increases with the increasing loading rate. However, the axial friction coefficient decreases with the increasing buried depth. The method to determine the axial friction coefficient is developed by analyzing model test results, which considers the effects of the diameter, the buried depth, the undrained shear strength of soft clays and the loading rate. The study results not only extend the industry data base but also supply a basis to determine the axial friction coefficient of PE-coated pipes in soft clays for ocean engineering geological investigations.     

Compression limit state of HVAC submarine cables

An industry accepted standard does not currently exist for determination of compression limits in a subsea cable. This has resulted in most manufacturers specifying that subsea cables are not permitted to be axially loaded in compression.Additionally industry guidance does not exist regarding the consequences of inducing compression forces within subsea cables and the resulting effect on cable integrity. Industry recommended practice and guidance also does not have any information regarding experimental test arrangements to determine allowable compression levels within a subsea cable. This lack of modelling/testing guidance along with manufacturer recommendations of zero compressive loads within subsea cables results in overly conservative and restrictive design parameters for subsea cable installation and use.Due to the complex interaction within a subsea cable structure, such as contact interaction and friction between cable strands, theoretical modelling has been unable to provide reliable stress predictions and therefore an experimental testing regime is required if compression limits within the cable are to be appropriately determined. This paper describes combined axial and bending test arrangements that can be used as a guideline for determination of allowable compression limits for subsea cables.     

深海石油平台及其锚固基础形式评述

随着全球对能源需求量的不断增加,海上石油开发逐渐向深海甚至超深海范围发展,传统的海洋平台已经不能满足海洋油气开发的需要。顺应式塔式平台(CT或CPT)、张力腿式平台(TLP)、迷你张力腿式平台(Mini-TLP)、Spar平台、水下生产系统(Subsea System)、浮式生产系统(FPS)和浮式生产储油装置(FPSO)等各种结构形式被用于深海的开发。随着水深的发展,系泊系统(含锚固基础)成为平台的关键部分。深入了解这些结构各自的特点、使用情况以及锚固方法,将有助于我国深海石油事业的发展。     

Review of challenges in reliable electric power delivery to remote deep water enhanced oil recovery systems

This paper reviews the major challenges involved in reliable electric power delivery to remote deep water enhanced oil recovery (EOR) systems. As the oil well matures, top side based booster systems are not economical, and hence, subsea based booster systems are required. Such EOR processes require subsea systems to be operated at varying power and voltage levels, and this requires establishing subsea power stations with long tiebacks from the shore. Subsea stations carry out safe voltage step-down, distribution and conversion of electrical power in the order of mega watts. Breakdowns in subsea based EOR systems lead to huge production losses, and system retrieval for repair and maintenance is very costly and time consuming, and therefore systems need to be highly reliable. This paper describes the technical challenges involved in subsea variable speed motor drives, long step out power transmission, subsea energy storage requirements for safe start up and emergency shutdown, thermal and humidity management inside pressure rated enclosures, fault localization, pressure tolerant electronics and bio-fouling. Emerging advancements in electrical, power electronic, power transmission, energy storage and packaging technologies are reviewed, giving the confidence that the present technical maturity would be able to drive the development of reliable subsea based EOR systems.     

多目标优选水下采油设施下放方法评价指标体系

水下采油设施下放是海上油气工程开发中的重要环节。经过长期发展,人们已研究出多种下放方法,但如何优选恰当的下放方法是尚待解决的问题。考虑海洋环境中可供数据源的复杂性、不确定性与不完整性,多目标、主客观要素并重是优选方法设计的重要准则。针对水下下放方法优选特点,建立对应评价指标体系。考虑评价指标体系多目标优选决策的特点,提出多目标非均一化灰色关联度模型;为更好地体现主客观要素并重并辩证表达决策者的主客观偏好,在非均一化处理中,运用回归原理与靶向偏差评价思想,提出变系数主客观权值修正模型。最后结合具体案例验证模型的可行性与有效性。结果表明,模型能够满足优选对象要求,对类似多目标主客观评价优选模型的建立具有一定借鉴意义。     

新型多功能干树储油半潜平台研发

针对凝析油气田开发了一型适应我国南海环境条件的深水多功能干树半潜平台,平台运动性能优良,可实现干树开采、回接水下井口、油气生产处理、凝析油存储、钻修井等功能。平台由上部组块、主船体、细长柔性连接结构、垂荡板、顶张紧式立管(TTR立管)系统、系泊系统构成,结构特点为采用细长柔性连接结构连接主船体与箱型垂荡板。垂荡板采用箱型结构,承受作业吃水压力,可实现平台与箱型垂荡板的整体拖航,平台安装简易,细长柔性连接结构可在位维修或更换。平台立柱内设置储油舱存储天然气凝析油,解决凝析油存储外输问题。平台采用成熟系统系统集成,运动性能优良,海上施工风险可控,未来有望成为一种新的深水油气田开发平台型式。     

Modelling of underwater bubble plumes and gas dissolution with an Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD model

Underwater bubble plumes emerge from subsea releases of gas. They can be studied by mathematical models. Here an Eulerian-Lagrangian CFD model is presented. It accounts for relevant physics including buoyancy, turbulence, gas expansion and gas dissolution. The model is compared against three sets of experiments. There is consistency between model and experiments. Special focus is given to the effect of gas dissolution. It is demonstrated how the choice of mass transfer coefficient strongly affects the amount of gas dissolution. Since it is not apparent which mass transfer correlation is applicable, it is argued that more experimental data is needed.     

Numerical study on lateral buckling of pipelines with imperfection and sleeper

Lateral buckling is an important issue in unburied high-temperature and high-pressure (HT/HP) subsea pipelines systems. The imperfection–sleeper method is one of the most well-known methods used to control lateral buckling of HT/HP pipelines. Pipelines–sleeper–seabed numerical models are established and verified to analyze the buckling behavior of pipelines using the imperfection–sleeper method. The influence of six main factors on lateral buckling behavior is investigated in details based on the numerical results. Equations of buckling displacement (buckling displacement is defined by the final displacement of the middle point of the pipelines), critical buckling force, and buckling stress (Mises stress) are proposed using the gene expression programming technique. These equations show good accuracy and can be used to assist in the design of sleepers and assess the compressive and stress levels of pipelines.